The Recovering Process of the Korean Sundo Tradition and the Meaning of the Appearance of the 'Sun-gyo' Religion at the End of the 19th Century

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 73-122
Author(s):  
Sang Soon Seok
Author(s):  
Stephen R. Wilk

In the years before the 19th century, the options for indoor lighting were limited and sometimes expensive. Yet artisans such as lacemakers, cobblers, and jewelers needed good lighting for their precise and delicate work. But not being very well paid, they needed a solution that would allow as many of them as possible to share the expense of lighting for work. How did they manage after the sun went down, especially in northern countries with long periods of winter darkness? Can the solutions they came up with be applied to present-day problems?


1971 ◽  
Vol 103 (2) ◽  
pp. 134-138
Author(s):  
O. M. Starza-Majewski

The collection of Indian sculpture in the Victoria and Albert Museum includes a fine relief from Koṇārka. It is about 2 feet 6¾ inches (78·1 cm.) in height and depicts King Narasiṁha I (a.d. 1238–64), the founder of the celebrated Sun temple at Koṇārka in Orissa, sitting at the feet of his spiritual preceptor (Plate I). Acquired in the 19th century, this relief, which is carved in carboniferous shale, was long believed to be Nepalese. Havell, writing in 1911, notes that this sculpture is “said to have come from Nepal. Its date is uncertain. It appears to represent a Vaishnava adaptation of some old Buddhist jātaka story.” Some years later it was realized that the style of this sculpture belonged to that of the Eastern Ganga of the 13th century a.d., and that it represented the conversion of a kṣatriya noble to the worship of Viṣṇu by a Vaiṣṇava priest. The figure of the warrior sitting at the feet of the priest was identified as that of Narasimha I receiving spiritual instruction from his guru. This relief is one of a number showing scenes from the life of Narasimha which come from the great Koṇārka temple dedicated by him to the sun-god Sūrya. Of these, the panel already mentioned and another in New Delhi throw an interesting light on Narasiṃha's religious beliefs.


1977 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 244-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerzy Krupinskif ◽  
Roma Emmerson

A study has been carried out to determine whether there has been a real increase in violent crime in Victoria or whether the public has been affected by the greater prominence given to violence in the mass media. The rates of violent crime, based on “persons taken into custody or proceeded against” were highest in the seventies and eighties of the 19th century. They, then, showed a steady decline until the mid thirties of the 20th century. Since the fifties, there has been an increase, but, with the exception of assault causing grievous bodily harm, they are still much lower than they were 100 years ago. The content analysis of the four main dailies ( The Age, The Argus, the Herald and the Sun) has shown an increasing coverage of violent crime both in the number, and in the size of articles devoted to it. The authors discuss the reasons for and possible effects of this phenomenon.


2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 462-490
Author(s):  
Jacques Gapaillard

In his Astronomie populaire, Camille Flammarion points out that the heliocentric path of the Moon, which, according to him, has generally been represented as a sinuous curve, is actually concave everywhere towards the Sun. Flammarion’s observation is the starting point of this study which goes backwards in time, via often misinformed authors, to the mathematician who first established this counterintuitive property by means of a purely geometrical proof. The story also includes a heated debate between readers of a British periodical. Beginning in France at the end of the 19th century, the journey finishes in Scotland in the first half of the previous century.


2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 45-55
Author(s):  
Petr Voit

This article deals with printed graphic sheets, cycles and illustrations by Albrecht Dürer, which penetrated into book printing in the Czech language (Nuremberg) and in Bohemia (Prague, Litomyšl) through original printing blocks as well as copies in the first half of the 16th century. Dürer’s graphic sheets were distributed by the Nuremberg printers Hieronymus Höltzel (1509, 1511) and Friedrich Peypus (1534), the Litomyšl printing workshop working for the Unity of the Brethren (Unitas fratrum) in Litomyšl (1520), and the so-called Severin Workshop, connected to the Prague printing workshop of Pavel Severin of Kapí Hora (1529, 1539). Eleven works of religious character associated with Dürer have been discovered among Czech illustrations so far – they were made by means of seven original printing blocks and four copies, which is not so much. In this respect, Dürer was greatly surpassed by his Nuremberg successor, Erhard Schön. After Schön died in 1542, the printer Jan Günther received roughly one quarter of workshop printing blocks (approximately 340 pieces). Two years later, he moved them to Moravia, where they were coming to life in Prostějov, then in Olomouc and eventually in popular books, brochures and broadsides from Skalice until the end of the 19th century. Dürer’s printing blocks that functioned in the context of Czech book printing depict: [1a] the Nativity, [2c] the apocalyptic Woman Clothed with the Sun, and [5a–e] the Saints (James the Greater, Peter, John the Evangelist, John the Baptist and Judas Thaddaeus). The following subjects were copied: [2b] the apocalyptic Woman Clothed with the Sun, [3b] Christ in the Garden of Gethsemane, [4c] Two Angels (Geniuses), and [6b] the Holy Trinity. The woodcut copies are not exact replicas. The poor artistry and craftsmanship of the copyists, whose names are not known, led to the omission of details. The problem is that the copyists were not trying to present Dürer’s graphic art but needed a cheap and simple acquisition of the biblical scene required. More detailed information on the printing blocks and copies is available in the catalogue attached.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
José M. Vaquero

<p>Solar activity is an essential factor for the study of many aspects of the geophysical and astronomical sciences. A very simple measure of solar activity is counting sunspots using telescopes. This task can be done even with small telescopes since the Sun is apparently a very large and luminous star. For this reason, it is possible to rescue the ancient observations of sunspots made in the past centuries to obtain an image of the evolution of solar activity during the last four centuries.</p><p>The first attempt to reconstruct solar activity from these records was made by Rudolf Wolf, who defined the <em>Sunspot Number</em> index in the 19th century. The Zurich Observatory (and later the Brussels Observatory) was in charge of continuing Wolf's work to the present day. In 1998, Hoyt and Schatten presented a new reconstruction of solar activity that was very different from Wolf's reconstruction (Vaquero and Vázquez, 2009). Many of these differences were solved by Clette et al. (2014).</p><p>Currently, research to improve the <em>Sunspot Number</em> is focused on (i) improving the database by reviewing old observations, and (ii) improving the methodologies to convert raw data into the <em>Sunspot Number</em> index. In this work, we try to present the latest advances in this task (Muñoz-Jaramillo and Vaquero, 2019; Arlt and Vaquero, 2020).</p><p> </p><p>References</p><p>Arlt, R., Vaquero, J.M. (2020) Living Reviews in Solar Physics 17, 1.</p><p>Clette, F. et al. (2014) Space Science Reviews 186, 35.</p><p>Muñoz-Jaramillo, A., Vaquero, J.M. (2019) Nature Astronomy 3, 205.</p><p>Vaquero, J.M. and Vázquez, M. (2009) The Sun recorded through history (Springer).</p>


2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (40) ◽  
pp. 261-281
Author(s):  
Camila Carneiro Carneiro Dazzi

O Magrebe central, cuja palavra de origem árabe e significa “onde o Sol se põe”, correspondia, ao final do século XIX, a um território que englobava a Tunísia, a Argélia e o Marrocos (STORA, 2004). Foi uma região fecunda em temas de inspiração, e ao final do Oitocentos, muitos artistas Europeus e Americanos consideravam uma estadia no Magrebe tão indispensável quanto uma permanência de estudos na Itália, destino eleito por inúmeros pintores para o desenvolvimento de pesquisas de renovação do uso da luz e da gama cromática. O Magrebe não só permitia novas possibilidades no uso da cor e de luz, mas possuía a vantagem de permitir uma exploração exótica, de ser uma terra oriental cheia de mistério e misticismo. O fascínio despertado pelo Magrebe conquistou alguns pintores brasileiros, como Arsênio Cintra da Silva, Pedro Américo, ou que aqui atuaram, como Johann Georg Grimm. O artigo busca contextualizar qual foi a importância do Magrebe no panorama mais amplo do Orientalismo Ocidental, bem como apresenta alguns dados, se não inéditos, bem pouco conhecidos sobre a produção Orientalista de Georg Grimm, um pintor que, embora pouco estudado, possui um papel relevo no cenário das artes do Rio de Janeiro, nos conturbados anos de 1880.Palavras-chave: Orientalismo; Magrebe; Johann Georg Grimm; Pintura do século XIX.Abstract The central Maghreb, a word of Arabic origin that means “where the sun sets”, corresponded, at the end of the 19th century, to a territory that included Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco (STORA, 2004). It was a fruitful region in terms of inspiration, and at the end of the 19th century, many European and American artists considered a stay in the Maghreb as indispensable as a stay in Italy, a destination chosen by countless painters for the development of research to renew the use of light and chromatic range. The Maghreb not only allowed new possibilities in the use of color and light, but had the advantage of allowing an exotic exploration, of being an oriental land full of mystery and mysticism. The fascination aroused by the Maghreb conquered some Brazilian painters, like Arsênio Cintra da Silva, Pedro Américo, or who worked here, like Georg Grimm. The article seeks to contextualize the importance of the Maghreb in the wider panorama of Western Orientalism, as well as presenting some data, if not unpublished, little known about the Orientalist production of Georg Grimm, a painter who, although little studied, has a role the art scene in Rio de Janeiro, in the troubled 1880s.Keywords: Orientalism; Maghreb; Johann Georg Grimm; 19th century painting.


2017 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jürgen Moltmann

This article aims at exploring the theme ‘Living God, renew and transform us’ under the following headings: the living God and the gods of death, the desolation of atheism and the sun of righteousness, just law and the fullness of life. The author relates the ‘God of Life’ to a ‘theology embracing life’. He links the ‘gods of death’ to racism, capitalism and terrorism in which we ‘encounter a new religion of death’. He points out that Christianity is a religion of joy in God and sets out to illustrate this with selected biblical texts. In the section ‘The desolation of atheism’, the author argues that modern atheism offers a ‘reduced life’. To make his point, he refers to his own personal experience and the theological ‘protest atheism’ which arose in the 19th century. The author concludes by stating that atheism offers nothing positive. In the final section, ‘The sun of righteousness, just law and the fullness of life’, the author addresses issues of justice. In referring to the Reformation doctrine on justification, the author states that the justification of victims requires confessio oris, rising up from humiliation and forgiveness.


2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-55
Author(s):  
Takashi Takekoshi

In this paper, we analyse features of the grammatical descriptions in Manchu grammar books from the Qing Dynasty. Manchu grammar books exemplify how Chinese scholars gave Chinese names to grammatical concepts in Manchu such as case, conjugation, and derivation which exist in agglutinating languages but not in isolating languages. A thorough examination reveals that Chinese scholarly understanding of Manchu grammar at the time had attained a high degree of sophistication. We conclude that the reason they did not apply modern grammatical concepts until the end of the 19th century was not a lack of ability but because the object of their grammatical descriptions was Chinese, a typical isolating language.


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