scholarly journals Reducing NOx emissions by adding hydrogen-rich synthesis gas generated by a plasma-assisted fuel reformer using Saudi Arabian market gasoline and ethanol for different air/fuel mixtures

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr. Ahmed Awadh Alharbi ◽  
Dr. Feraih Sh. Aenazey ◽  
Dr. Saud A. Binjuwair ◽  
Dr. Ibrahim A. Alshunaifi ◽  
Dr. Abdullah M. Alkhedair ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Plasma Reactor ◽  
Saudi Arabian ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Pure Ethanol ◽  
Efficient Operation ◽  
Fuel Mixtures

Environmental contamination poses a real threat to the environment and all organisms. Air pollution has increased markedly due to an increase in human activities and petroleum use for electricity generation, transportation, and industrial applications. Internal combustion engines play a significant role in society’s health and power requirements. However, automobiles are the main source of pollution and NOX emissions. This work presents a study of the performance and exhaust emissions of an internal combustion engine fuelled by gasoline available in the Saudi Arabian market, RON91/RON95, with an admixture of syngas and 5% by volume pure ethanol (E5) in the presence of different ultra-lean mixture regimes, including λ=1 for a stoichiometric mixture. The studied ranges were λ=1.13, λ=1.26, λ=1.43, and λ=1.67. An entirely automated engine and plasma converter system was developed for feeding the same type of fuel. The engine was modified for a more efficient operation by introducing a plasma-based fuel reformer. Syngas was produced through the partial oxidation of gasoline with air in a plasma-assisted fuel reformer in the presence of steam to reduce the amount of soot formed in the plasma reactor. The fuel consumption and related emissions were measured. The experimental results demonstrated a significant total reduction of NOx emissions compared with those from the original engine. The most obvious reduction (approximately 50%) of harmful pollution was observed under lean conditions, and the total gasoline consumption (including the gasoline required for the plasma-assisted converter) slightly increased. The results also showed that the NOx content for these new blends was lower using E5-gasoline 91 than that using E5-gasoline 95 and was generally lower using E5-gasoline 91 and syngas than that using E5-gasoline 95 and syngas.

Design and Experimental Results of Small-Scale Rotary Engines

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelvin Fu ◽  
Aaron J. Knobloch ◽  
Fabian C. Martinez ◽  
David C. Walther ◽  
Carlos Fernandez-Pello ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Microelectromechanical Systems ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Specific Power ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Efficient Operation ◽  
Rotary Engine ◽  
Rotary Engines

Abstract A research project is currently underway to develop small-scale internal combustion engines fueled by liquid hydrocarbons. The ultimate goal of the MEMS Rotary Internal Combustion Engine Project is to develop a liquid hydrocarbon fueled MEMS-size rotary internal combustion micro-engine capable of delivering power on the order of milli-watts. This research is part of a larger effort to develop a portable, autonomous power generation system with an order of magnitude improvement in energy density over alkaline or lithium-ion batteries. The rotary (Wankel-type) engine is well suited for the fabrication techniques developed in the integrated chip (IC) community and refined by the MicroElectroMechanical Systems (MEMS) field. Features of the rotary engine that lend itself to MEMS fabrication are its planar construction, high specific power, and self-valving operation. The project aims at developing a “micro-rotary” engine with an epitrochoidal-shaped housing under 1 mm3 in size and with a rotor swept volume of 0.08 mm3. To investigate engine behavior and design issues, larger-scale “mini-rotary” engines have been fabricated from steel. Mini-rotary engine chambers are approximately 1000 mm3 to 1700 mm3 in size and their displacements range from 78 mm3 to 348 mm3. A test bench for the mini-rotary engine has been developed and experiments have been conducted with gaseous-fueled mini-rotary engines to examine the effects of sealing, ignition, design, and thermal management on efficiency. Preliminary testing has shown net power output of up to 2.7 W at 9300 RPM. Testing has been performed using hydrogen-air mixtures and a range of spark and glow plug designs as the ignition source. Iterative design and testing of the mini-engine has lead to improved sealing designs. These particular designs are such that they can be incorporated into the fabrication of the micro-engine. Design and fabrication of a first generation meso-scale rotary engine has been completed using a SiC molding process developed at Case Western Reserve University. The fabrication of the micro-rotary engine is being conducted in U.C. Berkeley’s Microfabrication Laboratory. Testing of the mini-engine has lead to the conclusion that there are no fundamental phenomena that would prevent the operation of the micro-engine. However, heat loss and sealing issues are key for efficient operation of the micro-engine, and they must be taken into account in the design and fabrication of the micro-rotary engine. The mini-rotary engine design, testing, results and applications will be discussed in this paper.

Experimental Study of Spark Plasma Stretching and Combustion Variations Analysis Using Flame Luminosity Images From an Optically Accessible Internal Combustion Engine

2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Behdad Afkhami ◽  
Yanyu Wang ◽  
Scott A. Miers ◽  
Jeffrey D. Naber
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Combustion Stability ◽  
Cylinder Pressure ◽  
Ic Engine ◽  
Flame Kernel ◽  
Spark Plasma ◽  
Intensity Images ◽  
Fuel Mixtures

Abstract Understanding the behavior of spark plasma and flame initiation in internal combustion engines leads to improvement in fuel economy and exhaust emissions. This paper experimentally investigated spark plasma stretching and cycle-to-cycle variations under various engine speed, load, and air–fuel mixtures using natural luminosity images. Natural luminosity images of combustion in an IC engine provide information about the flame speed, rate of energy release, and combustion stability. Binarization of the intensity images has been a desirable method for detecting flame front and studying flame propagation in combustors. However, binarization can cause a loss of information in the images. To study spark plasma stretching, the location of maximum intensity was tracked and compared to the trajectory of the flame centroid in binarized images as a representative for bulk flow motion. Analysis showed comparable trends between the trajectories of the flame centroid and spark stretching. From three air–fuel mixtures, the spark plasma for the lean mixture appeared to be more sensitive to the stretching. In addition, this research investigated combustion variations using two-dimensional (2D) intensity images and compared the results to coefficient of variation (COV) of indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) computed from in-cylinder pressure data. The results revealed a good correlation between the variations of the luminosity field during the main phase of combustion and the COV of IMEP. However, during the ignition and very early flame kernel formation, utilizing the luminosity field was more powerful than in-cylinder pressure-related parameters to capture combustion variations.

scholarly journals Vibration Analysis of the Engine Using Biofuel Blends: A Review

2018 ◽  
Vol 225 ◽  
pp. 01010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erdiwansyah ◽  
M.SM. Sani ◽  
Rizalman. Mamat ◽  
Fitri Khoerunnisa ◽  
AR Rajkumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vibration Analysis ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Biodiesel Fuel ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Biodiesel Blend ◽  
Fuel Mixtures ◽  
Crank Mechanism

The vibrations and noise of the internal combustion engine may be affected by several factors such as combustion pressure, movement of the piston-crank mechanism, coolant factor flow, engine body, and fuel inlet of the injector. Various ways have been done to reduce vibration and noise in the engine, including fuel. Alternative biofuels can be used in internal combustion engines without having to modify and change parameters on the machine. Several researchers have studied the effects of vibration and noise in the engine using various fuel mixtures. The results from some literature reported that biodiesel blend fuels proved to reduce vibration and noise in engines as compared to pure diesel. Meanwhile, ethanol fuel mixed with gasoline shows significant vibration changes at engine speeds of 1,500 and 2,500 rpm. The review aims to analyse the effects of vibration and noise on engines fueled by fuel mixtures, as well as fuel properties used as a move for future research. Based on the analysis from several kinds of literature, it shows that the use of biodiesel fuel and ethanol-gasoline can reduce vibration and noise.

A Computational Study on Performance, Combustion and Emissions Characteristics of a Hydrogen-Fueled Internal Combustion Engine

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shravan K. Vudumu ◽  
Umit O. Koylu
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Computational Study ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Hydrogen Fuel ◽  
Operational Conditions ◽  
Higher Power ◽  
Engine Power

Hydrogen is an alternative fuel that is considered to be one of the viable solutions to the increasing demands of clean and secure energy. Internal combustion engines fueled by hydrogen have the potential for higher power and efficiency with lower emissions when compared to gasoline. In the present study, advanced engine simulations were used to study the performance, combustion and emission characteristics of a hydrogen-fueled engine. Hydrogen fuel-specific combustion models were used to account for the distinctive characteristics of hydrogen combustion when compared to that of gasoline. The simulation results matched well with the already-published experimental data under similar engine operational conditions. NOx emissions were found to increase drastically after an equivalence ratio of 0.5 due to high combustion temperatures. EGR was found to be an effective way to reduce NOx emissions but compromised engine power and efficiency.

scholarly journals Laminar Burning Velocity of Biogas-Containing Mixtures. A Literature Review

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 996
Author(s):  
Venera Giurcan ◽  
Codina Movileanu ◽  
Adina Magdalena Musuc ◽  
Maria Mitu
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Burning Velocity ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
Engine Fuel ◽  
Laminar Burning Velocity ◽  
Waste Products

Currently, the use of fossil fuels is very high and existing nature reserves are rapidly depleted. Therefore, researchers are turning their attention to find renewable fuels that have a low impact on the environment, to replace these fossil fuels. Biogas is a low-cost alternative, sustainable, renewable fuel existing worldwide. It can be produced by decomposition of vegetation or waste products of human and animal biological activity. This process is performed by microorganisms (such as methanogens and sulfate-reducing bacteria) by anaerobic digestion. Biogas can serve as a basis for heat and electricity production used for domestic heating and cooking. It can be also used to feed internal combustion engines, gas turbines, fuel cells, or cogeneration systems. In this paper, a comprehensive literature study regarding the laminar burning velocity of biogas-containing mixtures is presented. This study aims to characterize the use of biogas as IC (internal combustion) engine fuel, and to develop efficient safety recommendations and to predict and reduce the risk of fires and accidental explosions caused by biogas.

scholarly journals APPLICATION OF A HOLISTIC APPROACH OF HYDROGEN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE (HICE) BUSSES

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 477-486
Author(s):  
Vahid Douzloo Salehi
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Driving Mode ◽  
Cell Technology ◽  
Fuel Cell Technology ◽  
Hydrogen Supply

AbstractHydrogen is a promising fuel to fulfil climate goals and future legislation requirements due to its carbon-free property. Especially hydrogen fueled buses and heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs) strongly move into the foreground. In contrast to the hydrogen-based fuel cell technology, which is already in commercial use, vehicles with hydrogen internal combustion engines (H2-ICE) are also a currently pursued field of research, representing a potentially holistic carbon-free drive train. Real applications of H2-ICE vehicles are currently not known but can be expected, since their suitability is put to test in a few insolated projects at this time. This paper provides a literature survey to reflect the current state of H2-ICEs focused on city buses. An extended view to HDVs and fuel cell technology allows to recognize trends in hydrogen transport sector, to identify further research potential and to derive useful conclusion. In addition, within this paper we apply green MAGIC as a holistic approach and discuss Well-to-Tank green hydrogen supply in relation to a H2-ICE city bus. Building on that, we introduce the upcoming Hydrogen-bus project, where tests of H2-ICE buses in real driving mode are foreseen to investigate Tank-to-Wheel.

Effect of Engine Operating Parameters on Combustion and Emission Characteristics

1992 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiang Lu ◽  
Ashwani K. Gupta ◽  
Eugene L. Keating
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engine ◽  
Combustion Chamber ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Pressure Rise ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Operating Parameters ◽  
Emission Characteristics ◽  
Pollutants Emission

Abstract Numerical simulation of flow, combustion, heat release rate and pollutants emission characteristics have been obtained using a single cylinder internal combustion engine operating with propane as the fuel. The data are compared with experimental results and show excellent agreement for peak pressure and the rate of pressure rise as a function of crank angle. The results obtained for NO and CO are also found to be in good agreement and are similar to those reported in the literature for the chosen combustion chamber geometry. The results have shown that both the combustion chamber geometry and engine operating parameters affects the flame growth within the combustion chamber which subsequently affects the pollutants emission levels. The code employed the time marching procedure and solves the governing partial differential equations of multi-component chemically reacting fluid flow by finite difference method. The numerical results provide a cost effective means of developing advanced internal combustion engine chamber geometry design that provides high efficiency and low pollution levels. It is expected that increased computational tools will be used in the future for enhancing our understanding of the detailed combustion process in internal combustion engines and all other energy conversion systems. Such detailed information is critical for the development of advanced methods for energy conservation and environmental pollution control.

Computationally Efficient Simulation of Multi-Component Fuel Combustion Using a Sparse Analytical Jacobian Chemistry Solver and High-Dimensional Clustering

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federico Perini ◽  
Anand Krishnasamy ◽  
Youngchul Ra ◽  
Rolf D. Reitz
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Mechanism ◽  
Chemical Kinetics ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
High Dimensional ◽  
Computational Point ◽  
Fuel Surrogates

The need for more efficient and environmentally sustainable internal combustion engines is driving research towards the need to consider more realistic models for both fuel physics and chemistry. As far as compression ignition engines are concerned, phenomenological or lumped fuel models are unreliable to capture spray and combustion strategies outside of their validation domains — typically, high-pressure injection and high-temperature combustion. Furthermore, the development of variable-reactivity combustion strategies also creates the need to model comprehensively different hydrocarbon families even in single fuel surrogates. From the computational point of view, challenges to achieving practical simulation times arise from the dimensions of the reaction mechanism, that can be of hundreds species even if hydrocarbon families are lumped into representative compounds, and thus modeled with non-elementary, skeletal reaction pathways. In this case, it is also impossible to pursue further mechanism reductions to lower dimensions. CPU times for integrating chemical kinetics in internal combustion engine simulations ultimately scale with the number of cells in the grid, and with the cube number of species in the reaction mechanism. In the present work, two approaches to reduce the demands of engine simulations with detailed chemistry are presented. The first one addresses the demands due to the solution of the chemistry ODE system, and features the adoption of SpeedCHEM, a newly developed chemistry package that solves chemical kinetics using sparse analytical Jacobians. The second one aims to reduce the number of chemistry calculations by binning the CFD cells of the engine grid into a subset of clusters, where chemistry is solved and then mapped back to the original domain. In particular, a high-dimensional representation of the chemical state space is adopted for keeping track of the different fuel components, and a newly developed bounding-box-constrained k-means algorithm is used to subdivide the cells into reactively homogeneous clusters. The approaches have been tested on a number of simulations featuring multi-component diesel fuel surrogates, and different engine grids. The results show that significant CPU time reductions, of about one order of magnitude, can be achieved without loss of accuracy in both engine performance and emissions predictions, prompting for their applicability to more refined or full-sized engine grids.

scholarly journals Investigation of the Heat Transfer Process in Internal Combustion Engine Cylinders

2020 ◽  
pp. 266-274
Author(s):  
Volodumur Suvolapov ◽  
◽  
Andriy Novitskiy ◽  
Vasul Khmelevski ◽  
Oleksandr Bustruy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Contact Layer ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Temperature Fields ◽  
Cylinder Surface ◽  
Stationary Mode ◽  
Cylinder Wall ◽  
Engine Cylinder

The article analyzes scientific publications and literary studies of heat transfer processes in cylinders of internal combustion engines. The research of temperature fields in engines during their operation at different modes with the use of a software package and calculation module is presented. The results of modeling and thermo-metering in homogeneous and laminated engine cylinder liners are analyzed. Graphic dependencies and temperature distribution by cylinder wall thickness at maximum and minimum temperature on cylinder surface are given. On the basis of researches it is established that at laminating and pressing of inserts temperature fields in the engine cylinder change, temperature on an internal surface of the cylinder increases at laminating on 6,5 °С, and at pressing - on 4,5 °С. This is explained by the fact that the contact layer during plastification is in the zone of non-stationary mode, and when pressing the contact layer is in the zone of stationary mode and thus increases the thickness of the cylinder by 2 millimeters. It is established that the difference of minimum and maximum temperatures on the inner surface of the cylinder practically remains the same as that of a homogeneous cylinder. Thus, modeling becomes the most effective scientific tool in the development and implementation of long-term evaluation of options for improving ICE.

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