After the Great War : International Law in Austria's First Republic, 1918–mid 1920 s

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian M. Spitra
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Academic Community ◽  
The First World War ◽  
First Republic ◽  
International Legal Order ◽  
International Issues ◽  
Relief Program ◽  
The Great War ◽  
First World

This article studies the role of international law in the Austrian republic after the First World War – a time of hope and concerns for the international legal order. Although the war was perceived as backlash for international law, its scholarship expanded in Austria until the mid-1920 s. The Austrian international lawyers strived to integrate themselves in the broader transnational academic community. Their contribution to this field developed out of the constitutional debates of the Habsburg Empire. However, the Austrian jurists also omitted to treat certain international issues in their scholarship, such as the relief program by the League of Nations for Austria’s economy in crisis.

scholarly journals ‘A War Imagined’: Postcards and the Maintenance of Long-Distance Relationships during the Great War

2019 ◽  
pp. 096834451983103
Author(s):  
Alex Mayhew
Keyword(s):  
Military History ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Archival Material ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The Great War ◽  
First World ◽  
Cultural Turn

This article explores the role of postcards in the maintenance of relationships between combatants and civilians during the First World War. By drawing on untapped archival material found during wider research into the morale of English infantrymen, it concentrates on the multiple uses of this medium in correspondence between the Western and Home Fronts. Following the ‘cultural turn’ in military history it has become increasingly apparent that the gulf between those fighting and those left at home was much narrower than previously assumed. This analysis charts the variety of ways in which postcards helped to bridge this divide.

‘The future welfare of the Empire will depend more largely on our women and girls’: Southern Loyalist Women and the British War Effort in Ireland, 1914–1922

2020 ◽  
pp. 137-154
Author(s):  
Fionnuala Walsh
Keyword(s):  
War Of Independence ◽  
Political Upheaval ◽  
The First World War ◽  
War Effort ◽  
Post War ◽  
War Experience ◽  
The Great War ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
First World

This chapter examines the participation of Irish women in the war effort during the First World War, exploring the role of war service as an outlet and focus for southern loyalist identity. It analyses the motivations behind women’s war service and the relationship between religion and loyalism, examining for instance the wartime actions of Anglican organisations such as the Mothers’ Union and Girls Friendly Society, together with the partitionist arrangement of war work. The chapter subsequently discusses the post-war experience of southern loyalist women during the War of Independence and Civil War. Drawing upon applications to the Irish Grants Committee, it explores women’s everyday experiences of trauma during the political upheaval and the links between service in the Great War and isolation and intimidation in the war’s aftermath.

Dimensions of Social Conflict in the Great War: The View From the German Countryside

1981 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 142-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert G. Moeller
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
World War ◽  
Modern Germany ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Changing Role ◽  
The Great War ◽  
First World ◽  
Wartime Experience

Since the early 1960s, social and economic historians of modern Germany have increasingly turned their attention to the study of the First World War and the postwar revolution. Yet of all the ink that has flowed extremely little has trickled down to the peasantry. Excellent monographs examine the wartime experience of several cities. Historians looking for the origins of proletarian radicalism in the revolution of 1918–19 have carefully scrutinized workers of all sorts, and those in pursuit of the birth or perhaps adolescent crisis of “Organized Capitalism” have studied industrialists and the changing role of the state. But no one has looked very closely at the country cousin. When historians have turned to the agricultural sector, they have with few exceptions focused on estate owners and their workers east of the Elbe.

scholarly journals «Russia does not step out of the role of the defendant in the Persian question…»: British discursive practices and Russian public opinion on the eve of the Great War

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 213-218
Author(s):  
Andrey B. Larin
Keyword(s):  
Public Opinion ◽  
Discursive Practices ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Foreign Office ◽  
The Government ◽  
Mutual Relations ◽  
The Great War ◽  
First World

The paper is devoted to the peculiarities of the British socio-political discourse functioning in the relation towards Russia and its foreign policy on the eve of the First World War. Based on the materials related to the Persian question and the activities of the Persia Committee, it was shown that a significant part of the British public opinion was biased against Russia, even after the signing of the 1907 Convention. Such invective approach had a direct and indirect impact on the policy of Foreign Office. At the same time, these British discursive practices were accepted by Russian public opinion as a constant in the mutual relations of the two Empires. Moreover, there was a tendency in Russian press to use the British Other (accusing and rebuking) as a convenient tool for affirming their own ideas and positions. Commenting on various British accusations and reproaches, Russian publicists appealed to their own government, hinting that the latter pays more attention to the British public opinion than to the interests of Russia. The government, for its part, used the appeal to Russian public opinion as an argument in its disputes with London. Thus, during the period under review, in Russia it was learned how to use the British approach to it as to a convenient Other in its own interests.

Triage in the trenches, for the love of animals : a tribute to veterinarians in the First World War

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. BASTIAENSEN
Keyword(s):  
Grey Literature ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
New Research ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Great War ◽  
First World ◽  
Central Forces

On the occasion of the centenary of the First World War, remembered across the world from 2014 until the end of 2018, many aspects and experiences of this global conflict have been re-examined or brought to light for the first time, as we honour the memory of those estimated 16 million soldiers and civilians who perished in what was then known as the ‘Great War’, or the ‘War to End All Wars’. So many of these died on the infamous fields of Flanders, where Allied and Central Forces dug themselves into trenches for the better part of four years. Over the past few years, new research has brought to light many insights into the plight of animals in this War, which – for the younger readers amongst you – was fought at the dawn of motorised warfare, using anything powered by two or four feet or paws, from the homing pigeons delivering secret messages across enemy lines, to the traction provided by oxen and mules to pull cannons and other heavy artillery, to the horses of the cavalry. Not least among these roles was the supply of animal protein to the troops, whether this came through the specific designation of animals for this purpose or as the result of a failed attempt at delivering any of the above services. Several leading publications today have documented the role (and suffering) of animals in ‘La Grande Guerre’. Less so the role of veterinarians in the ‘War to End All Wars’. Who were they? How many? How were they organised? What did they do, on either side of the enemy lines? The present article is a humble attempt to shed some light on these veterinary colleagues, based on available, mostly grey, literature…

scholarly journals The voice of the great war: italian prisoners’ letters collected by Leo Spitzer

Linguistica ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 271-282
Author(s):  
Paola Desideri ◽  
Mariapia D’Angelo
Keyword(s):  
First World War ◽  
Prisoners Of War ◽  
World War ◽  
Extensive Documentation ◽  
Linguistic History ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The Great War ◽  
The Voice ◽  
First World

From September 1915 until the end of the First World War, the Viennese Romance scholar Leo Spitzer was dispatched to the Censorship section of the Austrian Central Bureau of Information on Prisoners-of-War, where he was in charge of examining the correspondence of the Italian prisoners. In the unusual dual role of censor and philologist, he was the first to collect extensive documentation of popular Italian written texts during a crucial period of Italian linguistic history. The first part of the present paper focuses on the linguistic and communicative properties of the letters included and analyzed in the volume Italienische Kriegsgefangenenbriefe, published by Spitzer in 1921 and translated into Italian in 1976 (Lettere di prigionieri di guerra italiani), whereas the second part deals with stylistic and onomasiological aspects of the circumlocutions expressing hunger, on the basis of Spitzer’s study Die Umschreibungen des Begriffes “Hunger” im Italienischen (1920) and with reference to his work Motiv und Wort (1918).

scholarly journals Into the Shadows: Tragedies of the Last Monarchs of Russia and Germany (Controversial Issues of Historiography)

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 943-951
Author(s):  
A. A. Turygin ◽  
A. N. Shigareva
Keyword(s):  
First World War ◽  
Controversial Issues ◽  
World War ◽  
Family Ties ◽  
Political Consequences ◽  
Biographical Research ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The Great War ◽  
First World

The fates of the last Emperors of Russia and Germany are forever linked by the First World War and the revolutions. History knows the circumstances of their abdication; however, their motives still remain a matter of debate. The present research featured a comparative analysis of various points of view on the roles Nicholas II and Wilhelm II played in the revolutions and the political decisions they made. The biographical research clarified the general characteristics of the revolutionary processes that occurred during their reign and how both revolutions affected the institution of monarchy. The authors analyzed the contemporary historiographical discussions of the monarchy and the revolutions caused in both countries by the consequences of the First World War. The article also focuses on the role of social, class, and political groups in both revolutions, as well as on the attempts of monarchists to save the emperors. Tsar Nicholas II and Kaiser Wilhelm II lived in a very similar political context: complicated family ties, rapid economic development, the Great War, etc. Their abdications occurred in similar circumstances and had similar motives and socio-political consequences. However, their further destinies were very different.

A New History for a New Channel: The Great War and the Launch of BBC2

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 283-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taylor Downing
Keyword(s):  
First World War ◽  
Great War ◽  
World War ◽  
Front Line ◽  
Television History ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The Great War ◽  
First World ◽  
Intense Debate ◽  
Do So

This article considers the making of the BBC2 series, The Great War, and examines issues around the treatment and presentation of the First World War on television, the reception of the series in 1964 and its impact on the making of television history over the last fifty years. The Great War combined archive film with interviews from front-line soldiers, nurses and war workers, giving a totally new feel to the depiction of history on television. Many aspects of The Great War were controversial and raised intense debate at the time and have continued to do so ever since.

The Russian Red Cross Society and staff replenishment of sisters of mercy on the eve of the First World War (1908–1914)

2020 ◽  
pp. 136-153
Author(s):  
Elizaveta E. Polianskaia ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Red Cross ◽  
World War ◽  
Medical Institutions ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Medical Facilities ◽  
Wide Scale ◽  
Sisters Of Mercy ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Great War ◽  
First World

This article deals with the problem of recruiting sisters of mercy by the Russian Red Cross Society (also RRCS, Red Cross) in 1908-1914s. In case of war, Red Cross had to send sisters of mercy to its own institutions and to medical institutions of the military Department. The war ministry was developing a mobilization plan, which included a plan for the deployment of medical facilities. The ministry sent this plan to the administration of the Red Cross. In accordance with the request of the ministry, the RRCS strengthened its efforts to attract new staff of sisters of mercy. This activity led to certain results. On the eve of the war, there was a number of sisters of mercy that were required to replenish the medical institutions of the Red Cross and the military Department. That means that according to the pre-war plan, in the matter of creating a cadre of sisters of mercy, the RRCS was ready for the war. However, the Great War took on a wide scale, a situation which the army, the industry, and the medical service were not prepared for. The Russian Red Cross Society was forced to quickly open new medical institutions and to urgently train new personnel. Sometimes the duties of nurses were performed by those who did not have the necessary education.

The role of nitrogen in transforming British agricultural productivity production prior to and during the First World War

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 583-609
Author(s):  
John Martin
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Coal Gas ◽  
Major Threat ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Food Shortages ◽  
War Effort ◽  
First World

This paper explores the reasons why artificial or mineral sources of nitrogen, which were more readily available in Britain than in other European countries, were only slowly adopted by farmers in the decades prior to and during the First World War. It considers why nitrogen in the form of sulphate of ammonia, a by-product of coal-gas (town-gas) manufacture, was increasingly exported from Britain for use by German farmers. At the same time Britain was attempting to monopolise foreign supplies of Chilean nitrate, which was not only a valuable source of fertiliser for agriculture but also an essential ingredient of munitions production. The article also investigates the reasons why sulphate of ammonia was not more widely used to raise agricultural production during the First World War, at a time when food shortages posed a major threat to public morale and commitment to the war effort.

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