Raport preliminar asupra experimentelor arheologice desfășurate la Beclean – Băile Figa jud. Bistrița-Năsăud, 2017 – 2018. Utilizarea ”troacelor” și instalațiilor din lemn în procesul de extragere și exploatare a surselor de sare, slatină și nămol sărat (I) / Preliminary report on the archaeological experiments in Beclean – BăileFiga, BistrițaNăsăud county, 2017-2018. The use of troughs and wooden installations for the saline resources, brine and salty mud extraction and exploitation (I)

2018 ◽  
pp. 9-137
Author(s):  
Buzea DAN
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Rock Salt ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Preliminary Report ◽  
Functional System ◽  
Chemical Analyses ◽  
Salt Rocks ◽  
Salt Mines ◽  
The Bronze Age

Several hypotheses regarding the variety of functions fulfilled by the seven wooden troughs found until now in the prehistoric salt mines at Băile Figa, Bistrița-Năsaud County, Romania and dated in the Bronze Age, have been advanced. However, until now, no valid and convincing arguments in favour of a functional system in which troughs could be understood as part of the rock salt and brine extraction and/or exploitation processes, have been presented. Even if their connection with the salt areas is indubitable, because they were usually discovered in secondary contexts, their exact application was not immediately apparent. The hypothesis according to which the troughs were used as part of a system meant to direct streams of water to aid in the piercing of salt rocks, belongs to E. Preissig, who developed it in 1877. Although partly agreed by researchers up until 2010. It was our experiment in 2010 that clearly proved the efficiency of the troughs system in perforating salt rocks by fresh water. Between 2017–2018, more archaeological experiments were completed within the project EthnosalRo3 in the site of Beclean - Băile Figa. They have proven that the wooded troughs and structures, utensils and tools associated to them, are effective for: rock salt extraction, brine evaporation (brine evaporation in troughs is possible using hot stones), salt mud filtering. During the experiments we used three precise replicas of the wooden troughs found in Băile Figa (one small and two large), worked by specialized craftsmen from the exact tree species as the originals. Several positions and heights were tested, as well as the application of throughs in individual or group arrangements. Chemical analyses of the brine obtained in different times and ways are provided.

scholarly journals From the Parochial to the Universal: Comparing Cloth Cultures in the Bronze Age

2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanna Harris
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Textile Fibre ◽  
Eighteenth Dynasty ◽  
Salt Mines ◽  
Southern Scandinavia ◽  
Chronological Period ◽  
The Bronze Age ◽  
Thread Count

The aim of this research is to compare the cloth cultures of Europe and Egypt in the Bronze Age and New Kingdom. The comparison focuses on the fourteenth century cal BC and includes four geographically separate areas, including the oak coffin burials of southern Scandinavia, the Hallstatt salt mines of central Europe, Late Minoan Crete, and the tombs and towns of the later Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt. The comparative approach can bring insights even when applied to unconnected cultures or regions. However, in this study I concentrate on a restricted chronological period and areas that were connected, directly or indirectly, by widespread networks of trade or exchange. The concept of cloth cultures is used to include both textiles and animal skins as these were closely related materials in the prehistoric past. Information was gathered according to the following categories: raw materials, including textile fibre, and species of skins; fabric structure and thread count (only for textiles); decoration and finish; and use and context. From this study, it is possible to recognize the universally shared principles of cloth cultures and the great versatility and creativity in the regional cloth cultures of the Bronze Age.

Mycenae

Antiquity ◽  
1936 ◽  
Vol 10 (40) ◽  
pp. 405-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. B. Wace
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Rain Water ◽  
Natural Position ◽  
Ample Supply ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Bronze Age ◽  
Of Greece ◽  
Sea Coast

The plain of Argos is roughly triangular in shape. The base lies along the sea coast from Lerna to Nauplia and the apex is at Mycenae, which thus overlooks the Argive plain as Deceleia overlooks the Attic. The traveller, who, like Pausanias, approaches Argolis from the northeast by way of Corinth and Nemea and sees, as he emerges from the Tretos defile, the Argive plain opening before him to the southeast, will notice among the foothills to his left a rather inconspicuous, but isolated hill standing out between two steep and rocky conical peaks. This is the citadel of Mycenae. It owes its strength to its natural position, which is easily defensible, and it has an ample supply of fresh water from the spring Perseia running into an underground cistern reached by a secret passage. There were also three wells within the walls and at least one rain-water cistern. No enemy can hope to approach its walls in any force without being observed, and its distance from the coast precludes any danger of surprise from the sea. As a seat of power it is admirably placed. It dominates the Argive plain and it controls the routes that lead northeast to Corinth and the rich districts easily accessible thence, the fertile littoral of Achaia or the Boeotian coast with the central Greek plain behind. The site was thus naturally inhabited early in the Bronze Age, probably from the very beginning of that age on the Mainland of Greece about 2800 B.C., and round it on the outlying hills were neighbouring settlements so that the district even then must have been fairly well populated.

Excavations of the bronze age settlement “Hospital II” in Kerch (preliminary report)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Д.В. Бейлин ◽  
А.Е. Кислый ◽  
А.М. Михайлов ◽  
В.В. Рогудеев ◽  
А.В. Шарапа ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Preliminary Report ◽  
Cattle Breeding ◽  
Original Population ◽  
Eastern Crimea ◽  
Middle Bronze Age ◽  
The Great Migration ◽  
Stone Walls ◽  
The Bronze Age ◽  
Catacomb Culture

The Hospital II settlement is located in the coastal part of Kerch in the basin of Dzhardzhava river. Excavations of the settlement were carried out in 2017 in connection with the construction of the Crimean bridge. Six housing and economic complexes, household pits, an artificial platform, enclosed by stone walls, were investigated. The complex of findings allows to construct vertical and horizontal stratigraphy and chronological chain of development of this site. The most informative findings refer to the Kamensk culture of the Eastern Crimea and, in general, to the Kamensk-Leventsovsk horizon of the Middle Bronze Age. They confirm that the cultural peculiarities of the “catacombs” with the participation of the tribes of the wide district in the Eastern Crimea were transformed into a special type of monuments. Complexes of the Late Babinsk-Srubna horizon and further – of Early Belozersky emphasize the complex ways of development of the original population of the region. Probably, the investigated object was a winter village, the inhabitants of which were engaged in distant-pasture cattle breeding. The territory was also used in the antique era, but to a lesser extent. 9 burials were found: 1 – of catacomb culture, 5 – of Babinsk-Srubna horizon, 1 – of the era of the Great Migration of Nations and 2 – destroyed, of indefinite time.

scholarly journals A spatiotemporal gradient in the anthropization of Pyrenean landscapes. Preliminary report

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentí Rull ◽  
Teresa Vegas-Vilarrúbia
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Preliminary Analysis ◽  
Preliminary Report ◽  
Elevational Gradient ◽  
High Mountain ◽  
Mountain Ranges ◽  
Southern Central ◽  
The Bronze Age ◽  
The Middle Ages

A preliminary analysis of the timing of landscape anthropization in the southern-central Pyrenees shows the occurrence of an elevational gradient from the Bronze Age (basal belts) to the Middle Ages (alpine belts). This relationship is statistically significant and suggests an average anthropization rate of 40 m in elevation per century. The elevational gradient is most clear between the Bronze Age and the Roman occupation, suggesting a progressive upward anthropization trend from the south with the likely involvement of Iberian cultures. During the Middle Ages, a massive anthropization pattern of subalpine/alpine areas is observed; this pattern is chronologically consistent with the incursion of northern cultures crossing the Pyrenees and the development of extensive high-mountain pastoralism and horizontal transhumance. In general, the progression of upward anthropization has occurred during warm climatic phases. Further work is needed to confirm these observations, especially in areas with few available paleoecological studies, notably the basal and montane belts. It could be interesting to develop similar studies of other Pyrenean regions and other mountain ranges.

Excavations at Assiros Toumba 1988 A Preliminary Report

1989 ◽  
Vol 84 ◽  
pp. 447-463 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.A. Wardle
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Preliminary Report ◽  
Ninth Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Bronze Age ◽  
Southern Greece

Excavation in 1988 demonstrated the systematic organisation of the settlement in every phase. Regular blocks of buildings, separated by parallel streets, existed throughout the history of the settlement from the fourteenth to the ninth century BC. The continuity of occupation from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age is beyond doubt. The discovery of two more crop storerooms in the earliest level (Phase 9) adds to the unique evidence for centralised agricultural storage at Assiros at the period when Mycenaean palaces flourished in Southern Greece.

Excavations at Assiros Toumba 1987 A Preliminary Report

1988 ◽  
Vol 83 ◽  
pp. 375-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A. Wardle
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Preliminary Report ◽  
Bronze Casting ◽  
The Bronze Age

During the second major season of excavation conducted in 1987, more evidence was found for the extent of crop storage in the Bronze Age Settlement together with a ‘street’ that appeared to have been in use in the latest Bronze Age and earliest Iron Age. Fragments of bronze casting debris suggest the possibility of bronze working at the site around 1150 BC.

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