Marketing Pattern and Constraints of Goat Farming in Punjab

The present study covers three districts across three agro-climatic zones of Punjab state viz. Sub mountainous, Central, and South Western zones for examining the marketing pattern, production, and marketing constraints faced by goat farmers. It was observed that the marketed surplus in goat milk and live animals was more than 95 percent. The sale of the milk and live animal mainly formed the farm. The goat milk was sold mainly to the consumers and live animals to retailers. The frequency of sale of goat milk was regular and that of live animals was quarterly as well as half-yearly. The mode of payment was mainly cash. All the farmers used to get the payment within 15 days. Fifty percent of farmers had access to market information and the main source of information was friend and farmer’s fares. The major production constraints faced by goat farmers were the problem of fodder, disease incidence, and social issues. The other production constraints were the high price of animals, the problem of grazing, and inadequate capital to invest. Further, the major marketing constraints were less price of meat and milk and no regular payment. The other marketing constraints were lack of proper market, fluctuating prices of goat milk, and meat. There is a need of addressing the production and marketing constraints to enhance the profitability of goat farming.

Author(s):  
Cristiana Ștefania NOVAC ◽  
Sanda ANDREI ◽  
Nicodim Iosif FIȚ

Goat milk ranks fourth in terms of global milk production and lately it has become increasingly popular among consumers. Unfortunately, mastitis is one of the most common diseases that affects dairy goats, with serious economic consequences and food safety matters. The prevalence of clinical mastitis is lower than 5% and the main aetiological agent is S. aureus. On the other hand, the prevalence of subclinical mastitis is between 5-30%, with coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS) representing the most often isolated microorganisms.The aim of this paper is to highlight the main aspects regarding the aetiology of goat mastitis, as well as the importance of the milk somatic cell count (MSCC) in the diagnosis process. Although the inflammation of the mammary gland in goats is not as frequently diagnosed compared to cow mastitis, there are several aspects worth discussing in order to fully understand the pathogenesis of intramammary infections.


Author(s):  
William B. Meyer

One of the earliest historians of the Civil War saw it as a fundamental clash between the peoples of different latitudes. Climate had made the antebellum North and South distinct societies and natural enemies, John W. Draper argued, the one democratic and individualist, the other aristocratic and oligarchical. If such were the case, the future of the reunited states was hardly a bright one. But Draper saw no natural barriers to national unity that wise policy could not surmount. The restlessness and transience of American life that many deplored instead merited, in his view, every assistance possible. In particular, he wrote, Americans needed to be encouraged to move as freely across climatic zones as they already did within them. The tendency of North and South to congeal into hostile types of civilization could be frustrated, but only by an incessant mingling of people. Sectional discord was inevitable only if the natural law that "emigrants move on parallels of latitude" were left free to take its course. These patterns of emigration were left free, for the most part, but without the renewed strife that Draper feared. After the war as before it, few settlers relocating to new homes moved far to the north or south of their points of origin. As late as 1895, Henry Gannett, chief geographer to the U.S. Census, could still describe internal migration as "mainly conducted westward along parallels of latitude." More often as time went on, it was supposed that race and not merely habit underlay the pattern, that climatic preferences were innate, different stocks of people staying in the latitudes of their forbears by the compulsion of biology. Thus, it was supposed, Anglo-Saxons preferred cooler lands than Americans of Mediterranean ancestry, while those of African descent preferred warmer climates than either. Over time, though, latitude loosened its grip and exceptions to the rule multiplied. As the share of the population in farming declined, so did the strongest reason for migrants to stay within familiar climates. Even by the time Gannett wrote, the tendency that he described, though still apparent, was weaker than it had been at mid-century. It weakened because a preference for familiar climates was not a fixed human trait but one shaped by experience and wants, and capable of changing as these variables changed.


2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 461-462
Author(s):  
Polina D Bokhan ◽  
Alesya A Bakhta ◽  
Larisa Y Karpenko ◽  
Anna I Kozitcyna ◽  
Anna B Balykina ◽  
...  

Abstract In recent economical situation goat farming is a promising field accompanied by high price and demand of goat milk, meat and wool. Saanen goats is a dairy breed, the mean yield per lactation is 600–700 kg (1320–1540 lb). This breed is widespread in North-Western region of Russian Federation. Nowadays the deep research of Saanen goat metabolism in different physiological states is important and relevant. This study is aimed to study blood markers of hepatic function in Saanen goats depending on month of pregnancy. The experiment was conducted in the north-western region of Russian Federation, in laboratory of biochemistry and physiology department, FSBEI of Higher Education «SPbSAVM». The experimental group included 30 pregnant Saanen goats, 1–4 years of age, selected using matched pairs method; control group included 30 non-pregnant Saanen goats, same age. The blood samples were taken 5 times during pregnancy – each month. The blood markers of hepatic function (serum ALT, AST, ALP activity and total bilirubin) were assessed by standard methods. The results are displayed in table 1. After analyzing the received data of hepatic function markers there were revealed signs of hepatic toxic damage in pregnant goats during the whole period of pregnancy. Increase of hepatic enzymes activity (AST, ALT) and total bilirubin blood level in pregnant goats when compare with non-pregnant is also notable. Thus during the whole period of pregnancy there were signs of hepatic function disturbances because of intoxications. This is characterized by hepatic function markers elevation. This endogenic intoxication can potentially lead to hepatic damage. Received data allows taking into consideration preventive measures to minimize endogenic intoxication during the second half of pregnancy in goats.


1960 ◽  
Vol 80 ◽  
pp. 181-190
Author(s):  
K. H. Waters

In his article entitled ‘Solon and the Megarian Question’ (JHSlxxvii) Mr A. French has given a valuable exposition of Solon's economic reforms in their relation to the strategic necessities of Athenian overseas trade. This, however, leads him to an assessment of the statesman's policy which it is rather difficult to accept, conflicting as it does both with tradition and the general probabilities of the situation. Further, it is partly based on an interpretation of a passage in Plutarch which is, I think, mistaken and indeed impossible, although it has been adopted by most authorities. Mr French's argument may be summarised as follows:(1) In the pre-Solonian era the sea route to South Attica and Phaleron, still more to Mounychia, was dominated by a hostile Megara owing to her control of Salamis; hence only the ports of East Attica were available for overseas trade in bulk cargoes. Early imports of grain and timber would have been from Thessaly, for which these ports were particularly convenient.(2) However, increasing population and the decline in soil fertility made it desirable to import wheat in large quantities from the Black Sea; this would necessitate delivery at a port nearer the city and therefore control of Salamis to prevent Megarian interference on top of the other considerable hazards of the Black Sea voyage. It would also necessitate a high price which, though in accordance with the internal agricultural conditions, would diminish the advantages of the additional external supplies to the impoverished population of Attica. The Athenian government must either embark on a naval programme, and fight Megara for Salamis, or use less grain, which meant limiting the population.


Author(s):  
Alex de Araujo Pimenta ◽  
Regina Vera Villas Bôas

artigo propõe a utilização da linguagem cinematográfica contemporânea, seja documental ou ficcional, advinda do grande cinema, como mecanismo para despertar discussões acerca dos direitos humanos. Ressalta-se que o mesmo não pretende discutir os aspectos técnico-pedagógicos da utilização de multimídia em sala de aula, mas, essencialmente, chamar a atenção para as possibilidades de tratar do tema, a partir desse instrumento. O cinema comercial foi escolhido por se tratar de um instrumento de comunicação com linguagem rápida, acessível e repleta de elementos artísticos, que por sua vez são capazes de trabalhar importantes informações sobre as questões sociais humanas, desde que ressalvadas suas aspirações comerciais, estéticase ideológicas. Toma-se por referencial teórico a Escola de Frankfurt, e suas críticas à sociedade industrial e sua cultura de massas, a oposição ao modelo de educação voltado primordialmente ao tecnicismo, ao mercado de trabalho e ao sucesso individual. Por fim, foram elencadas algumas obras nacionais e estrangeiras, aludindo-as a primados de direitos humanos. Tais direitos, por sua vez, são tratados sob o viés primordialmente da pluralidade e do respeito às diferenças.Palavras-chave: Direitos humanos. Educação. Cultura de Massas. Teoria Crítica. Cinema.Movies as an instrument of human rights diffusionAbstractThe article proposes the use of contemporary movie language, documentary or fictional, coming from the great cinema, as a mechanism to raise discussions about human rights. It should be noted that it does not intend to discuss the technical and pedagogical aspects of the use of multimedia in the classroom, but essentially, call attention to the possibilities of dealing with the issue, from that instrument. Thecommercial cinema was chosen because it is a communication tool with fast and accessible language, countless artistic elements, which are able to work important information about human social issues, excepting their business aspirations, aesthetic and, sometimes ideological. As a theoretical reference it is used the Frankfurt School, and its criticism to the industrial society and its mass culture, to the opposition to the education model focused primarily on technicality, to the labor market and individual success. Finally, some national and foreign works were listed, referring them to primed human rights. These rights, on the other hand, are treated under the bias primarily the plurality and respect for differences.Keywords: Human Rights. Education. Mass Culture. Critical Theory. Cinema. El cine como instrumento de difusión de los derechos humanos.ResumenEn el documento se propone el uso de un lenguaje cinematográfico contemporáneo, sea documental o de ficción, viniendo del gran cine, como un mecanismo para suscitar debates sobre los derechos humanos. Cabe señalar que no tiene intención de discutir los aspectos técnicos y pedagógicos de la utilización de la multimedia en el aula, pero esencialmente llamar la atención sobre las posibilidades de tratamiento de la cuestión, a partir de ese instrumento. El cine comercial fue elegido porque es una herramienta de comunicación con el lenguaje rápido, accesible, un sinnúmero de elementos artísticos, que son capaces de trabajar la información importante acerca de los problemas sociales de la persona, ya que la excepción de sus aspiraciones empresariales, estética y, a veces ideológico. Se convierte en marco teórico de la Escuela de Frankfurt, y su crítica de la sociedad industrial y su cultura de masas, la oposición al modelo de educación centrado principalmente en la cuestión técnica, el mercado laboral y el éxito individual. La concentración de la propiedad de los mediosde producción y difusión, con ejemplos brasileños y estadounidenses, se trajo como elementos de excepción a preceder a la utilización de las obras en el contexto educativo. Por último, se enumeran algunas de las obras nacionales y extranjeras, en referencia a los derechos humanos. Estos derechos, a su vez, son tratados bajo el sesgo principalmente la pluralidad y el respeto a las diferencias regionales.Palabras-clave: Derechos Humanos. Educación. Cultura de Masas. Teoría Crítica. Cinema.


2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 341-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Garima Sharma ◽  
Pratima Bansal

Businesses and NGOs are collaborating more frequently to address social issues with commercial solutions, yet not all collaborations work well. We wanted to know why some collaborations struggle where others succeed. We studied five projects in India in which businesses bought goods and services from NGOs that employed disadvantaged people. Two of these five projects met the expectations of both parties, whereas the other three did not. By drawing on the paradox literature, we argue that the project’s success indicates that the business and NGO engaged the commercial-social paradox. We found that in the projects that worked well, the two parties held fluid categories, i.e. they saw differences between business and NGO as contextual and aimed to find creative workarounds to emergent problems. In the projects that did not work well, businesses and NGOs imposed categorical imperatives, i.e. they saw sharp differences that they intensified by imposing standardized and familiar solutions on their partner. We contribute to the literature on paradox to show how cognition and action create generative or limited outcomes. We also weigh in on the ontological foundations of paradox, arguing that actors that assume that paradoxes are a social construction are more likely to engage paradoxes than actors that assume paradoxes are a social reality.


Behaviour ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 120 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 90-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Marie Smith ◽  
W. John Smith

AbstractEastern kingbirds facilitate prediction of their social behavior through the proportional use of two different song forms, zeer and chatter-zeer, in daytime singing performances. The chatter-zeer song form predicts approach to closer quarters, whereas zeer predicts a high probability of staying put. The correlations of each song form with behavior were determined by observing natural encounters singers had with their mates, conspecific intruders and birds of other species. Playback simulations of territorial intrusions were then used to test whether singers would approach with a high proportion of chatter-zeer and little or no zeer. This was strongly confirmed. Kingbirds who approach are taking a major interactional initiative, even though their next move is usually to await the other individual's response. In effect, singers dare or encourage those individuals to interact. The chatter-zeer with which they precede or announce approach does not specify the kind of interaction for which singers are prepared: the information it provides is as relevant in events in which the singer associates with its mate as in events in which the singer confronts an opponent. A zeer singer is less actively provocative, deferring initiative more while nonetheless being ready to respond to the actions of others. By providing information about the relative probabilities of these actions, singing should help kingbirds to negotiate or even arrange social issues while spatially separated, often obviating closer encounters. Since many kinds of animals sing, and since the characteristic continuity and cadencing of singing performances are specializations well suited to communicating at a distance, it is worth asking if other species also use singing patterns and songs to distinguish between the actions of holding back and approaching.


Plant Disease ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 89 (9) ◽  
pp. 1000-1008 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. C. Becktell ◽  
M. L. Daughtrey ◽  
W. E. Fry

Factors affecting the management of petunia and tomato late blight, caused by Phytophthora infestans, under greenhouse conditions were investigated. Late blight-infected petunias (Petunia × hybrida) and tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum) each produced sporangia that were dispersed throughout the greenhouse via air currents. Infected petunias produced and released fewer sporangia than infected tomatoes, but infected petunias released sporangia two times longer. Surface-directed irrigation reduced disease incidence compared with overhead irrigation that wetted the foliage. The fungicides dimethomorph-mancozeb, fosetyl-Al, azoxystrobin, and dipo-tassium phosphonate/phosphate suppressed late blight development, as did the plant defense activator acibenzolar-S-methyl. All products were applied twice at 7-day intervals. The other plant defense activator (harpin protein) and the bioantagonists (Trichoderma harzianum, Glio-cladium virens, and Bacillus subtilis) were ineffective at the rates tested.


1950 ◽  
Vol 10 (S1) ◽  
pp. 19-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederic C. Lane

Among the other excellent and extraordinary gifts that God has given to human kind is the knowledge of the motion of the spheres, the course of the planets and stars, and of the climatic zones under which is placed this marvelous world machine. With this knowledge we furrow that very great element, the water, and betake ourselves into almost any part of the world that we wish, with the same facility as if there were in the wide ocean a fixed road showing signs of its use, and a through highway.


2021 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 381-398
Author(s):  
Anton Popov ◽  
Matej Karásek

Abstract This article presents a comparative analysis of two ethnographic case studies conducted in local theatres in the Slovak town of Komárno and the British city of Coventry. These two locations are very different – one is a small town on the Slovak-Hungarian border and the other an urban centre in the Midlands region of Britain – and yet they are both characterised by the multiethnic and culturally diverse composition of their populations. The two youth theatres in question are also distinct in their genres: one bases its performances on folklore traditions, whereas the other is an avant-garde physical theatre. At the same time, the productions of both groups manifest a deep involvement in the representation of cultural heritage and the current social issues in their respective locations. Drawing on anthropological conceptualisations of theatre as a form of ritualised performance (see Turner, 1969, 1982; Schechner, 1985, 1993), this paper explores the processes and contexts of the enactment of past conflict and/or violence presented by the two theatrical groups in order to engage with traumatic events in local (and national) history. These processes, which embrace the values of cultural diversity and inclusion, are important for the construction of community identities. The liminality of ritualised performance enables actors and audiences to cross social (including ethnicity and class) and temporal boundaries. They reproduce memories of past violence to make sense of present tensions, such as growing nationalism and xenophobia, and to project their vision of the communal future. This often results in the contestation of the very meaning of place, community and belonging. Furthermore, the article demonstrates that such artistic interpretations of the local past and heritage are instrumental in shaping the identities of the participating youth. The comparison of the two cases also reveals noticeable differences between cosmopolitan and ethno-cultural discourses, which are prevalent in imagining the place, history and heritage of Coventry and Komárno respectively.


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