scholarly journals The Effectiveness of Tax Systems on Artisanal Miners and Small-Scale Miners

2021 ◽  
Vol IX (Issue 4) ◽  
pp. 32-40
Author(s):  
Rumbidzai ◽  
P. Mutare ◽  
Wadesango Newman ◽  
Malatji
Keyword(s):  
Small Scale ◽  
Tax Systems ◽  
Artisanal Miners

Small is beautiful – or is it? The challenges of integrating human rights principles into sector policies favourable to artisanal fisheries and mining

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cornelia E. Nauen
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Food Security ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Value Chains ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Sustainable Living ◽  
Social Sciences And Humanities ◽  
Agenda 2030 ◽  
Small Scale Fisheries ◽  
Artisanal Miners

<p class="western"><span>Raising awareness about opportunities for transdisciplinary work and ethical grounding to meet the global challenges to the professions is paramount. Issues of justice and living within the planetary boundaries become also more prominent in the life, social sciences and humanities questioning disciplinary silos. Institutionalising alternatives that create and sustain broader knowledge ecologies for sustainable living is yet to be systematically enabled through new learning and educational pathways. We argue, that there are considerable mutual learning opportunities between artisanal, small-scale mining and small-scale fisheries. </span></p> <p class="western"><span>The global employment in the artisanal gold mining sector is estimated at some 10 to 15 million people, of whom 4.5 million are women and 0.6 million children. Some 40 million people are estimated along value chains in the artisanal fishing of whom 50% are estimated to be women. In both sectors informality is high, production very incompletely recorded and relations with governments and local administrations tend to be difficult as perceptions about the negative sides of the artisanal operations are pervasive in a policy context modelled on industrial exploitation and value chains. Where attempts have been made to quantify production and role in employment, food security or even in contribution to GDP and international trade, the numbers almost always justify policy change in favour of the small-scale sectors. In the face of disruptive technologies liable to make many industrial jobs redundant, opportunities for a new brand of artisanal operators in higher value added segments would be possible with suitable investment in people and institutions. This could go well beyond the poverty discourse into which artisanal miners and fishers are often confined, a notion vigorously rejected by many fishers e.g. in West Africa. </span></p> <p class="western"><span>The 2018 “Mosi-oa-Tunya Declaration on Artisanal and Small-scale Mining, Quarrying and Development” and the “Voluntary Guidelines for Securing Sustainable Small-Scale Fisheries in the context of food security and poverty eradication” with its grounding in human rights and adopted in 2014 by the FAO Committee of Fisheries are starting points for demarginalising artisanal operators. The small-scale fisheries academy (SSF academy) in Senegal offer an example of how this could be enabled. Some 600,000 people are estimated to work along artisanal value chains in the country. </span></p> <p class="western"><span>The SSF academy explores the possibilities to use bottom-up training of trainer approaches to empower individuals (men and women) and communities to improve their livelihoods. Inclusive, participatory methods of active learning based on “Gender Actions Learninig System” (GALS) are being tested to enable experiencing positive local change in relation to global policy goals like the SSF Guidelines in the context of Agenda 2030. The SSF academy offers a safe space where diverse actors can meet, confront their different knowledges and experiences and develop social and technological innovations. Wider sharing builds capabilities and practice of advocacy and collective action thus also paving the way for forms of more participatory governance. Demonstrating feasibility may entice policy reform that would benefit from long-term societal views to counter wide-spread short-termism, for fishers and miners. </span></p>

scholarly journals Scratching the Surface: Exploring Women's Roles in Artisanal and Small Scale Mining in Zimbabwe

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 125-133
Author(s):  
Munyaradzi A. Dzvimbo ◽  
Colleen Ncube ◽  
Monica Monga
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Population Sample ◽  
Systematic Sampling ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Mining Communities ◽  
Mining Areas ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Mining Towns ◽  
Artisanal Miners ◽  
Descriptive Survey

Artisanal mining communities around the world are diverse, dynamic and distinct in nature they vary from culture-to-culture, region-to-region and mine-to-mine, and change over the course of time.Women within these communities are also heterogeneous and unique; however, they tend to be engaged in specific roles throughout the world.A qualitative approach in form of a descriptive survey research design was adopted, in which purposive systematic sampling was used and qualitative data was generated. Semi-structured questionnaires were used to collect data from predominantly mining towns Kadoma, Kwekwe and Shurugwi as well surrounding areas.The sample size was compelled by the different mining areas which are a considerable distance from each other with sparsely distributed population. The focus of data collection was on women’s responsibilities in mineral processing activities range from crushing, grinding, sieving, washing and panning, to amalgamation and amalgam decomposition in the case of gold mining.Typically, women are labourers (e.g. panners, ore carriers and processors), providers of goods and services (for instance cooks, shopkeepers) and are often solely responsible for domestic chores. The total number of artisanal miners for the three mining towns was 1500 and a sample of 10% (150 miners) of the three towns, with each town having 50 was sampled. The artisanal miners taken to be part of the population sample were systematic selected till the last person. The composition of the miners was made up 41% of the females while the remaining 59% were male respondents. 

scholarly journals Internationalisation of Artisanal and Small Scale Mining in Ghana: Opportunities and Challenges

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 20-27
Author(s):  
G. Agyei
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Governance System ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Over Exploitation ◽  
Artisanal Miners ◽  
Mining Districts ◽  
Host Nation ◽  
National Control ◽  
Current Governance

The last few years have witnessed internationalisation of small scale mining in Ghana. The entry of migrant artisanal miners has brought losers and winners in the subsector, creating myriad of socio-political problems. However, official attempts to curb it have exacerbated the systemic problem of mineral governance. This paper analyses the emerging challenges and opportunities posed by the entrance of migrant miners into the country with insights into assumptions on resources and conflicts. It takes a closer look at the causes, effects and dynamics of confrontation and collaboration between migrant artisanal and small scale miners and their counterparts in the host nation. It argues that the current governance system of small scale mining based on national control over exploitation is anachronic and not well adapted to competitive, sustainable and fair management of mineral resources. In addition, it proposes a sustainable partnership to harness complimentary skills in order to avoid deepening the resources conflicts which have plagued the mining districts.  Keywords: Internationalisation, Artisanal, Small Scale Mining, Sustainability

scholarly journals Effect of Riffle Height and Spacing of a Sluice Board on Placer Gold Recovery

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-72
Author(s):  
G. Agyei ◽  
J. J. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Processing Technique ◽  
Gold Recovery ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Mining Site ◽  
Placer Gold ◽  
Gold Particles ◽  
Artisanal Miners ◽  
The University ◽  
Gold Bearing

Sluicing is the preferred mineral processing technique for the treatment of placer gold-bearing alluvium for small scale and artisanal miners in Ghana because sluice board is perceived to be the most cost effective device. However, there are differences in approaches from design to operation.  In this work, about 50 kg of ore was obtained from “Peace School” small scale mining site near the University of Mines and Technology, Tarkwa. It was processed to determine the effects of riffle height and spacing on gold recovery. It was confirmed that, in order to trap a greater percentage of gold particles, the height of the riffle ought to be higher than the suspension height of the gold. The suspension heights of the gold particles of the various operational regimes of the sluice board at superficial velocities of 0.5 m/s, 1.0 m/s, 1.5 m/s and 2.0 m/ were   0.9 cm, 1.2 cm, 1.5 cm and 2.9 cm respectively. Analysis of concentrates showed that, 85.4% of gold was recovered during sluicing at approximately 1.0 cm riffle height.  The lowest recovery was recorded at 0.5 cm riffle height. Gold recovery was also affected by riffles spacing.  For the indicated speeds and the riffle heights the necessary spacing should not be more than 20 cm. The peak recovery was obtained at a riffle height of 1.0 cm but dropped after 20.0 cm spacing. Keywords: Sluice Board, Riffle Height, Gold, Rifle Spacing 

scholarly journals Artisanal-small Scale Mining in Myanmar

2014 ◽  
pp. 19-23
Author(s):  
Aung Kyin
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Mining Operation ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Mining Activities ◽  
Mining Equipment ◽  
Access To Finance ◽  
Mineral Commodity ◽  
Women And Children ◽  
Artisanal Miners

In many parts of the world, artisanal or small-scale mining activities are at least as important as large-scale mining activities. The numbers of people employed are actually considerably greater than in large companies. In 2002, an estimated 13 million people a large percentage of those are women and children are artisanal and small scale miners operating mainly in developing countries. Although the numbers of small-scale miners and their dependents are estimated at up to 80-100 million people, governments are frequently reluctant to give legal recognition to artisanal miners [1].This paper discusses approaches to developthe Artisanal–Small Scale Mining (ASM) sector in developing countries. This includes choice of mineral commodity, available technologies and economic/geological criteria. Other considerations include access to finance, area selection, and personnel. The parameters of mineral economic analysis are also essential for asuccessful ASM mining operation. Finally, choice of mining equipment is critical to success.

scholarly journals Governing access to gold in Ghana: in-depth geopolitics on mining concessions

Africa ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 758-779 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabine Luning ◽  
Robert J. Pijpers
Keyword(s):  
Access Control ◽  
Gold Mining ◽  
Mining Operation ◽  
Political Context ◽  
Community Relations ◽  
Mineral Deposits ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Spatial Characteristics ◽  
Mining Companies ◽  
Artisanal Miners

AbstractStudies of articulations between large- and small-scale mining have overlooked the subterranean dimension of extraction and ignored how mining companies and artisanal miners cohabit in places with long histories of small-scale mining and are affected by their different capacities to access specific mineral deposits. Drawing on a study of two gold concessions in Ghana, this article focuses on three factors that influence modalities of governing access to gold in such sites: the stage of a mining operation, the local socio-political context, and the characteristics of the subterranean structure. We call the combination and interplay of these factors ‘in-depth geopolitics’. The article shows how this interplay affects the strategies used by both large- and small-scale miners to work out arrangements of cohabitation and ways of governing access, control and maintenance to gold in spatial settings where both types of gold mining occur side by side. By tracing ethnographically the variations of ‘in-depth geopolitics’, this article critically engages with ideas of subterranean sovereignty, mining enclaves, state–company–community relations, and the socio-spatial characteristics of mining concessions.

Reasons to strike first

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Buckner ◽  
Luke Glowacki
Keyword(s):  
Intergroup Conflict ◽  
Small Scale

Abstract De Dreu and Gross predict that attackers will have more difficulty winning conflicts than defenders. As their analysis is presumed to capture the dynamics of decentralized conflict, we consider how their framework compares with ethnographic evidence from small-scale societies, as well as chimpanzee patterns of intergroup conflict. In these contexts, attackers have significantly more success in conflict than predicted by De Dreu and Gross's model. We discuss the possible reasons for this disparity.

Exploring Coronal Structures with SOHO

2000 ◽  
Vol 179 ◽  
pp. 403-406
Author(s):  
M. Karovska ◽  
B. Wood ◽  
J. Chen ◽  
J. Cook ◽  
R. Howard
Keyword(s):  
Solar Corona ◽  
Image Enhancement ◽  
Coronal Mass Ejections ◽  
Dynamical Evolution ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Low Contrast ◽  
Contrast Structures ◽  
Scale Structures ◽  
Small Scale Structures ◽  
Coronal Structures

AbstractWe applied advanced image enhancement techniques to explore in detail the characteristics of the small-scale structures and/or the low contrast structures in several Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) observed by SOHO. We highlight here the results from our studies of the morphology and dynamical evolution of CME structures in the solar corona using two instruments on board SOHO: LASCO and EIT.

Scanning tunneling microscopy and atomic force microscopy: New tools for biology

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 778-779
Author(s):  
CE Bracker ◽  
P. K. Hansma
Keyword(s):  
Physical Property ◽  
Scanning Probe ◽  
Scanning Tunneling ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Tunneling Microscopy ◽  
Force Microscopy ◽  
New Family ◽  
Small Probe ◽  
Atomic Force ◽  
Transmission Electron

A new family of scanning probe microscopes has emerged that is opening new horizons for investigating the fine structure of matter. The earliest and best known of these instruments is the scanning tunneling microscope (STM). First published in 1982, the STM earned the 1986 Nobel Prize in Physics for two of its inventors, G. Binnig and H. Rohrer. They shared the prize with E. Ruska for his work that had led to the development of the transmission electron microscope half a century earlier. It seems appropriate that the award embodied this particular blend of the old and the new because it demonstrated to the world a long overdue respect for the enormous contributions electron microscopy has made to the understanding of matter, and at the same time it signalled the dawn of a new age in microscopy. What we are seeing is a revolution in microscopy and a redefinition of the concept of a microscope.Several kinds of scanning probe microscopes now exist, and the number is increasing. What they share in common is a small probe that is scanned over the surface of a specimen and measures a physical property on a very small scale, at or near the surface. Scanning probes can measure temperature, magnetic fields, tunneling currents, voltage, force, and ion currents, among others.

Superstructures and ordering phenomena in ceramic superconductors

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 710-711
Author(s):  
R. Gronsky
Keyword(s):  
Domain Growth ◽  
Small Displacement ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Ceramic Superconductors ◽  
Oxygen Sublattices ◽  
Tweed Contrast ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
Representative Image ◽  
Static Lattice ◽  
Modulation Wavelength

It is now well established that the phase transformation behavior of YBa2Cu3O6+δ is significantly influenced by matrix strain effects, as evidenced by the formation of accommodation twins, the occurrence of diffuse scattering in diffraction patterns, the appearance of tweed contrast in electron micrographs, and the generation of displacive modulation superstructures, all of which have been successfully modeled via simple Monte Carlo simulations. The model is based upon a static lattice formulation with two types of excitations, one of which is a change in oxygen occupancy, and the other a small displacement of both the copper and oxygen sublattices. Results of these simulations show that a displacive superstructure forms very rapidly in a morphology of finely textured domains, followed by domain growth and a more sharply defined modulation wavelength, ultimately evolving into a strong <110> tweed with 5 nm to 7 nm period. What is new about these findings is the revelation that both the small-scale deformation superstructures and coarser tweed morphologies can result from displacive modulations in ordered YBa2Cu3O6+δ and need not be restricted to domain coarsening of the disordered phase. Figures 1 and 2 show a representative image and diffraction pattern for fully-ordered (δ = 1) YBa2Cu3O6+δ associated with a long-period <110> modulation.

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