scholarly journals Problems Encountered during the Transition to Market Economy in Azerbaijan and Solution Attempts

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cihan Bulut ◽  
Elchin Suleymanov ◽  
Fakhri Hasanov
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Market Economy ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Economic Recession ◽  
Gdp Growth Rate ◽  
The World ◽  
Oil And Natural Gas ◽  
The Republic

After re-gaining its independence on 18 October 1991, the Republic of Azerbaijan started to transform to the market-based economy and to integrate into the world economy. The country’s oil and natural gas reserves have been considered the main source for financing range of government programs for reforms. On the one hand, these reserves had to be used effectively; on the other hand, there was a huge demand for foreign investment for extraction. To this end, Azerbaijan has signed “Contract of the Century” in 1994. Although Azerbaijan has wide oil and natural gas reserves, it has faced a number of difficulties in its transition way. This study analyzes these problems and reforms for solving them. One of the types of the problems were related to the economic structure of the former Soviet Union: disruption of the economic ties between the republics resulted in decline of production, high levels of unemployment and prices and consequently led to an economic recession in all of the republics. Another set of problems was related to lack of sufficient institutional bases to transform to the market economy. Moreover, internal conflicts between the political parties and groups for having authority as well as political chaos in the republic can be considered other serious problems during the transition period. Furthermore, Karabakh war and occupation of 20 percent of the Azerbaijani territory by the Armenian military forces had made the situation extremely complicated. Despite all of these extremes, Azerbaijan transformed to the market-based economy decidedly and even became one of the fast growing countries of the world. Even in 2006, with the GDP growth rate of 34.5 percent, Azerbaijan was a leader among growing economies. In parallel with this significant economic development, there is still a need for some socio-economic and institutional reforms in order to get a well-functioned market-based economy in Azerbaijan.

scholarly journals Major Utilization of Natural Gas in Turkey

2005 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmet Mahmut Kilic
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
World Energy ◽  
Western Market ◽  
Oil And Natural Gas ◽  
Gas Consumption

The aim of this paper is the major utilization of natural gas in Turkey. Turkey is rapidly growing in terms of both its economy and population due to its demand for energy. In the new world energy order, gas usage with no doubt will continue to grow well into the 21st century. Natural gas has been available for Turkish consumption for 17 years. Its use expanded sharply after the signing of the first sales and purchase agreement with the former Soviet Union in 1986. Turkish natural gas usage is projected to increase remarkably in coming years, with the prime consumers, expected to be industry and power plants. Energy demand of Turkey is growing by 8% annually, one of the highest rates in the world. In addition, natural gas consumption is the fastest growing primary energy source in Turkey. Gas sales started at 0.5 bcm (billion cubic meters), in 1987 and reached approximately 22 bcm in 2003. Turkey is an important candidate to be the “energy corridor” in the transmission of the abundant oil and natural gas resources of the Middle East and Middle Asia countries to the Western market.

scholarly journals The Ties That Binds the Giant: China’s Interests in Energy Sources of Central Asia

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hasan Duran ◽  
Kadir Kürşat Yılmaz
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Balance Of Power ◽  
Great Powers ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Energy Deficit ◽  
The World ◽  
Oil And Natural Gas ◽  
Growing Economy

Following the collapse of Soviet Union, the interest of China towards the Central Asia first revolved around the security and border issues. Then the fast growing economy of China since 2000 needs energy more she can produce. Becoming one of the biggest energy users, China has become more and more dependent on other countries to fill her energy deficit. Thus China has identified Central Asia as her prime area to built cooperative relations. In this respect, China started new relationships with Turkmenistan and Kazakistan in order to secure and sustain the procurement of oil and natural gas. Thanks to its rich oil and natural gas reserves, Central Asia has become a region in which the great powers compete; with the years 2000s China joined to the rush. The rivalry in the region has a potential to change the balance of power in the World. This study evaluates this rivalry in terms of political and economic effects on China.

The Emergence of the New Cold War: The Syrian and Ukraine Conflicts

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-156
Author(s):  
Mediel Hove
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cold War ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World

This article evaluates the emergence of the new Cold War using the Syrian and Ukraine conflicts, among others. Incompatible interests between the United States (US) and Russia, short of open conflict, increased after the collapse of the former Soviet Union. This article argues that the struggle for dominance between the two superpowers, both in speeches and deed, to a greater degree resembles what the world once witnessed before the collapse of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) in 1991. It asserts that despite the US’ unfettered power, after the fall of the Soviet Union, it is now being checked by Russia in a Cold War fashion.

scholarly journals Comparative legal analysis of the anti-corruption policy in Ukraine and Poland

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (69) ◽  
pp. 91-114
Author(s):  
Oleksandra Zakharova ◽  
Olena Harasymiv ◽  
Olga Sosnina ◽  
Oleksandra Soroka ◽  
Inesa Zaiets
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Social Justice ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Market Economy ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
The State ◽  
Legal Analysis ◽  
International Treaties

Effective counteraction to corruption remains relevant in some countries of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, given that manifestations of corruption are a real obstacle to the realization of human rights, social justice, economic development and jeopardizes the proper functioning of a market economy. However, if such countries of the region, such as Poland, succeeded in ensuring the implementation of an effective anti-corruption policy, a number of post-Soviet countries, in particular Ukraine, faced significant obstacles to overcoming corruption and effectively implementing national anti-corruption policies. Therefore, within this article, a comparative legal analysis of the anti-corruption legislation of these countries has been carried out. The state of implementation of national anti-corruption policies and the formulated conclusions, which provide answers to the questions of improving the implementation of national anti-corruption policy, in particular Ukraine, are considered. Thus, the existence of modern national anti-corruption legislation that best meets the requirements and recommendations on which the state relies on relevant international treaties can be the key to successful anti-corruption efforts.

scholarly journals Kerrottu ja muisteltu inkerinsuomalaisten paluumuutto

Elore ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Minna-Liisa Salonsaari
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Life Stories ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Practical Work ◽  
Individual Life ◽  
Right Of Return ◽  
The Right ◽  
Unique Part

The remigration of the Ingrian Finns and other ethnic Finns from the territories of the former Soviet Union is a unique part of Finnish history. Ever since the beginning of the right of return established in 1990, about 30 000 returnees and their family members have moved to Finland. According to the amendments of the Aliens Act introduced in July 2011, remigration is supposed to end after the transition period. In her article Salonsaari writes about the narrated and remembered remigration of the Ingrian Finns. She deals with remigration issues through the interviews with two returnees. In her own concept of narrated remigration, she regards the presentations of the remigration experience as narrations, created, for example, within the framework of interviews. Interviews produce individual life stories focused on remigration experience. While analysing them, she discusses what kind of narrations they are and how remigration comes up. Those narrations show that there are different kinds of remigrations and remigration experiences, as well as different ways to narrate them. Narrated remigration includes, for example, meaning, turning points and interpretations on remigration experience. Salonsaari notes that, while listening to remigration narrations, it is possible to understand the returnees’ point of view, which can be used in practical work with the immigrants.

Turkey's Path Towards an Energy Market

2019 ◽  
pp. 122-141
Author(s):  
Haşmet Gökirmak
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Market Access ◽  
Energy Market ◽  
Private Firms ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Natural Gas Pipeline ◽  
Capacity Market ◽  
The World ◽  
Oil And Natural Gas ◽  
Pipeline Project

This chapter discusses the possibility of developing an energy market in Turkey. Turkey currently serves as an energy transit corridor, with the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan (BTC) and Kirkuk-Ceyhan pipelines and with its seaborne oil trade, where large volumes are carried by tankers through its straits. Turkey also has the potential to become an energy market with new projects connecting producers in Central Asia, the Middle East, and the Caucasus, and major consumers of oil and natural gas in Europe and other regions of the world. Two recent megaprojects, The Trans Anatolian Natural Gas Pipeline Project (TANAP) and Turkish Stream will move Turkey closer to fulfilling this dream. Turkey, however, needs to meet some requirements to be considered a mature energy market. These are related, among others, to factors such as its infrastructure, storage capacity, market reforms, and easy market access for private firms to actively participate in the energy market.

Application of the Commercial approach

2020 ◽  
pp. 81-102
Author(s):  
S. Nazrul Islam
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Colorado River ◽  
River System ◽  
The United States ◽  
Aral Sea ◽  
Amu Darya ◽  
The World ◽  
Terrestrial Biodiversity ◽  
Syr Darya

Chapter 4 provides a few case studies of rivers to illustrate the consequences of the Commercial approach. These rivers are: the Colorado River of the United States; the Murray-Darling river system of Australia; the Amu Darya and Syr Darya of the former Soviet Union; the Nile River of Africa; and the Indus River of South Asia. It shows that in each case, the application of the Commercial approach has led to river fragmentation and excessive withdrawal of water, leading to exhaustion of rivers, which in turn led to salinity intrusion and erosion, subsidence, and desiccation of the deltas. The ecology of the river basins has been damaged, including loss of aquatic and terrestrial biodiversity. In case of the Amu Darya and Syr Darya Rivers, this damage includes the destruction of the Aral Sea, once considered the second-largest inland waterbody of the world. In each case, the Commercial approach has led to conflicts among co-riparian countries.

The Great Patriotic War in Soviet and Post-Soviet Collective Memory

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger D. Markwick
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Collective Memory ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
World War ◽  
The World ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
State Of Mind ◽  
The Hill ◽  
Personal Trauma

World War II has never ended for the citizens of the former Soviet Union. Nearly 27 million Soviet citizens died in the course of what Joseph Stalin declared to be the Great Patriotic War, half of the total 55 million victims of the world war. The enduring personal trauma and grief that engulfed those who survived, despite the Red Army's victory over fascism, was not matched by Stalin's state of mind, which preferred to forget the war. Not until the ousting of Nikita S. Khrushchev in October 1964 by Leonid Brezhnev was official memory of the war really resurrected. This article elaborates a thesis about the place of World War II in Soviet and post-Soviet collective memory by illuminating the sources of the myth of the Great Patriotic War and the mechanisms by which it has been sustained and even amplified. It discusses perestroika, patriotism without communism, the fate of the wartime Young Communist heroine Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya, the battle for Victory Day, the return of ‘trophy’ art, the Hill of Prostrations, and Sovietism without socialism.

scholarly journals Priority directions of development “Uzbekneftegas” jsc in the conditions of globalization of the world economy

2019 ◽  
Vol 139 ◽  
pp. 01008
Author(s):  
G.Zh. Allaeva
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Economic Globalization ◽  
Hydrocarbon Production ◽  
The World ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Republic

The article considers the role of “Uzbekneftegas” JSC in the economic development of the fuel and energy complex of the Republic in the face of increasing global economic globalization. The structure of the company, the priority areas for the development of JSC activities are shown. The perspective directions in hydrocarbon production are considered. The data on the production, use and distribution of natural gas by sectors of the economy of Uzbekistan are presented, and the structure of the energy balance of the Republic of Uzbekistan is shown.

The Decline of International Studies

1991 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 233-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth W. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
The Other ◽  
International Studies ◽  
International Affairs ◽  
International Crises ◽  
Woodrow Wilson ◽  
The World ◽  
The U.S

In a recent report by Princeton's Woodrow Wilson School of International Affairs, “Education in U.S. Schools of International Affairs,” Princeton's former president Robert F. Goheen presents several crucial factors in the apparent decline of international studies in the U.S. The private sector, which at first demanded broadly-educated professionals, have recently shown little enthusiasm for students of international affairs. This has resulted in lack of funding and lack of interest in the field of international studies. This is paradoxical primarily because the students of international affairs undergo a multidiscplinary curriculum, facilitating their adaptation to practically any field of work following graduation, contrary to those students who have chosen a strict and narrow profession. Unfortunately, much of the fault, according to the report lies with the universities and the graduates themselves, who fail to articulate properly their comparative essential advantage in the broad field of their education. Thompson expounds on a more serious ramification of the decline in interest in international studies: the imminent failure to foresee future international crises. As the case of Iraq's growing power in the Middle East has demonstrated, the U.S. looked the other way, toward the developments in the former Soviet Union, and was not able to act in time to circumvent Iraq's aggression. With the world looking to the U.S. for strategic leadership in ethics and power, Americans cannot afford to deny American youth a strong foundation and education in international studies.

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