Diversity of initial material of buckwheat and trends in its use in breeding

2018 ◽  
pp. 31-43
Author(s):  
Yu.V. Kharchenko ◽  
O.V. Tryhub
Keyword(s):  
Gene Pool ◽  
Geographical Origin ◽  
Initial Material ◽  
Technological Parameters ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Node Number ◽  
Breeding Parameters ◽  
Study Results ◽  
New Material ◽  
Branching Point

Goal. To assess the diversity of collection material differing by eco-geographical origin for a set of economic and breeding parameters to select the most valuable accessions, to describe and evaluate them in order to form specific sets of gene pool accessions, to widely involve them in breeding both for traditional and for new purposes.Materials and Methods. The plant material was evaluated and described in compliance with "Expanded Harmonized Classifier of the genus Buckwheat (Fagopyrum Mill.)"," Classifier of the genus Fagopyrum Mill.", etc. Over 1,600 accessions have been investigated for the last 20 years. The information base of the study results contains data on 10-23parameters of accessions (yield, performance, plant architectonics elements, grain size, etc.).Result and Discussion. Based on the data, the collection gene pool was grouped by trait expression and expression of trait sets. Sources of some traits or of their combinations were offered to breeders: 29 accessions - of the grain number per plant (over 100 grains) and the node number in the stem branching point (up to 5); 49 accessions - of performance and inflorescence fertility; 110 accessions - of indices of individual seed productivity and grain number per plant; 27 accessions – of technological parameters of product (grain); 73 accessions - of even ripening; 22 accessions – of moderate shedding resistance, etc. The selected accessions are of different eco-geographical origin: from Ukraine, the Russian Federation, France, Georgia, Japan and Korea.Conclusions. The investigation of the collection material under contrast environmental conditions and selection of sources of economically and breeding-valuable characteristics makes the collection a valuable source of initial material for all breeding trends. Significant value of the collection accessions lies in their different eco-geographical origin, that is, in considerable diversity of gene complexes determining the expression level of a particular trait. Constant replenishment of the collection with new material from different parts of the world and generation of promising trends in the use of buckwheat products require constant search for new sources of valuable features, formation of trait and specific collections, trials and introduction of the gene pool in breeding and production.

Evaluation of collection accessions of fodder grasses for economical traits

2018 ◽  
pp. 54-65
Author(s):  
L.Z. Baistruk-Hlodan ◽  
M.M. Khomiak ◽  
G.Z. Zhapaleu ◽  
G.L. Koval
Keyword(s):  
Gene Pool ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
The State ◽  
Initial Material ◽  
Forage Grasses ◽  
Economic Traits ◽  
State Register ◽  
Carpathian Region ◽  
Resource Collection ◽  
Fodder Grasses

The goal was to include new accessions of perennial leguminous and cereal grasses to the collection, to evaluate them in terms of a set of valuable morphological and economic features and to identify sources of these features for breeding.Results and discussion. The collections of gene pool accessions created due to introduction of cultivars and wild forms as well as breeding accessions identified during practical breeding serve as initial material for the breeding of red clover, alsike clover and cock's-foot in the Institute of Agriculture of the Carpathian Region. For the period of 2000-2017, 944 accessions of forage grasses registered in the Central Database were included in the collection: 405 legumes (red clover – 161, alsike clover – 11) and 539 cereals (cock's-foot – 145); 591 accessions were stored in the National Depository. In-depth studies of morphological and economic traits of the accessions allowed us to create and to register a basic collection of the forage grasses gene pool, a trait collection of red clover for yield and resistance to powdery mildew (it includes 52 accessions from 5 countries), a trait collection of cock's-foot for yield and resistance to unfavorable factors (49 accessions from 8 countries) and to register valuable red clover accession No. 193 and cock's-foot accession Drogobychanka Piznia with the NCPGRU. Based on the collection accessions, varieties were created and included in the State Register of Plant Varieties Suitable for Dissemination in Ukraine: red clover Truskavchanka since 2016, alsike clover Prydnistrovska since 2002, cock's-foot Marichka since 2014. Since 2015, red clover variety Ukrainochka and cock's-foot variety Boikivchanka have been tested in the state scientific expert evaluation.Conclusions. The creation of the genetic resource collection allowed us to study and analyze the genetic potential of the species, to identify initial material with valuable economical traits, which will significantly increase the efficiency of fodder grasses breeding.

scholarly journals Novel Synthesis of Core-Shell Biomaterials from Polymeric Filaments with a Bioceramic Coating for Biomedical Applications

Coatings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catalina-Andreea Dascalu ◽  
Florin Miculescu ◽  
Aura-Catalina Mocanu ◽  
Andreea Elena Constantinescu ◽  
Tudor Mihai Butte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Thermoplastic Polyurethane ◽  
Shell Structures ◽  
Core Shell ◽  
Bovine Bone ◽  
Technological Parameters ◽  
Material Development ◽  
Pull Out ◽  
New Material

Bone tissue engineering is constantly in need of new material development with improved biocompatibility or mechanical features closer to those of natural bone. Other important factors are the sustainability, cost, and origin of the natural precursors involved in the technological process. This study focused on two widely used polymers in tissue engineering, namely polylactic acid (PLA) and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), as well as bovine-bone-derived hydroxyapatite (HA) for the manufacturing of core-shell structures. In order to embed the ceramic particles on the polymeric filaments surface, the materials were introduced in an electrical oven at various temperatures and exposure times and under various pressing forces. The obtained core-shell structures were characterized in terms of morphology and composition, and a pull-out test was used to demonstrate the particles adhesion on the polymeric filaments structure. Thermal properties (modulated temperature and exposure time) and the pressing force’s influence upon HA particles’ insertion degree were evaluated. More to the point, the form variation factor and the mass variation led to the optimal technological parameters for the synthesis of core-shell materials for prospect additive manufacturing and regenerative medicine applications.

scholarly journals WINTER HARDINESS OF BREAD WHEAT FROM THE VIR COLLECTION IN ENVIRONMENTS OF THE NORTHWESTERN AND CENTRAL BLACK SOIL REGIONS OF RUSSIA

2019 ◽  
Vol 180 (3) ◽  
pp. 41-49
Author(s):  
N. S. Lysenko ◽  
V. F. Loseva ◽  
O. P. Mitrofanova
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Geographical Origin ◽  
Black Soil ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
Winter Hardiness ◽  
Initial Material ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
Former Ussr ◽  
Regions Of Russia

Background. Winter wheat resistance to adverse winter­ing conditions is one of the most important adaptive charac­teristics. To obtain high yields, modern wheat cultivars should have various protective reactions. For their success­ful combination in one genotype, the availability of appro­priate initial material is of great importance. In Russia, the accessions from the VIR collection are traditionally used as initial material for wheat breeding. The aims of the present study were (1) to evaluate winter hardiness in accessions from the VIR collection in a field test, and (2) to use the ob­tained data and those on the geographical origin of acces­sions for making up the target sub-collection and perform­ing its eco-geographical studies.Materials and methods. The initial sample for field screening contained 431 acces­sions of common winter wheat from different regions of Russia and the former USSR, and 484 accessions from 18 foreign countries. Winter hardiness of these accessions was tested in the environmental conditions of the North­western region (Pushkin, 59°41′N 30°20′E, 2006/2007, 2007/2008 and 2013/2014) and of the Central Black Soil re­gion (Yekaterinino, 52°59′N 40°50′E, Tambov Province, 2007/2008 and 2008/2009). The degree of winter hardi­ness was determined in accordance with the technique de­veloped at VIR.Results and conclusions. In 2006/2007, in Pushkin, a high and a very high degree of winter hardiness was displayed by 114 accessions with the origin from Rus­sia and the former USSR as well as by 12 accessions from foreign countries. Based on the obtained data and taking into account the diversity of the geographical origin of ac­cessions, the target sub-collection was formed, whose ac­cessions were subjected to eco-geographical two-year field studies (Pushkin, 59°41′N 30°20′E, 2007/2008, 2013/2014, and Yekaterinino, 52°59′N 40°50′N, Tambov Province, 2007/2008, 2008/2009). The Friedman’s variance analysis has shown that variation on winter hardiness in 158 acces­sions from the target sub-collection was determined by the environmental conditions of wheat cultivation (χ2э = 256.7; df = 4; χ2W=0.05 = 9.5) and by genetic differences between ac­cessions (χ2э = 239.3; df = 157; χ2W=0.05 = 187.2) at that effect of the prior was stronger than that of the latter. By using the cluster analysis (k-means algorithm), the target sub-collec­tion structure has been revealed. Twelve accessions that overwintered well at both geographical locations during all the years of testing were identified.  

scholarly journals Water stress resistance of the new self-pollinated maize lines and hybrids

2021 ◽  
pp. 46-50
Author(s):  
G. Ya. Krivosheev ◽  
N. А. Shevchenko
Keyword(s):  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
The State ◽  
Residual Water ◽  
Initial Material ◽  
Grain Moisture ◽  
Resistant Lines ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Drought Resistant

The directions of the economic use of maize are different, namely fodder, food, technical. Considering that maize belongs to mesophytes, the most harmful stress factor for it is drought. The breeding maize for drought tolerance is considered the most important direction for this crop. The purpose of the current paper was to present study results of the drought resistance of the initial material, namely the self-pollinated maize lines and hybrids. The study was carried out at the Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy”, located in the zone of insufficient moisture in 2018–2020. Drought tolerance was determined by the method of residual water deficit (RWD). As an initial material, there were used 24 self-pollinated maize lines and 50 test-cross hybrids. There have been identified the new drought-resistant middle-early and middle-ripening self-pollinated lines ‘KS 317 A’,’ KV 240’, ‘LSh 16’, ‘S 86’, ‘LSh 17’ and ‘LSh 2’, ‘SP 246 / 276-2’, ‘DS 498 / 203-4’, ‘DS 298 / 203-3’, ‘DS 257 / 85-0’, ‘SP 280-3’, ‘KB 373’, which had a low residual water deficit in the flowering phase (7.7–10.4%) and did not significantly increase it during the period from vegetation to milky-wax ripeness (up to 10,3–12.6%). The drought-resistant hybrids include ‘Stepnyak MV’, ‘GK 26 AM × DS 257 / 85-0’, ‘P 101 × Zp 498 A’, ‘KB 399 × S 232’, ‘GK 26 AM × KB 373’, ‘GK 26 AM × SP 246 / 276-2’, ‘C 204 × KS 318’. They were characterized by a low water deficit during the flowering period (7.4–10.4%) and its low increase (1.4–3.7%) during the growing season. Drought-resistant hybrids, as a rule, included drought-resistant lines. According to the results of the State Variety Testing, the new middle-ripening three-line maize hybrid ‘Stepnyak MV’ ((KB 262 M × KB 326 ZM) × KB 498 MV)), developed on the basis of the drought-resistant lines ‘KB 262 M’ and ‘KB 498 MV’, has been included into the State Register since 2019. The hybrid possessed a high grain yield (4.55 t/ha) in the dry years of 2018–2020. it was characterized by high values of the main economically valuable traits, such as high resistance to lodging (0.5% of lodged plants), high starch content in grain (72.0%), optimum grain moisture (14.0%) by the harvesting time.

scholarly journals The five Urochola spp. used in development of tropical forage cultivars originate from defined subpopulations with differentiated gene pools

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet Higgins ◽  
Paulina Tomaszewska ◽  
Till K Pellny ◽  
Valheria Castiblanco ◽  
Jacobo Arango ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Pool ◽  
Geographical Origin ◽  
Snp Markers ◽  
Gene Pools ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Genome Composition ◽  
Ploidy Levels ◽  
Centre Of Origin ◽  
Tropical Forage ◽  
The Tropics

Background and Aims: Urochola (syn. Brachiaria, and including some Panicum and Megathyrus) is a genus of tropical and subtropical grasses widely sown as forage to feed ruminants in the tropics. A better understanding of the diversity among Urochola spp. allow us to leverage its varying ploidy levels and genome composition to accelerate its improvement, following the example from other crop genera. Methods: We explored the genetic make-up and population structure in 111 accessions, which comprise the five Urochola species used for the development of commercial cultivars. These accessions are conserved from wild materials from collection sites at their centre of origin in Africa. We used RNA-seq, averaging 40M reads per accession, to generate 1,167,542 stringently selected SNP markers that tentatively encompassed the complete Urochola gene pool used in breeding. Key Results: We identified ten subpopulations, which had no relation with geographical origin and represented ten independent gene pools, and two groups of admixed accessions. Our results support a division in U. decumbens by ploidy, with a diploid subpopulation closely related to U. ruziziensis, and a tetraploid subpopulation closely related to U. brizantha. We observed highly differentiated gene pools in U. brizantha, which were not related with origin or ploidy. Particularly, one U. brizantha subpopulation clustered distant from the other U. brizantha and U. decumbens subpopulations, so likely containing unexplored alleles. We also identified a well-supported subpopulation containing both polyploid U. decumbens and U. brizantha accessions; this was the only group containing more than one species and tentatively constitutes an independent "mixed" gene pool for both species. We observed two gene pools in U. humidicola. One subpopulation, "humidicola-2", was much less common but likely includes the only known sexual accession in the species. Conclusions: Our results offered a definitive picture of the available diversity in Urochola to inform breeding and resolve questions raised by previous studies. It also allowed us identifying prospective founders to enrich the breeding gene pool and to develop genotyping and genotype-phenotype association mapping experiments.

scholarly journals Yield and some quality traits of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain as influenced by the application of different rates of nitrogen

2013 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 67-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elżbieta Harasim ◽  
Marian Wesołowski
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Quality Traits ◽  
Technological Parameters ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Soil Complex ◽  
Basic Quality ◽  
The University

A field study was conducted in the period 2004–2007 at the Czesławice Experimental Farm, belonging to the University of Life Sciences in Lublin, on loess-derived grey brown podzolic soil (good wheat soil complex). This study determined the effect of two levels of nitrogen fertilization on yield and the basic quality traits of grain of the winter wheat cultivar ‘Muza’. The study results show the dependence of the grain quality characters mainly on variable weather conditions throughout the study period and to a lesser extent on the level of nitrogen fertilization. Good technological parameters were obtained in the seasons with low rainfall and high air temperature. The study also demonstrated that the higher rate of nitrogen tended to have a positive effect on total protein and wet gluten content, falling number, sedimentation value, and grain test weight. In spite of the lack of significant differences, the quality of gluten was found to decrease with the increasing rate of nitrogen.

scholarly journals The impact of infrastructure on driver behavior on pedestrian crossings – case studies in two Mazovian cities

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (33) ◽  
pp. 97-117
Author(s):  
Maciej Sulmicki
Keyword(s):  
Driver Behavior ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
National Study ◽  
Traffic Lights ◽  
The Road ◽  
Traffic Calming ◽  
Study Results ◽  
New Material ◽  
Road Width ◽  
The Impact

In 2019 field studies were conducted in order to check how various aspects of pedestrian and cycle crossing infrastructure influence driver behavior. The overall goal was to verify the adequacy of the road safety-related provisions of the main strategic and planning documents of the Mazovia Region. The crossings analyzed in Warsaw and Radom were chosen so as to take into account all the types of traffic calming mentioned in the Spatial Development Plan of Mazovia as serving to improve safety on pedestrian crossings. Other aspects taken into account included road width, type of intersection and presence/type of traffic lights. The field studies focused on the behavior of drivers towards pedestrians and cyclists, including behavior which determines how quickly a driver can react to a non-motorized person appearing. The crossings were observed from a distance, so that the presence of the observer wouldn’t influence the participants’ behavior. Each crossing was observed and recorded for at least thirty minutes in order to identify how often a driver: stops before a crossing, drives across in front of or behind a non-motorized person, stops on the crossing or drives fast across it. In selected places, another recorded aspect was whether the driver looks around before driving across the crossing. However, such detailed observation was not possible in the majority of places due to high traffic and/or inadequate visibility of the interiors of cars. The field studies in Radom were conducted by Sebastian Pawłowski and Łukasz Zaborowski of the Radom branch of the Mazovian Office for Regional Planning. The study results indicate that dangerous driver behavior is influenced by: the width of the road on the crossing, bicycle crossings and right-of-way provisions, physical traffic calming measures and traffic lights. Measures which were found to be ineffective include hatched road markings signaling a part of the road which is not to be driven across and red lights with a green arrow allowing for a conditional right-turn after stopping, which were in fact treated as green right-turn lights. The study confirmed the accuracy of the measures indicated in the strategic and spatial planning documents of the Mazovia Region, as well as the need for them to be implemented more often. An analysis of the field study results allowed for the identification of the impact of individual road crossing parameters on drivers’ behavior, thus providing new material in reference to earlier local studies and a 2018 Polish national study. A Polish version of this article will also be published in a later issue of this periodical.

scholarly journals The study results of the winter soft wheat varieties of various ecological and geographical origin in the south of the Rostov region

2020 ◽  
pp. 12-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. Ivanisov ◽  
D. M. Marchenko ◽  
E. I. Nekrasov ◽  
I. A. Rybas ◽  
T. A. Grichanikova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Origin ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Freezing Temperature ◽  
Soft Wheat ◽  
Standard Variety ◽  
Biological Productivity ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Grain Crop

The improvement of grain production is the most important global task. The introduction of new highly productive varieties of the leading grain crop, winter wheat, plays a huge role in its solution. The paper presents the study results of 80 winter soft wheat varieties of various ecological and geographical origin. Frost and winter resistance rise of the developed winter soft wheat genotypes today and in the nearest future is one of the main directions of breeding work. The preservation of highly productive winter soft wheat varieties varied from 0.0% to 78.3% at a freezing temperature of –19 °C. The varieties “Kaprizulya”, “Lilit”, “Zhavoronok”, “Lydia”, “Krasa Dona”, “Polina”, “Volnitsa” and “Volny Don”, developed in the Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy” have the highest frost resistance among the studied samples, they preserved 57.0 ... 78.3% of living plants. Grain productivity of the samples ranged from 6.36 to 8.90 t/ha in 2015–2017. The 16 out of 80 studied varieties reliably (НСР05 = 0.64 t/ha) exceeded the standard variety “Don 107” for this trait. Productivity of the best samples ranged from 8.14 t/ha (“СО 911”) to 8.90 t / ha (“Laureat”). The biological productivity of winter soft wheat varieties varied from 8.37 to 9.07 t/ha, exceeding the standard variety from 0.67 t/ha (“СО 911”) to 1.37 t/ha (“Laureat”). It should be noted that the correlation coefficient of actual and biological productivity was 0.84±0.06. As a result of the current study, there were identified the genotypes “Lydia”, “Volnitsa” and “Zhavoronok” combining high productivity, grain quality and resistance to low negative temperatures.

scholarly journals Phenotypic characteristics of trees and seeds as the base for improvement and conservation of the horse chestnut gene pool

2009 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 619-622 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirjana Ocokoljic ◽  
Nadezda Stojanovic
Keyword(s):  
Gene Pool ◽  
Population Variability ◽  
Yield Variability ◽  
Horse Chestnut ◽  
Phenotypic Characteristics ◽  
Ecological Conditions ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Aesthetic Properties ◽  
Selection Of

This study deals with individual and group variability of horse chestnut trees cultivated in urban cenoses in Belgrade, Zemun, and Pancevo, Serbia. The trees were selected according to their morphological-aesthetic properties and yield variability. In view of size of the study populations, it can be considered that the trees were cultivated in more or less uniform ecological conditions and that individual intra-population variability is mostly the result of genetic properties. The study results can serve as the base for selection of genotypes significant for application in urban cenoses, especially for the establishment of tree rows.

scholarly journals Stock-constrained truss design exploration through combinatorial equilibrium modeling

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 253-269
Author(s):  
Jan Brütting ◽  
Patrick Ole Ohlbrock ◽  
Julian Hofer ◽  
Pierluigi D’Acunto
Keyword(s):  
Building Structures ◽  
Structural Components ◽  
Realistic Case ◽  
Equilibrium Modeling ◽  
Study Results ◽  
New Material ◽  
Computational Workflow ◽  
Design Options ◽  
Best Fit

Reusing structural components has potential to reduce environmental impacts of building structures because it reduces new material use, energy consumption, and waste. When designing structures through reuse, available element characteristics become a design input. This paper presents a new computational workflow to design structures made of reused and new elements. The workflow combines Combinatorial Equilibrium Modeling, efficient Best-Fit heuristics, and Life Cycle Assessment to explore different design options in a user-interactive way and with almost real-time feedback. The method applicability is demonstrated by a realistic case study. Results show that structures combining reused and new elements have a significantly lower environmental impact than solutions made of new material only.

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