scholarly journals Disincentive Factors for Transformation of the Economic Cooperation Organization to Regional Integration: An Assessment Regarding Intra-regional Trade

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamza Çeştepe ◽  
Tamer Güven
Keyword(s):  
Regional Integration ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Regional Cooperation ◽  
Economic Cooperation ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Regional Trade ◽  
The World ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Advanced Stages ◽  
Central Asia Region

In this study, the structure and level of intra-regional trade in Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO), which is a movement of regional cooperation founded in the Western and Central Asia region, has been analyzed. In ECO, with a share below its potential at the world trade, intra-regional trade is low relative to other regional integrations such as the European Union. However, the volume of intra-regional trade in the region countries, except a few countries, tend to increase in recent years. In this study, as a result of the evaluation made by the indices calculated, it was found that the region countries is in the position of more complementary economies in context of foreign trade; the countries has generally a high trade intensity with its neighbors; intra-industry trade in the region is at low level. As a result, although the level and structure of intra-regional trade in ECO region seems to be disincentive for the transformation to regional integration as of today, recent developments suggest that this obstacle will gradually diminish in the future. In addition, if some of advantages and potential of the region in terms of regional integration can be valued it does not seem very difficult to reach more advanced stages of integration for this cooperation movement.

scholarly journals World trade and regional trade orientation in the context of forthcoming transatlantic trade and investment partnership

Equilibrium ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elżbieta Czarny ◽  
Paweł Folfas
Keyword(s):  
World Trade ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Regional Trade ◽  
The World ◽  
Trade And Investment ◽  
The U.S ◽  
The Eu

We analyse potential consequences of the forthcoming Trade and Investment Partnership between the European Union and the United States (TTIP) for trade orientation of both partners. We do it so with along with the short analysis of the characteristics of the third wave of regionalism and the TTIP position in this process as well as the dominant role of the EU and the U.S. in the world economy – especially – in the world trade. Next, we study trade orientation of the hypothetical region created in result of TTIP. We use regional trade introversion index (RTII) to analyze trade between the EU and the U.S. that has taken place until now to get familiar with the potential changes caused by liberalization of trade between both partners. We analyze RTII for mutual trade of the EU and the U.S. Then, we apply disaggregated data to analyze and compare selected partial RTII (e.g. for trade in final and intermediate goods as well as goods produced in the main sectors of economy like agriculture or manufacturing). The analysis of the TTIP region’s orientation of trade based on the historical data from the period 1999-2012 revealed several conclusions. Nowadays, the trade between the EU and the U.S. is constrained by the protection applied by both partners. Trade liberalization constituting one necessary part of TTIP will surely help to intensify this trade. The factor of special concern is trade of agricultural products which is most constrained and will hardly be fully liberalized even within a framework of TTIP. Simultaneously, both parties are even now trading relatively intensively with intermediaries, which are often less protected than the average of the economy for the sake of development of final goods’ production. The manufactured goods are traded relatively often as well, mainly in consequence of their poor protection after many successful liberalization steps in the framework of GATT/WTO. Consequently, we point out that in many respects the TTIP will be important not only for its participants, but for the whole world economy as well. TTIP appears to be an economic and political project with serious consequences for the world economy and politics.

scholarly journals Unilateral Liberalization versus Regional Integration: The Case of ECO Member Countries

2010 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jahangir Khan Achakzai
Keyword(s):  
Gravity Model ◽  
Regional Integration ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Regional Cooperation ◽  
Economic Cooperation ◽  
Gravity Equation ◽  
Present Level ◽  
Regional Trade ◽  
Regional Agreements

Using an international dataset on bilateral trade for 137 countries in 2005, we estimate a gravity model to address the question of whether intra-Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) trade is too low and whether the scale of trade at present is accounted for by regional integration or unilateral liberalization. The results of the gravity model confirm that intra-regional trade is lower than predicted by the gravity equation. The results also validates the theory that the present level of trade is attributed to regional agreements rather than unilateral liberalization, suggesting greater scope for regional cooperation among ECO member countries.

scholarly journals ASEAN E-Commerce Legal Framework and Alignment of Lao PDR: A Review

Lentera Hukum ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 371
Author(s):  
Phet Sengpunya
Keyword(s):  
Legal System ◽  
Regional Integration ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Regional Cooperation ◽  
Lao Pdr ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Commercial Activities ◽  
Asean Member ◽  
The World

In the era of digital, the internet has become a new channel for meeting and social interaction of people all around the world, and it has also become an essential platform for commercial activities, especially e-commerce. E-commerce has become a significant driving force for the growth of the economy for all regions around the world. For example, ASEAN, ICT, and e-commerce are recognized as an essential segment for regional integration. ASEAN developed its legal framework in order to promote and facilitate the development of ICT and the growth of e-commerce within the region. Unlike the European Union, ASEAN is not a supranational organization, and it cannot legislate for a whole community. Thus its e-commerce legal framework is developed by harmonizing the Member Countries' national laws into the regional legal system. This paper aims to introduce how ASEAN designs its legal framework for regional cooperation, with a focus on e-commerce. The paper presents how Lao PDR, as a member country of ASEAN, fulfills provisions agreed under the e-ASEAN framework to help understand the way ASEAN Member Countries undertake action to align with ASEAN e-commerce legal framework. To this end, this paper also provides an overview of the e-commerce of ASEAN as a whole and Lao PDR. Keywords: ASEAN, Lao PDR, E-Commerce Legal Framework, Regional Legal System.

Lessons from the European Union’s Economic Integration for South Asian Regionalism

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 325-345
Author(s):  
Zahid Shahab Ahmed ◽  
Munir Hussain
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
South Asia ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Economic Integration ◽  
Regional Cooperation ◽  
Economic Cooperation ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Regional Trade ◽  
Gradual Process ◽  
Asian Regionalism

South Asian regionalism—mainly represented by the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)—has always been vulnerable to the influence of the long-standing bilateral disputes, and South Asian intra-regional trade and economic cooperation is limited. This article examines economic integration in Europe, from the 1950s to Britain’s decision to exit from the European Union (EU) in 2016, in order to identify possible lessons for the SAARC. In particular, this article makes use of Gürler’s model of economic integration to propose a way forward for economic cooperation through the SAARC. While the full implementation of the EU’s model of economic integration appears to be a distant reality for the SAARC, this article argues that a revitalized SAARC is nonetheless a suitable vehicle for pursuing a gradual process of economic cooperation in South Asia that may ultimately lead not only to economic integration but also the resolution of political disputes.

scholarly journals External Determinants of Growth and Growth Projections: SAARC and Pakistan

2004 ◽  
Vol 43 (4II) ◽  
pp. 737-755
Author(s):  
Faiza Amjad ◽  
Naheed Zia Khan
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Regional Cooperation ◽  
Relative Size ◽  
Economic Cooperation ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Regional Economic ◽  
Statistical Estimates ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
External Sector ◽  
Relationship Of

The world is increasingly being divided into regions. The regional trading blocs are becoming more and more deepened and widened around the globe. The European Union (EU) has already reached a stage approximating to the trading relations usually found within a country rather than between the countries. The existence of regional economic groups, particularly in European and American continents, pose a range of theoretical, empirical and organisational questions for developing countries like Pakistan who depend on the countries of these regions for a significantly high share of their international trade. This paper focuses on the prospects of extended economic cooperation of Pakistan with the member countries of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC).1 The argument is structured around three parts. Part I reviews the theoretical rationale of regional economic cooperation and the recent developments shaping the trading relations within the cooperating blocs. Part II critically evaluates the relative size and significance of the external sector of the SAARC region countries, along with presenting statistical estimates of the major external determinants of the region’s economic growth. Finally, Part III estimates the relationship of major directions of Pakistan’s exports with the economic growth of the country and presents the growth projections by increasing and diverting the exports to the SAARC and ASEAN region countries.

World trade of beet pulp pellets

2016 ◽  
pp. 501-504
Author(s):  
Sergey Gudoshnikov
Keyword(s):  
World Trade ◽  
Sugar Industry ◽  
World Market ◽  
Good Source ◽  
The World ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Beet Pulp ◽  
Animal Feeding ◽  
Additional Income ◽  
Pulp Production

Beet pulp remaining after the extraction of sugar from beet is a good source of highly digestible fibre and energy used for animal feeding. Beet pulp is mostly used domestically but about 15% of global dried beet pulp production is exported to the world market. Although pulp have only little value as compared to sugar, sales of it abroad help generate additional income for the sugar industry with relatively low overheads. In contrast to sugar where import markets are protected by tariffs and non-tariff barriers while export volumes can be heavily regulated by governments, these restrictions are much less extensive for beet pulp trade. This article reviews recent developments in the world trade in beet pulp. The context of the article is based on the ISO study “World Trade of Molasses and Beet Pulp” MECAS(16)06.

Lawful Remedy or Illegal Response? Resolving the Issue of Foreign Subsidization Under WTO Law

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Victor Crochet ◽  
Marcus Gustafsson
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
World Trade Organization ◽  
World Trade ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Fair Competition ◽  
Trade Law ◽  
International Trade Law ◽  
The World ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Do So

Abstract Discontentment is growing such that governments, and notably that of China, are increasingly providing subsidies to companies outside their jurisdiction, ‘buying their way’ into other countries’ markets and undermining fair competition therein as they do so. In response, the European Union recently published a proposal to tackle such foreign subsidization in its own market. This article asks whether foreign subsidies can instead be addressed under the existing rules of the World Trade Organization, and, if not, whether those rules allow States to take matters into their own hands and act unilaterally. The authors shed light on these issues and provide preliminary guidance on how to design a response to foreign subsidization which is consistent with international trade law.

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