scholarly journals From the EMS to the EMU and…to China

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Halevi
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Structure ◽  
Maastricht Treaty ◽  
Balance Of Payments ◽  
Military Power ◽  
Fiscal Policies ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Economic Area ◽  
Gravitational Pull ◽  
European Periphery ◽  
The Way

This essay deals with the EMS experience and its failure, with the Maastricht Treaty, and with the interregnum leading to the formation of the EMU in 1999. The paper highlights the position of German authorities, showing that they were quite lucid about the fundamental weaknesses inherent in a process that separated monetary from fiscal policies by giving priority to the centralization of the former. Instead of repeating the well known critiques leveled against the EMU – for which readers are referred to the unsurpassed treatment by Stiglitz, the essay highlights the splintering of Europe in the way in which it has unfolded during the 1990s and in the first decade of the present millennium. In particular the early economic and political origins of the terminal crisis of Italy are located between the late 1980s and the 1990s. France is shown to belong increasingly to the so-called European periphery by virtue of a weakening industrial structure and persistent balance of payments deficits. The paper argues that France regains its central role by political means and through its weight as an active nuclear military power centered on maintaining its imperial interests and posture especially in Africa. The first decade of the present millennium is portrayed as the period in which a distinct German economic area had been formed in the midst of Europe with a strong drive to the east with an increasingly powerful gravitational pull towards the People’s Republic of China.

Gli anni di Mao: storia e politica del presente

2009 ◽  
pp. 5-26
Author(s):  
Stephen A. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Republic Of China ◽  
Great Leap Forward ◽  
History Of ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Collapse Of Communism ◽  
The Great Leap Forward ◽  
Western Historiography ◽  
The Way ◽  
Negative Representation ◽  
Mao Era

- Reflects on how political changes that have taken place in the People's Republic of China (Prc) during the era of economic reform, together with changes that have taken place in the world at large since 1989, especially those following the collapse of Communism in Europe, have shaped the way in which historians inside and outside the Prc have written the history of the Mao era (1949 to 1976). The article examines both Chinese and western historiography of four key issues relating to the Mao era: the idea of the 1950s as a "golden age"; the Great Leap Forward (1958-61); the Cultural Revolution (1966-76) and the view of Mao himself. The more negative representation of these issues derives, in part, from the fact that scholars now have much greater access to sources than was true prior to the 1980s. At the same time, the more negative representation it is bound up with political changes that have occurred inside and outside the Prc. For that reason, the historiography of the Mao may be said to represent an almost textbook example of the way in which historical writing is implicated in the politics of the present. Keywords: China, Communism, Mao, Economy, Historiography, History. Parole chiave: Cina, Comunismo, Mao, Economia, Storiografia, Storia.

scholarly journals Krisen i eurozonen: historien om en forudsigelig krise – der kunne have været undgået

Politik ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Henrik Plaschke
Keyword(s):  
Sovereign Debt ◽  
Debt Crisis ◽  
Public Spending ◽  
Balance Of Payments ◽  
General Strategy ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Sovereign Debt Crisis ◽  
Common Currency ◽  
The Common ◽  
European Periphery

The crisis in the Eurozone is part of a general structural crisis with both global and regional dimensions. e US generated nancial crisis was imported into the Eurozone due to the structural weaknesses and accumu- lated tensions built up during the years following the introduction of the common currency. ese tensions express themselves in an accumulation of private debts and in huge balance-of-payments imbalances within the Eurozone. e sovereign debt crisis is the result of these weaknesses and tensions rather than their cause. By insisting on reductions on public spending as a general strategy for the Eurozone economic policies have aggravated not only the situation of the South European periphery of the Eurozone but increasingly also its Northern core. However, the Eurozone is unlikely to break up – rather we are heading for a period of mud- dling through characterized by growing inequalities, social and political tensions and stagnating economic growth. 

scholarly journals BUILDING ENTERPRISES INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURE'S OPTIMISATION/STATYBOS ĮMONIŲ GAMYBINĖS STRUKTŪROS OPTIMIZAVIMAS

1996 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 80-91
Author(s):  
R. Ginevičius ◽  
S. Čirba
Keyword(s):  
Formation Constant ◽  
Industrial Structure ◽  
Two Sides ◽  
The Way ◽  
Building Enterprises

Building enterprises industrial programme which is muolded by the way of competition, could hesitate in rather wide limits: in its quantity and expenditure of labour structure. It is possible to expect high results of activity only then, if building enterprises would be able to adjust properly near changeable environment. You could do this only if you reorganisate its industrial structure. Two sides could be responsible for this formation-constant and changeable. The first side must ensure enterprises potential, the high works quantity and paces. The second one must compensate industrial programme scale and structures hesitation. If you want to find awarded parts quantity you must solve optimisation problem it means to define what volume of works during the analysing period must do its “nucleus” units that the recieved profit would be the greatest one.

scholarly journals Impacto en la ética de las empresas

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marlene Lozano Romero ◽  
Dirce Alethia García García
Keyword(s):  
Professional Ethics ◽  
Qualitative Methodology ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Business Sector ◽  
Business World ◽  
Economic Entity ◽  
Economic Area ◽  
Toma De Decisiones ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Way

  RESUMEN Se desea emitir una opinión basada en el impacto que tiene la ética en las empresas. Y en el papel que juega en el actuar de cada día. La ética profesional que deben tener aquellos que desempeñan cualquier función en un ente económico. Y el impacto que puede ocasionar la falta de ética en el ámbito empresarial. Se emplea un procedimiento de metodología cualitativa; basándose en los aspectos observables que se presentan en el entorno empresarial; haciendo énfasis en el desempeño que realiza el profesional al momento de realizar su trabajo. Y la manera en la que debe manejarse la administración de cualquier empresa para la toma de decisiones, las cuales, deben ser las más idóneas para tener finanzas sanas. Así mismo, un procedimiento de metodología descriptiva en la cual se puntualizan las características que existen en ciertas áreas económicas de la población; a fin de poder conocer los puntos de riesgo o aquellas acciones que generan problemas por falta de ética en el ámbito económico. Se analizaron diferentes áreas económicas del sector empresarial, los puntos de mayor preocupación a causa de factores ocasionados por falta de ética. Y sugerencias del como poder mejorar la situación que se está presentando en cada área económica.  ABSTRACT It is desired to issue an opinion based on the impact that ethics has on companies. And in the role he plays in the daily actions. The professional ethics that should have those who perform any function in an economic entity. And the impact that the lack of ethics in the business world can cause. A qualitative methodology procedure is used; based on the observable aspects that appear in the business environment; emphasizing the performance performed by the professional at the time of performing their work. And the way in which the management of any company should be managed for making decisions, which should be the most suitable to have healthy finances. Likewise, a descriptive methodology procedure in which the characteristics that exist in certain economic areas of the population are specified; In order to know the risk points or those actions that generate problems due to lack of ethics in the economic field. Different economic areas of the business sector were analyzed, the points of greatest concern due to factors caused by lack of ethics. And suggestions of how to improve the situation that is occurring in each economic area. KEYWORDS: Ethics; Company; Impact; Trust; Values.

International economic structures, government interests, and international coordination of macroeconomic adjustment policies

1991 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 309-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael C. Webb
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
Market Integration ◽  
Domestic Politics ◽  
Balance Of Payments ◽  
Fiscal Policies ◽  
Macroeconomic Policies ◽  
Macroeconomic Adjustment ◽  
Adjustment Policies ◽  
International Coordination

Analysts have commonly argued that there has been a decline in international coordination of the kinds of policies that governments can use to manage the international payments imbalances that emerge when different governments pursue different macroeconomic policies. The decline typically has been attributed to a posited decline in American hegemony. In contrast, this article argues that international coordination of macroeconomic adjustment policies (trade and capital controls, exchange rate policies, balance-of-payments financing, and monetary and fiscal policies) was at least as extensive for much of the 1980s as it had been in the 1960s. There was, however, a shift away from coordination of balance-of-payments financing and other policies that have limited direct consequences for domestic economic and political conditions and a concurrent shift toward coordination of monetary and fiscal policies that are critically important for domestic politics and economics. This change is best explained as a consequence of changes in the structure of the international economy. Most important, international capital market integration encouraged governments to coordinate monetary and fiscal policies because balance-of-payments financing and exchange rate coordination alone are insufficient to manage the enormous payments imbalances that emerge when capital is able to flow internationally in search of higher interest rates and appreciating currencies.

A Close Look into an Immigrant Workers' Church in Beijing

2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 91-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qi Liu
Keyword(s):  
Participant Observation ◽  
Religious Tradition ◽  
Eternal Life ◽  
Immigrant Workers ◽  
House Church ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
House Churches ◽  
The World ◽  
Inner Strength ◽  
The Way

Christianity, although a worldwide religious tradition, is counted as a minority in the People's Republic of China (PRC), both by the Christians themselves and by non-believers. "House churches" in the PRC, being illegal and thus underground, are the "minority in a minority." Based on two years of participant-observation, I give a description of the beliefs and rituals of an immigrant workers' Protestant house church system in Beijing. Belief in the Christian God's ability to provide relief from suffering by performing earthly miracles and by bringing the faithful to eternal life in heaven are the main attractions drawing people to the house churches. I argue that the way the believers value and emphasize miracles performed by the Christian God is derived primarily from an orientation found in the Chinese popular religious tradition. Additionally, glorification of suffering in Christianity gives the believers inner strength to face the trials of the world.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document