scholarly journals The Effect of Globalization on International Trade: The Black Sea Economic Cooperation Case

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mesut Savrul ◽  
Ahmet İncekara
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Panel Data Analysis ◽  
Economic Cooperation ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Global Finance ◽  
Balance Of Trade ◽  
Economic Institute ◽  
National Governments ◽  
And Control

Globalization including political, social and economic processes is frequently associated with multinational companies and investment, international trade and regionalism, global finance and money. While globalization process reduced activity and control of national governments on their economy and trade their place is substituted by international companies. The national economies on the other hand try to keep pace with the change in economic system by deregulating their international trade barriers via regional trade agreements and economic integrations. Based on the assumption that the globalization has liberalized their infrastructure of trade, this study investigates the balance of trade in the member countries of The Black Sea Economic Cooperation Organization (BSEC). The data is collected from international trade database of UNCTAD and globalization index of KOF Swiss Economic Institute. The variables are evaluated using panel data analysis and the results have shown that globalization has a significant impact on international trade and the globalization process had a positive effect on the liberalization of trade in the member countries of the BSEC.

Region-wide assessment of the land-based sources of pollution of the black sea

1999 ◽  
Vol 39 (8) ◽  
pp. 193-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Z. Sarikaya ◽  
M. F. Sevimli ◽  
E. Çitil
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Oil Pollution ◽  
Rapid Assessment ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
International Rivers ◽  
Sources Of Pollution ◽  
River Danube ◽  
And Control ◽  
Pollution Loads

Black Sea riparian countries have committed to prevent, reduce and control pollution of the marine environment of the Black Sea from land-based sources in accordance with Article VII of the Bucharest Convention. Gathering information on the sources of pollution was one of the basic requirements of the Odessa Ministerial Declaration of the Black Sea countries. This paper presents a summary of the outcome of the studies conducted to fulfil this obligation. The aim of this study has been limited to the point sources of wastewater discharges including domestic as well as industrial discharges. The inputs through main rivers were also included in the scope. Solid wastes directly or indirectly discharged or dumped into the Black Sea were not included in this study. Diffuse sources, surface runoff (storm water) and air emissions were not included in the scope of the study. In this paper, total domestic, industrial and riverine pollution loads of the major pollutants such as BOD, TSS, TN and TP were presented for each of the six Black Sea riparian countries after compilation of the data. Rapid assessment techniques of WHO were adopted in the study to estimate the pollutant loads of the point sources. The major source of contamination to the Black Sea arises as a result of the inputs of contaminants from international rivers, especially the River Danube. The other international rivers are also crucial in the pollution of the Black Sea, although the River Danube is the dominant pollutant source. The fact that the total riverine input is about 85% of the total pollution load of BOD demonstrates the significance of the control of the riverine sources. Total pollution loads of each Black Sea country and their breakdown as domestic, industrial and riverine inputs were presented both in graphical and in tabulated forms. Furthermore, the contribution of the oil pollution and pollution exchange through straits (Kerch and Bosphorus Straits) are also given.

scholarly journals Turkey - Black Sea Economic Cooperation Organization: Foreign Trade Relations during the 1996-2012 Period

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cemal Ardıl
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Economic Cooperation ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Trade Volume ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Heads Of State

This paper presents the regional economic relations between Turkey and Black See Economic Cooperation Organization (BSEC). The Heads of State and Government of eleven countries: Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Georgia, Greece, Moldova, Romania, Russia, Turkey and Ukraine signed the Summit Declaration and the Bosphorus Statement giving birth to the Black Sea Economic Cooperation on 25 June 1992, in Istanbul. On 5 June 1998, the Heads of State or Government signed the BSEC Charter, came into force on 1 May 1999 BSEC has evolved into an international regional organization for economic cooperation. The organization has 12 members since Serbia joining the organization in 2004. It came into existence as a unique and promising model of multilateral political and economic initiative aimed at fostering interaction and harmony among the Member States, as well as to ensure peace, stability and prosperity encouraging friendly and good-neighbourly relations in the Black Sea region. Countries bordering the Black Sea, Balkan and Caucasus formed the BSEC countries cover an area of approximately 20 million square kilometer and represent more than 350 million people. The region with the foreign trade volume of U.S. $ 300 billion per year draws attention to the rich natural resources; and is the main European energy and transport corridor transfer. The Black Sea region is a contested neighbourhood and the subject of intense debates and conflicts in the globe. Also, this reflects the changing dynamics of the Black Sea region, its complex realities, the interests of outsiders and the region’s relations with the rest of the globe. Moreover, its strategic position, linking north to south and east to west, as well as its oil, gas, transport and trade routes are all important reasons for its increasing relevance. Turkey's foreign trade volume with BSEC member countries is steadily increasing as per the findings over the period of 1996-2012.

scholarly journals The Training of Qualified Specialists in the Countries of the Black Sea Region in the Context of Globalization Education Processes

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 76-80
Author(s):  
Inna Sheludko
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Education Development ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
The Public ◽  
Management Approaches ◽  
Management Functions ◽  
Tools And Techniques ◽  
And Control

Abstract The article presents the trends in higher education development in the countries of the Black Sea region, namely, historical, methodological, methodical and technological, which determine the objective and subjective connections and relationships that are common to the system of higher pedagogical education of the countries under study and define persistent pursuit of modernization and transformation of the nature, content, structure, functions, ways of management approaches to the education process, forms, methods, tools and techniques of teaching students. The trends in the public-authoritarian model of higher education have been revealed. It has been found out that the leading trend in Ukraine and other countries of the Black Sea is the governance and financing of future teachers with appropriate management functions and control that significantly affects the organizational structure of higher education. The features of a modern system of higher pedagogical education in the Black Sea region are the system of higher education institutions; main directions of modern reforms in higher education; functioning of leading universities that prepare teachers, their types, characteristics of structural units, students. According to the areas in development of higher pedagogical education in the Black Sea region, we have divided the trends into four groups: historical, methodological, methodical, technological, that are top priority for education systems.

scholarly journals Protecting the environment as an international process: Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC)

2021 ◽  
Vol 258 ◽  
pp. 05025
Author(s):  
Çora Hakan ◽  
Mikail Elnur Hasan ◽  
Gül Sevda
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Economic ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Economic Cooperation ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Social Cooperation ◽  
Strategic Action ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
Heads Of State

At In this paper, it was attempted to examine and analyze the environmental and sociological impact of Black Sea Economic Cooperation Organization (BSEC) that was established in June 1992 in Istanbul. Members of the organization are Albania, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Armenia, Georgia, Moldova, Romania, Russia, Turkey, Ukraine and Greece. The researchers and scholars should keep in mind that The Commission on the Protection of the Black Sea Against Pollution (the Black Sea Commission or BSC), through its Permanent Secretariat, is the intergovernmental association founded in execution of the Convention on the Protection of the Black Sea Against Pollution (Bucharest Convention), its Protocols and the Strategic Action Plan for the Environmental Protection and Rehabilitation of the Black Sea. Therefore, through BSEC, in the Summit Declaration signed with the participation of the Heads of State and Government of 11 member countries, the Black Sea region is envisaged to be a zone of peace, stability, and welfare. The mechanism chosen to achieve this goal is environmental, economic and social cooperation.

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