scholarly journals The mode of research on old mortar the integral piece of the investigations of architectural relics

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 045-042
Author(s):  
Beata Klimek
Keyword(s):  
Complete Information ◽  
Transmitted Light ◽  
Considerable Difficulty ◽  
Maximum Information ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Restoration Process ◽  
Additional Problem ◽  
Polarizing Microscope ◽  
Historical Objects ◽  
Simultaneous Use

The problem connected with the methodology of research on old binders remains unsolved. The reason of this situation raises from the impossibility of creating one formula according to which all old binders ally known. One might think that a simultaneous use of all the methods for research on binders coming from historical objects would guarantee complete information on the binders. At the same time the information would be helpful in restoration process, especially those of reconstruction would in the identifying of the causes of damages. A considerable difficulty with talking samples is an additional problem. This refers first of all to  plasters located below paintings, where the possibility of talking samples is very limited because of a possible damaging of the painting. It is especially do research which will provide maximum information, because after carrying out restoration works many marks may be impossible to remake. Therefore making a decision on the type of research one should find such information which will provide the line of further research. The introductory information may be collected through the observation of thin sections in transmitted light with a polarizing microscope. An analysis analogous to that which is done at the identification of rocks–petrography analysis.

Preparation of Thin Sections of Porous Materials for Polarizing Microscope Investigation in Archaeometry

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-60
Author(s):  
Mehdi Razani ◽  
Feli Martinez Conejero ◽  
Mahin Mansori Isfahani ◽  
Hakimeh Afsharinezhad ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Porous Materials ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Microscope Investigation ◽  
Polarizing Microscope

Confocal study of microaggregates in 2.5 billion year-old sediments

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 168-169
Author(s):  
G.Y. Fan ◽  
S. Mojzsist ◽  
G. Arrheniust
Keyword(s):  
Confocal Microscopy ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Transmitted Light ◽  
Iron Formation ◽  
Drill Core ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Transmitted Light Microscopy ◽  
Rock Texture

Light microscopy conducted on samples of Archean sediments reveals microaggregates (Fig. 1) which are suggestive of a biotic origin. These aggregates, typically 15 μm wide and 50 μm long, are thought to be the mineral remains of colonies of microorganisms that lived 2.5 billion years ago. Confocal microscopy is used to study the structures of these microaggregates in 3-D.Samples under study are from the lowest section drill core taken from the Dales Gorge Member of the Brockman Iron-Formation (Hamersley Basin) in Western Australia. These sediments are well preserved and escaped metamorphic conditions typically experienced by older rocks of this type. Two types of samples were prepared for study under the microscope: thin sections (~40 μm) for transmitted light microscopy to study the general rock texture and to locate the features of interest, and thick sections (3 mm) for confocal microscopy to determine the 3-D structure of the aggregates in their undisturbed state.

The application of phase-contrast microscopy to mineralogy and petrology

1948 ◽  
Vol 28 (202) ◽  
pp. 384-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Smithson
Keyword(s):  
Phase Contrast ◽  
Phase Contrast Microscopy ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Short Account ◽  
Phase Contrast Microscope ◽  
Polarizing Microscope ◽  
New Instrument ◽  
Mineral Substances ◽  
Contrast Microscope ◽  
Contrast Microscopy

Phase-contrast methods in microscopy appear to have been developed mainly with the intention of applying them to biological subjects, and their application to the examination of mineral substances has received only slight attention. Thin sections of rocks viewed under a phase-contrast microscope have a fascinatingly strange appearance and it does not take long to realize that some features are shown up more clearly and others less clearly than when viewed under an ordinary or a polarizing microscope. A considerable amount of work may be necessary before it is possible to assess the value of the new instrument for petrological purposes or to interpret all the phenomena observed by its aid. Nevertheless, it seems fitting to set out the following short account as a contribution towards this knowledge.

scholarly journals Burned Fleshed or Dry? The Potential of Bioerosion to Determine the Pre-Burning Condition of Human Remains

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 972-991 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone A. M. Lemmers ◽  
David Gonçalves ◽  
Eugénia Cunha ◽  
Ana R. Vassalo ◽  
Jo Appleby
Keyword(s):  
Final Stage ◽  
Human Remains ◽  
The Body ◽  
Transmitted Light ◽  
Mortuary Practices ◽  
Heating Process ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Archaeological Collections ◽  
Maximum Temperatures ◽  
The University

Abstract The practice of cremation is often interpreted as an alternative to inhumation, taking place shortly after an individual’s death. However, cremation could be a final stage in complex mortuary practices, with previous steps that are obscured due to the heating process. This project reports on experimental scoping research on a set of experimentally heated femoral fragments from modern and archaeological collections of the University of Coimbra. Sixteen recent femur samples from eight individuals, as well as five femur samples from an archaeological skeleton from the medieval-modern cemetery found at the Hospital de Santo António (Porto), were included in this research. Samples presented five different conditions: unburnt, and burnt at maximum temperatures of 300 °C, 500 °C, 700 °C and 900 °C. Each sample was prepared to allow observation using binocular transmitted light microscopes with ×10, ×25 and ×40 magnifications. Results indicated that, if burial led to bioerosion, this will remain visible despite burning, as could be in cases where cremation was used as a funerary practice following inhumation. From this, we conclude that the observation of bioerosion lesions in histological thin sections of cremated bone can be used to interpret potential pre-cremation treatment of the body, with application possibilities for both archaeological and forensic contexts. However, the effect on bioerosion of substances such as bacterial- or enzymatic-based products often used to accelerate decomposition should be investigated.

Stereophotomicrography of thin sections under transmitted light

1995 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 194-197
Author(s):  
Heather M. Winkelmann ◽  
Mark A. S. McMenamin
Keyword(s):  
Transmitted Light ◽  
Thin Sections

scholarly journals Biostratigraphy of Yamama Formation in Faihaa Oil Field, Southern Iraq

2021 ◽  
pp. 1570-1586
Author(s):  
Maryam Al-Hassani ◽  
Salam Al-Dulaimi
Keyword(s):  
Green Algae ◽  
Early Cretaceous ◽  
Benthic Foraminifera ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
Microscope Examination ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Polarizing Microscope ◽  
Index Species ◽  
South Iraq ◽  
Southern Iraq

The Yamama Formation was studied in three wells (Fh-1, Fh-2, and Fh-3) within Faihaa oil field, south Iraq. Thin sections were studied by using the polarizing microscope examination in order to determine microfossils and biozone. Thirty-five species of benthic foraminifera were recognized, including four index species. In addition,  twelve species of calcareous green algae were recognized, including  two index species. Other fossils that were recognized in Yamama Formation include Gastropoda, Bryozoa, Coral, Rudist, and Pelecypoda. Six biozones were observed, which are Charentia cuvillieri sp. (Range Zone of Berriasian age), Psudochryalidina infracretacea sp. (Range Zone of Berriasian age), Pseudocyclammina Lituus sp. (Range Zone of Valanginian age), Nezzazata Perforate sp.andChoffatella sp.(Assemblage Zoneof Berriasian-Valanginian age), Desycladales Green Algae- Cylindroporella sp. (Range Zone of Early Cretaceous- Berriasian age), and Desycladales Green Algae- Salpingoporella cf. circassa sp. (Range Zone of Valanginian age). According to these biozones, the age of Yamama Formation was distinguished to be the Berriasian-Valanginian.

scholarly journals Workflow model for the digitization of mudrocks

2018 ◽  
Vol 484 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jim Buckman ◽  
Carol Mahoney ◽  
Shereef Bankole ◽  
Gary Couples ◽  
Helen Lewis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Particle Analysis ◽  
Workflow Model ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Maximum Information ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Raman Spectroscopic ◽  
High Resolution Analysis ◽  
Porosity And Permeability ◽  
Physical And Chemical

AbstractMudrocks are highly heterogeneous in a range of physical and chemical properties, including: porosity and permeability, fissility, colour, particle composition, size, orientation, carbon loading, degree of compaction, and diagenetic overprint. It is therefore important that the maximum information be extracted as efficiently and completely as possible. This can be accomplished through high-resolution analysis of polished thin sections by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), with the collection of large-area images and X-ray elemental map montages, and the application of targeted particle analysis. A workflow model, based on these techniques, for the digitization of mudrocks is presented herein. A range of the data that can be collected and the variety of analyses that can be achieved are also illustrated. Data collection is discussed in terms of inherent problems with acquisition, storage, transfer and manipulation, which can be time-consuming and non-trivial. Similar information and resolutions can be achieved through other techniques, such as QEMSCAN and infra-red (IR)/Raman spectroscopic mapping. These can be seen as complementary to the workflow described herein.

Aegean Marble: Science and Common Sense

1970 ◽  
Vol 65 ◽  
pp. 1-2 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Ashmole
Keyword(s):  
Common Sense ◽  
Microscopic Examination ◽  
Visual Inspection ◽  
Transmitted Light ◽  
Aegean Area ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Simple Visual Inspection

In an article on the difficulty of identifying marbles from the Aegean area Mr. Colin Renfrew and Dr. J. Springer Peacey rightly criticize the careless use by later scholars of the results obtained in 1890 by G. R. Lepsius, who, by cutting thin sections of various marbles and examining them under transmitted light, claimed to be able to identify Pentelic, Hymettan, Parian, Naxian, and, less specifically, ‘Island’ marbles.It seems, however, that even when applied with care the method is useless, and Renfrew and Peacey will have none of it. ‘The use’, they say, ‘of the terms “Pentelic”, “Hymettan”, “Parian”, “Naxian”, and so forth, applied to ancient sculptures on the basis of simple visual inspection or of microscopic examination of thin specimens, is not justified…. No single characteristic or combination of characteristics is sufficient to identify with certainty the source of a single given specimen…. No reliance can be placed on Lepsius' marble identifications, and even less [sic] on those authors who have ascribed marble to supposed sources on the basis of colour and grainsize…. Those who make them or follow them are perpetuating a myth which is just eighty years old…’

Ivanovia tebagaensis was a cyathiform Permian codiacean membranous alga with dimorphic cortices

1995 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 381-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew M. Torres
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Structure ◽  
Red Alga ◽  
Transmitted Light ◽  
Upper Permian ◽  
Outer Cortex ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Southern Tunisia ◽  
Reflected Light

Species of Ivanovia (Codiaceae or Udoteaceae, Chlorophyta) have traditionally been characterized as phylloid or leaf-like. Extraordinarily well preserved specimens of I. tebagaensis in limestone from the Upper Permian of southern Tunisia indicate that the thallus was cyathiform or cup-shaped, similar to the broadly conical codiacean Calcipatera and to living Udotea cyathiformis. Ivanovia also shared with Calcipatera the same general membrane structure consisting of bilateral cortices with palisades of utricles, now filled with micrite, and a medulla of tubular coenocytes, now filled with sparry calcite mosaic. A cyathiform thallus would have had an inner and an outer cortex and those of I. tebagaensis were dimorphic. The utricular structure as usually seen in thin sections using transmitted light is much clearer when viewed on polished surfaces of hand specimens using reflected light. Commonly occurring fused membranes suggest that the thalli reproduced vegetatively by budding. The complexity and regularity of the I. tebagaensis membrane structure strongly suggest that a model which proposes that Ivanovia is simply a diagenetic stage in the fossilization of the red alga, Archeolithophyllum, is invalid.

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