scholarly journals A Key 6G Challenge and Opportunity - Connecting the Remaining 4 Billions: A Survey on Rural Connectivity

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elias Yaacoub ◽  
Mohamed-Slim Alouini
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Cost Efficiency ◽  
Use Cases ◽  
World Population ◽  
Typical Application ◽  
Future Evolution ◽  
The World ◽  
Tremendous Challenge ◽  
Country Specific

Providing connectivity to around half of the World population living in rural or underprivileged areas is a tremendous challenge, but also a unique opportunity. In this paper, a survey of technologies for providing connectivity to rural areas, and that can help address this challenge, is provided. Fronthaul and backhaul techniques are discussed. In addition, energy and cost efficiency of the studied technologies are analyzed. Typical application scenarios in rural areas are discussed, and several country-specific use cases are surveyed. Directions for future evolution of rural connectivity are outlined.

scholarly journals A Key 6G Challenge and Opportunity - Connecting the Remaining 4 Billions: A Survey on Rural Connectivity

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elias Yaacoub ◽  
Mohamed-Slim Alouini
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Cost Efficiency ◽  
Use Cases ◽  
World Population ◽  
Typical Application ◽  
Future Evolution ◽  
The World ◽  
Tremendous Challenge ◽  
Country Specific

Providing connectivity to around half of the World population living in rural or underprivileged areas is a tremendous challenge, but also a unique opportunity. In this paper, a survey of technologies for providing connectivity to rural areas, and that can help address this challenge, is provided. Fronthaul and backhaul techniques are discussed. In addition, energy and cost efficiency of the studied technologies are analyzed. Typical application scenarios in rural areas are discussed, and several country-specific use cases are surveyed. Directions for future evolution of rural connectivity are outlined.

scholarly journals A Key 6G Challenge and Opportunity - Connecting the Base of the Pyramid: A Survey on Rural Connectivity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elias Yaacoub ◽  
Mohamed-Slim Alouini
Keyword(s):  
Communication Networks ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Cost Efficiency ◽  
World Population ◽  
Base Of The Pyramid ◽  
Typical Application ◽  
Future Evolution ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Tremendous Challenge ◽  
Country Specific

Providing connectivity to around half of the world population living in rural or underprivileged areas is a tremendous challenge, but also a unique opportunity. Access to the internet would provide the population living in these areas a possibility to progress on the educational, health, environment, and business levels. In this paper, a survey of technologies for providing connectivity to rural areas, and that can help address this challenge, is provided. Although access/fronthaul and backhaul techniques are discussed in the paper, it is noted that the major limitation for providing connectivity to rural and underprivileged areas is the cost of backhaul deployment. In addition, energy requirements and cost efficiency of the studied technologies are analyzed. In fact, the challenges faced for deploying an electricity network, as a prerequisite for deploying communication networks, are huge in these areas and they are granted an important share of the discussions in this paper. Furthermore, typical application scenarios in rural areas are discussed, and several country-specific use cases are surveyed. The main initiatives by key international players aiming to provide rural connectivity are also described. Moreover, directions for future evolution of rural connectivity are outlined in the paper. Although there is no single solution that can solve all rural connectivity problems, building gradually on the current achievements in order to reach ubiquitous connectivity, while taking into account the particularities of each region and tailoring the solution accordingly, seems to be the most suitable path to follow.

scholarly journals A Key 6G Challenge and Opportunity - Connecting the Base of the Pyramid: A Survey on Rural Connectivity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elias Yaacoub ◽  
Mohamed-Slim Alouini
Keyword(s):  
Communication Networks ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Cost Efficiency ◽  
World Population ◽  
Base Of The Pyramid ◽  
Typical Application ◽  
Future Evolution ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Tremendous Challenge ◽  
Country Specific

Providing connectivity to around half of the world population living in rural or underprivileged areas is a tremendous challenge, but also a unique opportunity. Access to the internet would provide the population living in these areas a possibility to progress on the educational, health, environment, and business levels. In this paper, a survey of technologies for providing connectivity to rural areas, and that can help address this challenge, is provided. Although access/fronthaul and backhaul techniques are discussed in the paper, it is noted that the major limitation for providing connectivity to rural and underprivileged areas is the cost of backhaul deployment. In addition, energy requirements and cost efficiency of the studied technologies are analyzed. In fact, the challenges faced for deploying an electricity network, as a prerequisite for deploying communication networks, are huge in these areas and they are granted an important share of the discussions in this paper. Furthermore, typical application scenarios in rural areas are discussed, and several country-specific use cases are surveyed. The main initiatives by key international players aiming to provide rural connectivity are also described. Moreover, directions for future evolution of rural connectivity are outlined in the paper. Although there is no single solution that can solve all rural connectivity problems, building gradually on the current achievements in order to reach ubiquitous connectivity, while taking into account the particularities of each region and tailoring the solution accordingly, seems to be the most suitable path to follow.

scholarly journals Iodization of table salt and attitudes and habits in relation to the use of salt in general population

2010 ◽  
Vol 138 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 225-229
Author(s):  
Gorica Sbutega-Milosevic ◽  
Zorica Djordjevic ◽  
Zoran Marmut ◽  
Boban Mugosa
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
World Health ◽  
Nutritional Deficiencies ◽  
World Population ◽  
Table Salt ◽  
Salt Iodization ◽  
The World ◽  
Domestic Use ◽  
Health Organization

Introduction. Combating nutritional deficiencies of micronutrients, such as iodine, represents a priority task of health care organizations. In 2003, the World Health Organization (WHO) published the publication: Global Prevalence of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD), according to which some 2,2 billion people live in areas poor in naturally occurring iodine. Approximately 13% of the world population suffer from goitre - one of the IDD. The recommended iodine content in table salt is 20-40 mg/kg, which should satisfy the daily iodine requirements of an adult. Objective. The authors sought to ascertain whether iodization of table salt in Montenegro was carried out in accordance with the existing legislature. An assessment was also carried out of the attitudes and habits of the population regarding the use of salt in nutrition and the level of awareness in relation to the relevance of table salt iodization. Methods. The research was carried out in 2004 and was sponsored by UNICEF. A sample of 594 homes from the municipalities of Bar and Podgorica was chosen: 354 homes from urban and 240 from rural areas. The participants completed a questionnaire related to the daily use and intake of salt, as well as their understanding of the relevance of table salt iodization. Iodine content was tested in 15 samples of table salt at production level, 170 samples at retail level and 126 samples taken from domestic use. Results. The analysis of table salt samples showed an optimal iodine level in 73.3% of samples from production, in 81.2% from retail, and in 73.0% from domestic use. A lower level of iodine was found in 8.8% retail samples and 15.1% samples from home use. A greater concentration of iodine was found in 26.7% production, 10.0% retail and 11.9% samples from domestic use. Conclusion. Although the application of the WHO programme has led to an improvement in iodization of table salt in Montenegro, both at production and retail levels, this still falls short of the standards recommended by WHO to combat IDD. The levels of iodine in table salt in domestic use also fail to comply with the WHO criteria for elimination of IDD.

scholarly journals The world population and its expected future evolution

2010 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 197-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Prášilová ◽  
Pavla Hošková
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
World Population ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Future Evolution ◽  
Smoothing Methods ◽  
Statistical Procedures ◽  
Adaptive Procedures ◽  
The World ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Population Numbers

Population numbers on Planet Earth grow steadily. The most rapid increase took place over the 20th century when the number of world population rose from 1.6 billion up to 6 billion. Demographic revolution affect the process of changes. The paper has paid attention to the relationship between natality and mortality in various parts of the world. It indicates the differing behaviour in the African countries where the demographic revolution has not been finished so far. Population numbers on the Planet Earth are being forecast for 2050 applying the exponential smoothing methods. The outcomes of statistical procedures are being compared with the UN prognoses and they do not indicate large differences in confidence intervals predictions. The adaptive procedures selected have been found suitable and satisfying for the population numbers forecasting purposes. Most rapidly the population of Africa numbers will grow until 2050, the number of Europeans will cover 7.55 % of the world population only.

scholarly journals EARTHEN ARCHITECTURE – VALORISATION AND UNDERESTIMATION

2020 ◽  
Vol XLIV-M-1-2020 ◽  
pp. 1073-1080
Author(s):  
N. Barbacci
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Latin America ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Construction Material ◽  
Cultural Knowledge ◽  
World Population ◽  
Earth Construction ◽  
The World ◽  
Earthen Architecture

Abstract. Earthen architecture has been used as a construction material in most of the world for millennia. According to the United Nations, approximately one third of the world population and half of the population of developing countries live in buildings constructed of earth. This presentation makes a basic SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) analysis of earthen architecture in an attempt to explain why this material, possessing many positive qualities, is often maligned or underestimated and dismissed as a construction material associated with poverty, especially in the rural areas of Latin America. This paper emphasizes the importance of maintenance and the preservation of the local socio-cultural knowledge system associated with earth construction.

scholarly journals Sustainable development, planning and poverty alleviation

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Claude Bolay ◽  
◽  
Eléonore Labattut ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Governance ◽  
Planning Process ◽  
Urban Poverty ◽  
Development Planning ◽  
World Population ◽  
The South ◽  
The World

In 2018, the world population is around 7.6 billion, 4.2 billion in urban settlements and 3.4 billion in rural areas. Of this total, according to UN-Habitat, 3.2 billion of urban inhabitants live in southern countries. Of them, one billion, or nearly a third, live in slums. Urban poverty is therefore an endemic problem that has not been solved despite all initiatives taken to date by public and private sectors. This global transformation of our contemporary societies is particularly challenging in Asia and Africa, knowing that on these two continents, less than half of the population currently lives in urban areas. In addition, over the next decades, 90% of the urbanization process will take place in these major regions of the world. Urban planning is not an end in itself. It is a way, human and technological, to foresee the future and to act in a consistent and responsible way in order to guarantee the wellbeing of the populations residing in cities or in their peripheries. Many writers and urban actors in the South have criticized the inadequacy of urban planning to the problems faced by the cities confronting spatial and demographic growth. For many of them the reproduction of Western models of planning is ineffective when the urban context responds to very different logics. It is therefore a question of reinventing urban planning on different bases. And in order to address the real problems that urban inhabitants and authorities are facing, and offering infrastructures and access to services for all, this with the prospect of reducing poverty, to develop a more inclusive city, with a more efficient organization, in order to make it sustainable, both environmental than social and economic. The field work carried out during recent years in small and medium-sized cities in Burkina Faso, Brazil, Argentina and Vietnam allows us to focus the attention of specialists and decision makers on intermediate cities that have been little studied but which are home to half of the world's urban population. From local diagnoses, we come to a first conclusion. Many small and medium-sized cities in the South can be considered as poor cities, from four criteria. They have a relatively large percentage of the population is considered to be poor; the local government and its administration do not have enough money to invest in solving the problems they face; these same authorities lack the human resources to initiate and manage an efficient planning process; urban governance remains little open to democratic participation and poorly integrates social demand into its development plans. Based on this analysis, we consider it is imperative to renovate urban planning as part of a more participatory process that meets the expectations of citizens with more realistic criteria. This process incorporates different stages: an analysis grounded on the identification of urban investment needed to improve the city; the consideration of the social demands; a realistic assessment of the financial resources to be mobilized (municipal budget, taxes, public and international external grants, public private partnership); a continuous dialogue between urban actors to determine the urban priorities to be addressed in the coming years. This protocol serves as a basis for comparative studies between cities in the South and a training program initiated in Argentina for urban actors in small and medium sized cities, which we wish to extend later to other countries of the South

scholarly journals Prevalence of Helminthiasis and Worm Load among Pre-school Children in Rural Areas of Enugu State

2021 ◽  
pp. 27-33
Author(s):  
Nwachukwu Chinedu Ugwunna ◽  
Nnamdi Nnanna Ude ◽  
Ogochukwu Chinwe Ugwunna ◽  
Chika Nwanma Onwasigwe ◽  
Emmanuel Nwabueze Aguwa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
World Population ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Current Prevalence ◽  
The World ◽  
Enugu State

Background: Globally, many people suffer from parasitic infections of the intestines with up to 24% of the world population are affected. These infections are particularly prevalent in low-and middle-income countries and exist mainly among economically and socially disadvantaged populations. This study sought to establish the current prevalence of STHs among preschool children in rural areas of Enugu State. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study carried out at Obinofia Ndi-Uno and Obe, rural communities of Enugu State, Nigeria. A pre-tested semi-structured interviewer-administered questionnaire and Laboratory kits for stool analysis were used. Data were analyzed using the IBM SPSS statistics version 22. Results: A total of 589 preschool children (294 from Obinofia Ndi-Uno and 295 from Obe) were studied. Ova of helminths were seen in the stool of 47 preschool children giving a prevalence of 8% with ascariasis being the predominant infection. Discussion: The prevalence of worm infection in this study was low compared to some studies in Nigeria, Africa, and other parts of the world.

scholarly journals FOOD, CULTURE, GLOBALIZATION: INFLUENCE ON HEALTH

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Massimo Vincenzi
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Fast Food ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Good News ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Poor People ◽  
World Population ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
Food Of Animal Origin ◽  
The World

Globalization has negative effects on the health of the individuals and the populations through mechanisms that lead to increased inequalities between and within countries, economic instability and lack of improvements in supply of sanitary services that reflects on the variations of life expectancy at birth. The problem is the globalization doesn’t act evenly, it supports those countries and groups of population that already have plenty of resources, and it strucks poorer countries. Globalization favors the rich (people and countries) also thanks to the power they have in establishing rules and in particular business and market rules. Among the fundamental right of people adequate nutrition is a prerequisite to carry out a satisfactory work, social life, reproductive and development factor. An “effective access to a power supply in quantity and quality sufficient for a productive life and health for all individuals” be defined in accordance with the United Nations Food Security is not a right evenly spread throughout the world; in fact, 80% of the world population does not have the possibility to eat in adequate quantity and have access to safe water sources. In economically disadvantaged countries, population growth, urbanization and internal growth massively increase the demand for food of animal origin. This change in the supply of billions of people has the potential to produce a substantial change in the lives of many poor people living in rural areas. The diet of the whole world is moving towards homogeneity, the diet of Africa and parts of Asia has expanded its menu, adding the globalized foods to the traditional ones. But this is not a good news, because today millions of people more than in the past, try calorie-rich foods, animal protein, sugar, fat. This leads to disastrous consequences, from the point of view of health, as evidenced by the increasing of the so-called welfare diseases linked to excess in highly processed foods and the food and fast food multinationals facilitate and enhance this trend.

The World Plan of Action: Is China Already Setting the Pace?

1973 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 693-700
Author(s):  
William H. Draper
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Population Policy ◽  
World Population ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
The World ◽  
Year 2000 ◽  
Goals And Objectives ◽  
Remarkable Progress

In a recent visit to the People's Republic of China, the author learned first-hand that its family planning program is making remarkable progress—not only in the large cities, but also, more slowly, in the rural areas where 80 per cent of China's population still lives. Since China is the world's most populous country, with some 800 million people, the author asks whether the goals and objectives set there may not provide useful guidance in formulating a world population policy. When the United Nations World Population Conference, 1974 is held in Bucharest, Romania, next August, hopefully the governments assembled will reach agreement on a World Plan of Action to deal with the problems of the population explosion, which are already threatening many developing countries. The author suggests that the nations of the world at this important Conference should acknowledge in their Plan, as China has, that the human race must stabilize world population as soon as possible, with a goal of reducing the present growth rate from 2 per cent to 1 per cent by the year 2000. Tables are included with projections of the world population to 2050 assuming a 50 per cent reduction in growth rate compared with the continuation of present rates.

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