scholarly journals Approach to evaluation of car seats fabrics performance

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (02) ◽  
pp. 96-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
GLOMBIKOVA VIERA ◽  
KOMARKOVA PETRA ◽  
ANTONIN HAVELKA ◽  
KOLINOVA MARCELA
Keyword(s):  
Middle Layer ◽  
Car Seats ◽  
Car Seat ◽  
Tomography System ◽  
Compression Behaviour ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Micro Tomography ◽  
Water Vapour Resistance ◽  
Spacer Fabrics

This paper deals with investigating performance of car seat fabrics in terms of their compression and recovery properties and physiological comfort of sitting. Polyurethane foam, nonwoven and 3D knitted spacer fabrics are commonly used as padding (in middle layer) in car seats cover. The current work presents an alternative approach to evaluate effectivity of car seat fabrics, namely their compression behaviour, variation in thickness under dynamic loading, thermal properties, water vapour resistance and air permeability. The above mentioned properties belong to basic requirements in car seat manufacturing. Micro tomography system was used to obtain detailed information about change in internal structure of fabric samples, before and after compression test.

scholarly journals Testing the car seat's comfort

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-147
Author(s):  
Adnan Mazari ◽  
Funda Buyuk ◽  
Antonin Havelka
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Water Vapor Permeability ◽  
Vapor Permeability ◽  
Car Seats ◽  
Car Seat ◽  
Pu Foam ◽  
External Cooling ◽  
Spacer Fabric ◽  
Used Car ◽  
Spacer Fabrics

In this paper, four commonly used car seat covers, made from leather as well as from woven, knitted and 3D spacer fabrics are tested as sandwiched and separate layers to determine the effect of the lamination and layers on air and water vapor permeability. Different combinations of interlining materials are also tested to obtain the optimum comfortable car seat cover. This analysis gives us a real idea of which layer negatively affects the breathability of the car seat. The focus of this part of research was to identify the issues within the car seat material instead of factors like external cooling or the clothing of the driver. It was observed that the polyurethane (PU) foam and lamination significantly reduce the permeability of the car seats. The 3D spacer fabric shows the best top layer properties as compared to classical woven, leather or knitted car seat covers. The research shows how layers and lamination cause thermo-physiological discomfort of car seats.

scholarly journals A Novel Automated System for the Handling of Car Seat Wires on Plastic Over-Injection Molding Machines

Machines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 141
Author(s):  
F. J. G. Silva ◽  
M. R. Soares ◽  
L. P. Ferreira ◽  
A. C. Alves ◽  
M. Brito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cycle Time ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Automated System ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Molding Process ◽  
Car Seats ◽  
Car Seat ◽  
Productivity And Competitiveness ◽  
Plastic Injection

The structure of car seats is becoming increasingly complex, with mixing of wire conformation and plastic injection. The plastic over-molding process implies some labor, which can be reduced if novel solutions are applied in this manufacturing area. The handling of the wires used in car seats is the main problem identified in the process, wasting time both in the feeding and in the extraction of the molds used in the wire over-molding process. However, these machines are usually extremely compact and the free space around them is too short. In classic molding injection machines, there are just two half-molds, the female, and the male. In the over-molding process of wires used in car seats, three half-molds are used in order to increase the cycle time. Thus, to solve this problem, the classic robotic solutions are not appliable due to lack of space and elevated cost. This work describes the development of an automated solution able to handle the wires in both the feeding and the extracting phases of the production cycle, avoiding the traditional labor costs associated with this type of machine. Departing from an industrial need, the developed novel solution is described in detail and can be successfully adapted to other situations of low added-value products where it is needed to increase the productivity and competitiveness of the product. The system developed uses mechanical and pneumatic solutions which, combined, can be used to solve the identified problem, occupying a restricted space and requiring a small budget. This solution can be translated into guidelines that will allow the analysis of situations where the same system can be applied.

scholarly journals Novel portable device to analyze the moisture permeability of car seat

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (03) ◽  
pp. 183-189
Author(s):  
MAZARI FUNDA BUYUK ◽  
MAZARI ADNAN ◽  
HAVELKA ANTONIN ◽  
GLOMBIKOVA VIERA
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Pid Controller ◽  
Portable Device ◽  
Heat Flux Sensor ◽  
The Real ◽  
Car Seats ◽  
Car Seat ◽  
Testing Method ◽  
Heat Flux Sensors ◽  
Flux Sensor

The comfort performance of car seat is important factor while producing car seats, each layer of the car seat is tested separately on classical testing machines, which lacks the real car seat performance when all layers are sandwiched. The complication of car seat design and the testing method bring a great demand of portable device which can measure the comfort performance of the real car seat. In this research a novel portable device is designed which work with special heat flux sensor and the device is connected to computer by USB port and values of heat flux temperature of the water and temperature of the surface is provided by the software. Heat flux sensors measure the heat transfer through a surface, and are expressed in kw/m2. The software controls the heating plate adjustment using PID controller. The device is tested with real car seat and shows repeatable and reproducible results.

scholarly journals Investigation of Structural Degradation of Fiber Cement Boards Due to Thermal Impact

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 944 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zbigniew Ranachowski ◽  
Przemysław Ranachowski ◽  
Tomasz Dębowski ◽  
Tomasz Gorzelańczyk ◽  
Krzysztof Schabowicz
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Wave Velocity ◽  
Thermal Impact ◽  
Flexural Test ◽  
Structural Degradation ◽  
Site Assessment ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Micro Tomography ◽  
Ultrasound Testing ◽  
Visual Light

The aim of the present study was to investigate the degradation of the microstructure and mechanical properties of fiber cement board (FCB), which was exposed to environmental hazards, resulting in thermal impact on the microstructure of the board. The process of structural degradation was conducted under laboratory conditions by storing the FCB specimens in a dry, electric oven for 3 h at a temperature of 230 °C. Five sets of specimens, that differed in cement and fiber content, were tested. Due to the applied heating procedure, the process of carbonization and resulting embrittlement of the fibers was observed. The fiber reinforcement morphology and the mechanical properties of the investigated compositions were identified both before, and after, their carbonization. Visual light and scanning electron microscopy, X-ray micro tomography, flexural strength, and work of flexural test Wf measurements were used. A dedicated instrumentation set was prepared to determine the ultrasound testing (UT) longitudinal wave velocity cL in all tested sets of specimens. The UT wave velocity cL loss was observed in all cases of thermal treatment; however, that loss varied from 2% to 20%, depending on the FCB composition. The results obtained suggest a possible application of the UT method for an on-site assessment of the degradation processes occurring in fiber cement boards.

scholarly journals Effect of punching on physical and mechanical properties of leathers: Focus on car seat covers

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 155892501989056
Author(s):  
Eui Kyung Roh
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Apparent Density ◽  
Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Dimensional Stability ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Air Permeability ◽  
Car Seats ◽  
Car Seat

As a lot of time is spent in the car, the comfort of not only the car seat but also the car seat cover itself has become of increasing importance. With increasing use of ventilated seats, the control of the physical and mechanical properties of leather in response to punching has become of prime importance in the design of car seats. This study evaluated the changes in the physical and mechanical properties of leather due to punching and proposes optimum punching intervals for car seats. Sixteen types of leather, punched at three spatial intervals (2, 3, and 5 mm), were evaluated in terms of their apparent density, softness, coefficient of friction, warm-cool feeling, and mechanical properties. Leather punching affected its physical and mechanical properties. However, there were differences in punching intervals that significantly affected each property, including the mechanical properties. Depending on the performance required when developing a product, a suitable punching interval must be selected. Therefore, punching at 5 mm intervals is preferred for obtaining physical and mechanical properties similar to those of untreated leathers, and punching at 3 mm intervals is recommended for achieving more softness. On the contrary, punching at 2 mm intervals increases air permeability but decreases dimensional stability.

Development and characterization of warp knitted spacer fabrics for helmet comfort liner application

2020 ◽  
pp. 152808372093921
Author(s):  
N Muthu Kumar ◽  
G Thilagavathi ◽  
S Periasamy
Keyword(s):  
Air Permeability ◽  
Compression Properties ◽  
Motorcycle Helmet ◽  
Evaporative Heat Transfer ◽  
Fabric Layer ◽  
Water Vapour Resistance ◽  
Standard Liner ◽  
Spacer Fabrics ◽  
Flexible Polyurethane

The inner padding layer of the motorcycle helmet is one of the important components that control the factors of comfort during wearing the helmet and provides a perfect fit and stability of the helmet on the head. The inner padding consists of a low-density flexible polyurethane layer attached to a soft fabric layer that is in direct contact with the head. The present study aims to replace foam in the comfort liner of a helmet with spacer fabrics to avoid the risk of heat stress during the use of the helmet. In this work, 9 warp-knitted spacer fabrics were produced by varying the course/cm (10, 12 & 14) and thickness (3, 3.5, and 4 mm). Air permeability, thermal, and water vapour resistance of the developed spacer fabrics were characterized along with compression properties and compared with commercially available standard liner. The results showed that warp-knitted spacer fabrics had better energy absorption compared to the standard liner. Also, the developed spacer fabrics had better breathability and evaporative heat transfer compared to the standard liner.

Analysis of Elemental Composition of the Eggshell before and after Incubation in the Loggerhead Turtle (Caretta caretta) in Oman

2011 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 452-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.N. Al-Bahry ◽  
I.Y. Mahmoud ◽  
K. Melghit ◽  
I. Al-Amri
Keyword(s):  
Elemental Composition ◽  
Amorphous Material ◽  
Loggerhead Turtle ◽  
Middle Layer ◽  
Caretta Caretta ◽  
Exothermic Peak ◽  
Shell Membrane ◽  
Emergence Success ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Before And After

AbstractTo date, there are limited studies on loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) eggshell ultrastructure and its elemental composition. Eggs were collected from turtle nests immediately after oviposition and post hatching. Three eggshell layers were recognized. The outer calcareous layer consists of loose nodular units of different shapes and sizes with loose attachment between the units, resulting in numerous spaces and openings. Each unit consists of CaCO3crystals in aragonite (99%) and calcite (1%). The middle layer has several strata with numerous openings connecting the calcareous and the inner shell membrane. Crystallites of the middle layer are a mix of amorphous material with aragonite (62%) and calcite (38%). The inner shell membrane has numerous reticular fibers mixed predominantly with halite (NaCl) and small amounts of sylvite. Thermogravimetry analysis of the calcareous showed a low exothermic peak at 425°C, which corresponds to a transitional phase from aragonite to calcite. A high endothermic peak at 814°C corresponds to decomposition of calcite CaCO3to CaO and CO2. Electron diffraction confirmed the presence of NaCl halite crystal. A significant difference was found in the percentage of elements and crystal configurations in the three layers. This study has value in assessing the emergence success in this endangered species.

Prediction and analysis of compression behaviour of warp-knitted spacer fabric with cylindrical surface

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (9) ◽  
pp. 1489-1504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mrinal K Datta ◽  
B K Behera ◽  
Ashvani Goyal
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Cylindrical Surface ◽  
Radius Of Curvature ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Energy Effect ◽  
Compression Behaviour ◽  
Spacer Fabric ◽  
Medical Textile ◽  
Experimental Values ◽  
Spacer Fabrics

Nowadays, applications of spacer fabric cover wider areas of technical textile. It is used in the automotive textile, personal protective clothing, sports textile, foundation garments, pads for swimwear, buffer clothing, medical textile etc. It does possess good recovery to compression, high bulk with relatively lightweight and very good moisture permeability. Almost in all applications, spacer fabrics are compressed by different parts of human body. Body parts have different shapes and curvatures. In all standard methods, spacer fabric compressibility is measured by a pair of flat circular plate which cannot represent a human body. The contour of body can be assumed as cylindrical with varying radius of curvature. So, it is necessary to understand the mechanism of compression of spacer fabric with cylindrical surface in order to understand the performance of the fabric under real-world dynamics. In this research, an effort is being made to predict the compression behaviour of warp-knitted spacer fabric by flat as well as cylindrical surface. Finite Element Models were designed on Abaqus/CAE platform to meet above requirement with variable circumstances. Experimental setup was also made to analyse cylindrical and flat compression at different circumstances. Results show that flat compression and cylindrical compression are largely deferred in terms of shape of load-deformation curve and compressional energy. Effect of variables on compression behaviour was also analysed. Model results were validated with experimental values. It is found that the proposed model has got a good agreement with the experimental results.

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