scholarly journals Survivability factors for Canadian cyclists hit by motor vehicles

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Simon Demers
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Control ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Lasso Regression ◽  
Situational Variables ◽  
Vehicle Collision ◽  
Strong Winds ◽  
Selection Operator ◽  
Reported Data

Police-reported data from Transport Canada’s National Collision Database (NCDB) are analyzed with a view to identify and quantify various factors that can impact the survivability of cyclists involved in a motor vehicle collision. A Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) regression and a multiple imputation (MI) process address the variable selection and missing data problems, respectively. The resulting probabilistic model suggests that collision sur-vivability depends largely on the cyclist’s age and helmet usage. Survivability improves with age up to age 21, peaks for cyclists aged 21 to 34, and falls after age 35. Controlling for age and other factors, a bicycle helmet reduces the risk that a cyclist fatality will occur by approximately 34% (OR: 0.66, 95% CI: 0.56-0.78). Survivability in general, and the apparent safety benefits of bicycle helmets in particular, do not appear to depend on the sex of the cyclist once the type of collision and other factors are controlled for. Head-on and rear-end collisions tend to be more deadly. Certain environmental and situational variables, like strong winds and traffic control devices, also appear to impact survivability. There might be opportunities to sensitize cyclists of various age groups about the risks they are exposed to while cycling, and prevent or better protect cyclists from head-on and rear-end collisions.

scholarly journals P.021 Seizures among drivers in Newfoundland and Labrador

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (S2) ◽  
pp. S26-S26
Author(s):  
KS Aminian ◽  
A Ogunyemi ◽  
J Coombs
Keyword(s):  
Newfoundland And Labrador ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Mandatory Reporting ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Driving Safety ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Seizure Type ◽  
Vehicle Collision

Background: Regulation of drivers licences aims to strike a balance between autonomy and public safety. In Newfoundland and Labrador, an individual experiencing seizures must have a 6-month seizure-free interval before a driving licence is reinstated, although exceptions apply. There is a paucity of data surrounding driving safety in people with epilepsy. Methods: The Department of Motor Vehicles and Registration extracted data from the charts of drivers experiencing seizures for the period between 2010-2014, inclusive. Two groups were examined: drivers aged 16-24 (n=104) and 75+ (n=115). Given that mandatory reporting is required in Newfoundland and Labrador, this theoretically represents a population-based study. Results: Overall, 5.1% of the population experienced a motor vehicle collision, and collisions were more frequent among younger drivers. Significantly more people in the 75+ category had a medical history that could have contributed to seizures. Only 37.6% of the overall sample had their first seizure reported. This was not different between age groups or seizure types (generalized vs. focal). Though the age groups differed with respect to seizure type, this did not affect driving safety, as measured by motor vehicle collisions and driving disobedience. Conclusions: We found a high rate of driving disobedience despite the requirement for mandatory reporting and seizure type did not affect driving safety.

Complex Solution of Ecological and Economic Problems of Traffic Jams

2019 ◽  
pp. 6-15
Author(s):  
Oleksandr M. Matsenko ◽  
Yaroslav S. Kovalev ◽  
Olena M. Tkachenko ◽  
Yaroslava V. Chorna
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Control ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Water Runoff ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Traffic Lights ◽  
Economic Problems ◽  
Traffic Jams ◽  
Economic Sphere ◽  
Flows Over Time

The article explores the congestion level in traffic of motor vehicles and its negative environmental and economic consequences in case of Kiev. The amount of pollution from traffic jams in Kiev and the number of vehicles which got into them in 2009-2018 is analyzed. The loss of earnings on the side of automobile owners from their standby are calculated with corresponding quantitative expressions found and described. For the course of the research, the methods of system-structural and comparative analysis were used for analyzing the environmental and economic problems of modern automobile systems; methods of formal logical analysis were used for substantiating the innovative infrastructure of transport routes. Separately economic and statistical methods were used in the study for trends development, structure analysis, and estimation of the influence of road congestion on the environmental and economic sphere. Pearson test has indicated a close relationship between the number of cars in Kiev and the number of values from traffic jams in environmental and economic sphere. Solutions to this problem are offered in forms of automated traffic control systems, improvisation of organizational and technical methods for the distribution of traffic flows over time, namely reverse traffic, road junctions, smart traffic lights, road extension, and the transition to alternative modes of transport. In all countries of the world there are new research methods that affect pollutants from motor vehicles. It is proved that they are forced by the recipients. In addition, landscaping can improve landscape design, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, surface water runoff and noise pollution. In this regard the policy implication of the research are aimed to eliminate the negative consequences from the use of vehicles during traffic jams, and the necessary number of trees for planting in Kiev is calculated. Key words: motor transport, congestion, traffic jam, motor vehicle, greening, compensation effect, lost profits, losses.

No Turns Allowed: Controlling Vehicles Turning in Front of Light Rail Vehicles

2000 ◽  
Vol 1704 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
José I. Farrán
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Control ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Motor Vehicle Accident ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Light Rail ◽  
Right Of Way ◽  
Accident Data ◽  
Mode Of Transportation

A key attribute of light rail transit (LRT) is its ability to integrate well into urban environments, sharing the public right-of-way with motor vehicles, bicycles, and pedestrians. This characteristic has made LRT very successful in urban corridors that require a high-capacity mode of transportation operating in a shared (on-street or mall) right-of-way environment. Although LRT is an inherently safe mode of transportation, accidents do occur. Such accidents negatively affect not only the parties involved, but also the operation of the entire LRT system and the reputation of the transit property. LRT accident data indicate that the most prevalent type of light rail vehicle (LRV)-motor vehicle accident occurs when motor vehicles turn left or right across LRT tracks and collide with an LRV rapidly approaching the intersection. Five of the most-common types of such accidents are identified, and traffic control devices and techniques are recommended to improve safety by conveying to the motorist the higher level of risk in violating a left or right turn signal prohibition.

Age and Gender Distributions of Pedestrian Accidents across the Life-Span

1994 ◽  
Vol 79 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1680-1682 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Kingma
Keyword(s):  
Life Span ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Emergency Unit ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Pedestrian Accidents ◽  
And Gender

Causes of pedestrian accidents ( N = 534) were investigated for patients treated for injuries at the emergency unit of a hospital. Accidents in collisions with motor vehicles were the main cause (87.8%). Young children (0–9 years old) and the elderly (above 60 years of age) are the most vulnerable in terms of mortality rates observed in these age groups. Preponderance of males in pedestrian accidents was observed in the accident categories of collisions with motor vehicle and bicycle, whereas a slight preponderance of females was found in collisions with other traffic. The predominant age groups were located in the range from 0 through 19 years.

scholarly journals Analysis of 1,545 Fractures of Facial Region—A Retrospective Study

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 307-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajasekhar Gaddipati ◽  
Sudhir Ramisetti ◽  
Nandagopal Vura ◽  
K.Rajiv Reddy ◽  
Bhargav Nalamolu
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Bone Fractures ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Soft Tissue Injuries ◽  
Fracture Site ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Facial Trauma ◽  
Facial Region ◽  
Epidemiological Surveys

Incidence and etiology of facial fractures vary from region to region due to various constituents. This study was carried to evaluate the patterns and distribution of fractures in the facial region among different age groups of patients in both males and females caused due to various etiologies. This is a retrospective epidemiological study, which was performed on patients with fractures in the maxillofacial region during a period of 2005 to 2013 at Mamata Dental College and Hospital, Khammam, India. A total of 1,015 patients with 1,545 fractures were referred for treatment to department of oral and maxillofacial injuries surgery, of Mamata Dental College and Hospital, with a mean age of 31.19. The ratio of males (859):females (156) is 5.5:1. Injuries caused by motorbike injuries (34.9%) are highest. The highest frequency of fractures caused by various reasons is seen more in third decade (39%). Mandible (43.81%) is the most common fracture site in the face. Among soft tissue injuries most commonly seen are lacerations (43%). This study differentiates the etiological factors causing facial trauma in several age groups. Results of this study suggest outcomes indicate that more reliance on individual transport on motor vehicles has increased the frequency of facial bone fractures. Regardless of age, motor vehicle accidents were high in all age groups except the first decade of life and above 60 years of age when traffic accidents dominated. Thus effectiveness of current preventive measures is to be assessed, followed by instituting new guidelines for prevention and inflexible traffic rules shall be levied. More epidemiological surveys can, if encouraged to measure the frequency of fractures, better the world.

INVESTIGATING TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS: A COLLISION OF TWO MOTOR VEHICLES

Transport ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olegas Prentkovskis ◽  
Edgar Sokolovskij ◽  
Vilius Bartulis
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Traffic Accident ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Normal Operation ◽  
Vehicle Collision ◽  
Simulation Based ◽  
Accident Simulation ◽  
Vehicle Motion

Traffic safety may be ensured by normal operation of all elements of the system, including the driver, a motor vehicle and transportation medium. Insufficient safety of some particular elements of this system (the lack of discipline of the participants of traffic, poor technical state of a motor vehicle or road, etc.) are the main causes of traffic accidents. Statistical data on traffic accidents in 2000–2009 in Lithuania is presented. Collisions of motor vehicles in 2009 make one of the largest proportion of all traffic accidents ‐ 33.4%. In 2009 drivers, were the main traffic accident perpetrators ‐ 73.6%. The paper considers some major aspects of motor vehicle collision simulation based on the application of PC‐CRASH software, allowing researchers to analyze the changes in the direction of motor vehicle motion in the case of a collision and the influencing factors. This type of traffic accident simulation consists in studying the circumstances of collision, reconstructing the processes, calculating the pre‐impact speed of motor vehicles and deter‐ mining various parameters of motor vehicles’ movement at different stages of traffic accident development.

Fatal Motor Vehicle-Pedestrian Collision Injury Patterns—A Systematic Literature Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 144-157
Author(s):  
Moheem Masumali Halari ◽  
Michael James Shkrum
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Systematic Literature Review ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Injury Patterns ◽  
Severe Injuries ◽  
Pedestrian Injury ◽  
Safety Features

Introduction: Injury patterns in pedestrians struck by motor vehicles were described in medical literature first published almost a half century ago. “Classical” triads of injury distribution were described for adults (skull-pelvis-extremity) and subsequently applied to children (head-hip or pelvis-distal femur/knee joint). Notably, these classical triads were derived from two publications reporting clinical observations of only 11 patients, all of whom were adults. Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted using Medline, CINAHL, EMBASE, and Cochrane to determine the evidence-base for motor vehicle collision (MVC)-pedestrian injury “triads” and other trauma patterns described for pedestrians in the adult and pediatric age groups. Results: Of the 1540 full-text articles identified in the review, 56 articles published in English met the inclusion criteria, that is, motor vehicle-pedestrian collision resulting in specific, fatal injuries determined by postmortem examinations. There were variations in injury patterns that differed from the “classical” triads. These differences likely stem from advances in vehicle design and safety features which have affected the nature and distribution of injuries. Discussion: Further research on the correlation of specific injuries sustained by pedestrians of different ages with various types of vehicles and impacts are needed to assess the validity of previously observed injury patterns in relation to the current motor vehicle fleet. Delineation of injury patterns can assist health care teams in trauma management. Vehicle manufacturers and government regulators can better assess whether the introduction of advanced driver assistance features designed to protect pedestrians when struck will be effective in reducing severe injuries. In forensic pathology practice, knowledge of pedestrian injury patterns based on data representative of impacts involving modern vehicles can provide MVC death investigators the means to determine MVC dynamics and pedestrian kinematics.

Case Exercise: Biomechanics in Rearend Motor Vehicle Collisions

2007 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 4-7
Author(s):  
Charles N. Brooks ◽  
Christopher R. Brigham
Keyword(s):  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Body Position ◽  
Motor Vehicle Collisions ◽  
Time Curve ◽  
Vehicle Collisions ◽  
Need For Treatment ◽  
Multiple Factors ◽  
Bodily Injury ◽  
Vehicle Collision ◽  
Physical Findings

Abstract Multiple factors determine the likelihood, type, and severity of bodily injury following a motor vehicle collision and, in turn, influence the need for treatment, extent of disability, and likelihood of permanent impairment. Among the most important factors is the change in velocity due to an impact (Δv). Other factors include the individual's strength and elasticity, body position at the time of impact, awareness of the impending impact (ie, opportunity to brace, guard, or contract muscles before an impact), and effects of braking. Because Δv is the area under the acceleration vs time curve, it combines force and duration and is a useful way to quantify impact severity. The article includes a table showing the results of a literature review that concluded, “the consensus of human subject research conducted to date is that a single exposure to a rear-end impact with a Δv of 5 mph or less is unlikely to result in injury” in most healthy, restrained occupants. Because velocity incorporates direction as well as speed, a vehicular occupant is less likely to be injured in a rear impact than when struck from the side. Evaluators must consider multiple factors, including the occupant's pre-existing physical and psychosocial status, the mechanism and magnitude of the collision, and a variety of biomechanical variables. Recommendations based solely on patient history and physical findings (and, perhaps, imaging studies) may be ill-informed.

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