Control Factors on the Heat Treatment Process Applied to A537 Steel for Increasing Hardness Using Hardening and Tempering

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 37-42
Author(s):  
Nelu CAZACU ◽  
◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Treatment Process ◽  
Heating Temperature ◽  
Taguchi Methods ◽  
Maximum Hardness ◽  
Tempering Temperature ◽  
Control Factors ◽  
Structures And Properties ◽  
Heat Treatment Regime

The paper is based on laboratory experiments of heat treatments applied to samples of A537/A537M steel. The work continues other previous works aimed at modifying structures and properties of this steel, including through surface treatments. The experiments were performed using Taguchi methods from Quality Engineering. A number of four factors were selected as influencing the structure after heat treatment: heating temperature for hardening, cooling rate on hardening, time and tempering temperature. A number of nine experiments were performed using an L9 orthogonal matrix. Objective function was changed to maximum hardness after the heat treatment regime. The results show that the tempering temperature has the greatest influence on the final hardness of the A537 steel samples.

Influence of Heat Treatment Process on the Structures and Properties of Grate Bars Used in Sintering Trolley

2014 ◽  
Vol 697 ◽  
pp. 95-101
Author(s):  
An Min Li ◽  
Ding Ma ◽  
Qi Feng Zheng ◽  
Ruo Huai Chen ◽  
Zu Jiang Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Wear Resistance ◽  
Treatment Process ◽  
The Other ◽  
Air Cooling ◽  
Heat Treatment Process ◽  
Eutectic Carbide ◽  
Maximum Hardness ◽  
Quenching Temperature ◽  
Structures And Properties

The as-cast structure of grate bar used in sintering trolley is primarily comprised of austenite and eutectic (eutectic austenite and eutectic carbide). The austenite is dendrite, while the carbide is reticular and chrysanthemum-like. The grate bars were quenched and tempered under various temperature (one set of samples: quenching (975~1050°C); the other: quenching (1000°C) + tempering (240~600°C)). With rise in quenching temperature, the content of martensite increases and gradually stabilizes, and the hardness increases and then decreases (the maximum is 61.5HRC). For the tempered simple, the strip-like carbides gradually become smaller, shorter and homogenized; the resistance to temper softening is high and the maximum hardness is 58HRC; the wear resistance gradually decreases and is lower than that of as-cast one when the temperature is higher than 480°C. The heat treatment process to improve the service properties of grate bars is: quenching (1000°C, 2.5h, and air-cooling) + tempering (300~420°C, 2.5h, and air-cooling).

Effect of heat treatment on the microstructure and properties of 25Cr2MoVA petroleum casing steel

2021 ◽  
Vol 112 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-84
Author(s):  
Pengjun Cao ◽  
Yilong Zhang ◽  
Kejian Li ◽  
Jiling Dong ◽  
Wei Wu
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Impact Toughness ◽  
Treatment Process ◽  
Heat Treatment Process ◽  
Maximum Hardness ◽  
Quenching Temperature ◽  
Tempering Temperature ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The 25Cr2MoVA steel was subjected to various heat treatments. We found that the hardness increased when the quenching temperature was in the range of 870 – 910 °C, and then it decreased for the temperature of 910 – 990 °C. The maximum hardness was 553 HV after quenching from 910 °C. Following quenching from 910°C, the 25Cr2Mo-VA steel was tempered in the temperature range of 560 to 750 °C. With an increase in the tempering temperature, the hardness and tensile strength of the material decreased, while the impact toughness increased; the corrosion resistance increased initially and then decreased. The best heat treatment process for the 25Cr2MoVA steel involved quenching form 910 °C and tempering at 650°C for 1 h, the hardness was 362 HV, the tensile strength reached 1 310 MPa, the impact energy reached 149 J, and the material exhibited the best corrosion resistance.

Thermal treatment process of PET bottles filaments using industrial design of experiments

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Syntia Lemos Cotrim ◽  
Ageu Araújo Machado ◽  
Gislaine Camila Lapasini Leal ◽  
Mauro Antonio da Silva Sá Ravagnani ◽  
Edwin Vladimir Cardoza Galdamez
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Design Of Experiments ◽  
Treatment Process ◽  
Transformation Process ◽  
Specific Response ◽  
Quality Performance ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Pet Bottles ◽  
Control Factors ◽  
Response Parameter

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present the application of Design of Experiments techniques for the analysis of operating parameters of an industrial oven for the heat treatment process of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottle filaments.Design/methodology/approachThe focus is on evaluating new ways of operating the transformation process. The main issue is to raise what are the variables interfering with the performance of the oven. The complete 2k factorial for three factors of control was used to analyze the behavior of these variables and their relationships in the specific response parameter for the process.FindingsThe results presented in this work allow the company to have greater knowledge about the operation of the equipment. The study showed possibilities of 14.8% energy reduction.Research limitations/implicationsThe heat treatment activity was characterized as a critical point in the production process, and techniques with empirical approaches, based on statistical techniques, was an opportunity that the company has to improve the execution of activities without major investments for the quality of the final product. The application of statistical quality techniques showed to be very promising.Originality/valueThe fact that the study was conducted using subjective quality performance makes this work different from others presented in the literature, showing the possibility to apply Design of Experiments using main control factors based on the opinion of experienced personnel involved in the process analyzed.

The Microstructures and Hardness Analysis of a New Hypereutectoid Mn-Cr-Mo-V Steel

2013 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 563-568
Author(s):  
R. Dabrowski ◽  
E. Rozniata ◽  
R. Dziurka
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Liquid Nitrogen ◽  
Retained Austenite ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Tool Steels ◽  
Maximum Hardness ◽  
Hypereutectoid Steel ◽  
Tempering Temperature

The results of a microstructure and hardness investigations of a new hypereutectoid Mn-Cr-Mo-V steel, imitating by its chemical composition tool steels, are presented in the paper. The microstructure as well hardness changes, caused by austenitising and tempering temperatures were assessed, for samples quenched and sub-quenched in liquid nitrogen, directly after the quenching treatment. Additionally, the influence of the tempering temperature on the volume fraction of the retained austenite was estimated. New hypereutectoid steel, after an appropriate heat treatment obtained the relevant hardness of the tools used in the cold and hot working proces. It was indicated that the steel hardness increases with the increases of the austenitising temperature. At 800ºC the hardness of the quenched samples were equal 895HV, and for the sub-quenched samples 937HV. The maximum hardness, after tempering (746HV), was found at a temperature of 520ºC. It will be possible, in future, to apply this obtained investigation results in designing chemical compositions and microstructures of the new hypereutectoid alloyed steels of properties required by their users.

Optimization on Heat Treatment Process of 45CrMnSi Steel by Orthogonal Test

2011 ◽  
Vol 393-395 ◽  
pp. 217-221
Author(s):  
Guo Zhang Tang ◽  
Yun Gang Li ◽  
He Yang ◽  
Yu Zhu Zhang ◽  
Hai Li Yang
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Process ◽  
Orthogonal Test ◽  
Optimum Process ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Maximum Hardness ◽  
Range Analysis ◽  
Quenching Temperature ◽  
Tempering Temperature ◽  
Tempering Time ◽  
Significant Factors

The effect of quenching temperature, tempering temperature and tempering time on hardness of 45CrMnSi steel was studied by orthogonal test. It was found that the order of significant factors for the hardness was quenching temperature > tempering temperature > tempering time. Based on the results of the range analysis, the optimum process parameters for the maximum hardness were that the quenching temperature was 900°C, the tempering temperature was 150°C, and the tempering time was 180 min. Under the optimum process conditions, the hardness reached to HRC52 with impact toughness of 15 J/cm2. The hardness and toughness met the need of the comprehensive mechanical property and proper toughness of 45CrMnSi.

Heat Treatment Process and Optimization of Shooting Nails

2013 ◽  
Vol 787 ◽  
pp. 450-453
Author(s):  
Li Png Zhang ◽  
Suo Qing Yu ◽  
Li Yong Ni
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Treatment Process ◽  
Steel Plate ◽  
Heating Temperature ◽  
High Hardness ◽  
Lower Bainite ◽  
Salt Bath ◽  
Heat Treatment Process ◽  
High Toughness

Shooting nails are mainly applied to fix thin reinforced concrete and steel plate, so the nails should have high hardness and high toughness. Unreasonable heat treatment process could possibly cause too high hardness and decreased toughness, leading to nail cracking and fracture in the course of production and use. Research on heat treatment process through experimental study on the nail determines the reasonable heat treatment process of nail. The feasible quenching heating temperature was 847~840 °C, and the temperature of salt bath during isothermal cooling was 292 °C. Its resultant hardness was 680HV, meeting the requirements of the use of nails. The shoot nail cracking and fracture in the course of use can be avoided effectively. The microstructure of shooting nails after heat treatment showed lower bainite, which contributed to good mechanical properties.

scholarly journals Hardness Optimization of Heat Treatment Process of Bucket Teeth Excavator

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sumar Hadi Suryo ◽  
Susilo Adi Widyanto ◽  
Paryanto Paryanto ◽  
Aly Syariati Mansuri
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Heating Temperature ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Optimization Method ◽  
Holding Time ◽  
Tempering Temperature ◽  
Mild Carbon Steel ◽  
Quenching Media ◽  
Heavy Equipment

Excavator is heavy equipment that usually used in construction and mining works. Bucket teeth which are located in the tip of bucket excavator are used for digging works. They are easily damaged by direct contact with the media. One of the material used in bucket teeth excavator is mild carbon steel that has carbon content between 0.33%-0.5%. However, the hardness value of this material is not yet meets the standard of bucket teeth excavator so the optimum hardness value based on its heat treatment should be known. Besides that, its tensile, impact strength, and micro structure in optimum condition will also know. Optimization method was done through Taguchi experimental design with L9 orthogonal and ANOVA (Analysis of Variance). Factors or parameters in this research were heating temperature, holding time, quenching media, and tempering temperature. In this experiment, nine specimens of mild carbon steel were tested by different heating temperatures (850oC, 875oC, 900oC), different holding times (60, 90, and 120 minutes), different quenching medias (oil, water, and salt water), and different tempering temperatures (250oC, 450oC, 650oC). Calculation of Taguchi method and confirmation experiment showed that the optimum parameters of hardness are 875oC heating temperature, 60 minutes holding time, water quenching media, and 250oC tempering temperature. Meanwhile, ANOVA test showed a result that the four factors had an effect on the bucket teeth excavator hardness.

scholarly journals The characteristic of hardness and microstructure of extraction forceps for dental and oral care made of stainless-steel

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 56-63
Author(s):  
Nur Kholis ◽  
Nuryanto Nuryanto ◽  
Arif Mustofa
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Treatment Process ◽  
Oral Care ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Heat Treatment Process ◽  
Cooling Channel ◽  
Tempering Temperature ◽  
Temperature Variations ◽  
Quenching Process

The reliability of medical devices such as extraction forceps is vital for dental and oral care. Apart from having hygienic properties, the extraction forceps must be strong and resistant to corrosion. This study evaluates the effects of tempering temperature on the hardness and microstructure of a medical device's material made from stainless-steel DIN 4021. In the experiments, a heat treatment process was carried out previously with a temperature of 1,050°C and a holding time of 20 minutes. A quenching process was conducted using a cooling channel that flowed with water at 10-20°C. After the heat treatment, the material was subjected to a tempering process with temperature variations of 200, 400, and 600°C. The research results indicated that the heat treatment process could increase the material's hardness value—the hardness value of the raw material changed from 20 to 48.67 HRC with the heat treatment. The tempering parameters resulted in the highest hardness value of 46.67 HRC at 200°C and the lowest value of 42.33 HRC at 600°C. Microstructure testing using optical microscopy showed that it produced ferrite, pearlite, and martensite structures. In contrast, the result of a microstructure testing using Scanning Electron Microscopy on the surface of the material is that the higher the tempering temperature, the larger the particles' area and dimension.

Influence of Heat Treatment on Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Low Alloy Cast Steel (ZG25MnNi)

2014 ◽  
Vol 887-888 ◽  
pp. 207-213
Author(s):  
Teng Shi Liu ◽  
Yi Tao Yang
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Cast Steel ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Treatment Temperature ◽  
Maximum Hardness ◽  
Tempering Temperature ◽  
Cast Microstructure ◽  
Alloy Cast

In this paper, the influence of heat treatment temperature on the microstructure and mechanical properties of cast steel (ZG25MnNi) was investigated. The results showed that normalizing treatment can effectively refine cast microstructure of ZG25MnNi and maximum hardness achieved at 900°C. After normalized at 900°C, the sample tempered at 500°C,530°C,560°C, 590°C, 620°C, 650°C respectively. With the tempering temperature increasing, the samples tensile strength increased gradually and elongation decreased gradually. When tempered at 530-590°C, the sample had a relatively high strength plastic product. The results showed that the best normalizing temperature is 900°C and the optimum tempering temperature is 530-590°C.

Wear volume prediction of AISI H13 die steel using response surface methodology and artificial neural network

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 6789-6800
Author(s):  
Vishal Jagota ◽  
Rajesh Kumar Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Artificial Neural Network ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Sliding Wear ◽  
Austenitizing Temperature ◽  
Tempering Temperature ◽  
Die Steel ◽  
Artificial Neural ◽  
Tempering Time

Resistance to wear of hot die steel is dependent on its mechanical properties governed by the microstructure. The required properties for given application of hot die steel can be obtained with control the microstructure by heat treatment parameters. In the present paper impact of different heat treatment parameters like austenitizing temperature, tempering time, tempering temperature is studied using response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN) to predict sliding wear of H13 hot die steel. After heat treating samples at austenitizing temperature of 1020°C, 1040°C and 1060°C; tempering temperature 540°C, 560°C and 580°C; tempering time 1hour, 2hours and 3hours, experimentation on pin-on-disc tribo-tester is done to measure the sliding wear of H13 die steel. Box-Behnken design is used to develop a regression model and analysis of variance technique is used to verify the adequacy of developed model in case of RSM. Whereas, multi-layer feed-forward backpropagation architecture with input layer, single hidden layer and an output layer is used in ANN. It was found that ANN proves to be a better tool to predict sliding wear with more accuracy. Correlation coefficient R2 of the artificial neural network model is 0.986 compared to R2 of 0.957 for RSM. However, impact of input parameter interactions can only be analysed using response surface method. In addition, sensitivity analysis is done to determine the heat treatment parameter exerting most influence on the wear resistance of H13 hot die steel and it showed that tempering time has maximum influence on wear volume, followed by tempering temperature and austenitizing temperature. The prediction models will help to estimate the variation in die lifetime by finding the amount of wear that will occur during use of hot die steel, if the heat treatment parameters are varied to achieve different properties.

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