scholarly journals HISTORICAL EVALUATION, REVIEW AND ANALYSIS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF URANIUM MINING IN THE REPUBLIC OF BULGARIA

2019 ◽  
pp. 547-554
Author(s):  
Nikolay Dolchinkov ◽  
T. A. Paramonova
Keyword(s):  
Radioactive Contamination ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
The Other ◽  
Radioactive Isotopes ◽  
Air Masses ◽  
Black Water ◽  
Daily Data ◽  
Radioactive Background ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Meteorological Elements

Meteorological elements affecting radioactive contamination of the environment, each indicator has a different weight in the formation of the radioactive background. The strongest influence on the spread of radioactive contamination have winds. Influenced also different rainfall and the permeability of the atmospheric layer to solar radiation reaching us. The other meteorological components have a negligible impact on the spread of radioactive rays, particles and isotopes and therefore in further research we will ignore them and will not recognize their influence on climate radioactive background. In the analysis of meteorological elements that influence the spread of radioactive particles and radioactive isotopes in Bulgaria are mainly analyzed winds and air currents that form in the airspace over Bulgaria. These are the main weather elements that most influence the climate of the radioactive background. Another element that influences is precipitation in its various manifestations - horizontal and vertical type and depending on the physical condition of the water. The other meteorological elements because of their vile influence of the radiation situation will exclude them from the factors shaping the natural indicators of the state of the atmosphere, water and pochvata.Analizat is made on the basis of detailed statistics on the direction and strength of the wind and air currents over the territory of Bulgaria in the last 30 years. In addition to daily data for the period after 2009 have used aggregated figures on the direction and strength of winds, and near the concerned areas and over throughout our country and in adjacent border areas. This data is used for a period of 20 years, which is enough to capture the trends of change of atmospheric masses and neighboring aquatic and terrestrial surfaces. I must point out that monitoring of air masses over the past 25 years gives us only the main trends and directions, but as we all know, these processes are too dynamic and not subject to cyclic steady repetition and prediction. So at the same time made extensive research and data processing should not disable the constant monitoring of our environment and its parametri.Kato main potential sources of radioactive contamination are discussed nuclear power in Europe. In analyzing the results of the forecast movements of air masses and spreading radioactive particles consequently observed that apart from the NPP "Kozloduy" and adjacent to Bulgaria Kozloduy "Black Water" at different intervals of time radioactive contamination may occur and result of an accident in other NPPs in Europe.

Can a sponge fractionate isotopes?

1985 ◽  
Vol 224 (1234) ◽  
pp. 23-41 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Stable Isotope ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Radioactive Isotopes ◽  
Specific Element ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Specific Activities ◽  
Preferential Uptake

The study has unequivocally demonstrated that siliceous sponges Spirastrella cuspidifera and Prostylyssa foetida from the same microecological niche exhibit a high degree of species specificity, while accumulating a host of heavy metal ions (Ni, Cr, Cd, Sn, Ti, Mo, Zr). S. cuspidifera accumulated, in addition, 60 Co and 63 Ni, showing discrimination against other radionuclides, 137 Cs and 131 I, present in the ambient waters receiving controlled low level waste discharges from a B. W. R. nuclear power station. P. foetida , on the other hand, accumulated only 131 I and showed discrimination against other radionuclides including 60 Co, although the stable iodine concentrations in both the sponges were the same. The specific activity of 60 Co (in becquerels per gram of 59 Co) in S. cuspidifera and 131 I (in becquerels per gram of 127 I) in P. foetida were at least two orders of magnitude greater than in the ambient sea water. That of 63 Ni (in becquerels per gram of 62 Ni) in S. cuspidifera , on the other hand, was lower by two orders of magnitude than in either abiotic matrices from the same environment. Thus, not only did both the species show bioaccumulation of a specific element, but also preferential uptake of isotopes of the same element, though they were equally available for intake. Such differential uptake of isotopes can possibly be explained in terms of two quite different mechanisms operating, each applicable in a particular case. One is that the xenobiotic isotope enters the environment in a physicochemical form or as a complex different from that of its natural counterpart. If equilibration with the latter is slow, so that the organism acquires the xenobiotic in an unfamiliar chemical context, it may treat it as a chemically distinct entity so that its concentration factor differs from that of stable isotope, thus changing the specific activity. Alternatively, if the xenobiotic is present in the same chemical form as the stable isotope, the only way in which specific activities can be modified is by fractionation on the basis of mass of isotope. In view of the remarkable concentration factors observed for stable and radioactive isotopes of the same element and the specific activities reached, it is desirable that species of sponges, especially from the coastal and estuarine environments, be monitored to detect levels of pollution due to anthropogenic substances.

RESULTS OF MONITORING ON RADIOACTIVE POLLUTION OF COMMERCIAL MARINE ORGANISMS IN THE NORTH-WEST PACIFIC AFTER THE ACCIDENT AT FUKUSHIMA DAI-ICHI NUCLEAR POWER STATION IN 2011

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 112-126
Author(s):  
G. S. Borisenko ◽  
Yu. I. Zuenko ◽  
E. O. Basyuk
Keyword(s):  
Radioactive Contamination ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Single Case ◽  
Pink Salmon ◽  
Background Level ◽  
Radioactive Isotopes ◽  
Radioactive Pollution ◽  
West Pacific ◽  
North West ◽  
The North

Results of several years monitoring on radioactive pollution of fisheries objects in the Russian EEZ and adjacent North-West Pacific (fish, crabs, shrimps, marine algae) after the accident at Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant in 2011 are generalized. Two catastrophic releases of radioactive isotopes to atmosphere and directly to the ocean happened at Fukushima in late March and early April, 2011. However, not a single case of dangerous pollution of fish or seafoods caught by Russian fishermen was detected. The highest activity of radioisotopes (137Cs up to 8.1 Bq/kg, 134Cs to 6.9 Bq/kg ww) was found for fish (pink salmon juveniles) caught off Kuril Islands in several days after the strongest release of radionuclides into the atmosphere. Soon, in summer 2011, the level of radioactive pollution in this area came close to the regional background level, the pre-accident level was restored in 2012, and the tendency to decreasing of radioactive pollution (that was observed after the nuclear tests termination) was restored in 2013. The observed radioactive contamination of fish, invertebrates and algae tissues is considerably (in 1–2 orders) below the sanitary permissible levels for isotopes of Cs and Sr. Lack of significant consequences of the Fukushima Dai-ichi accident for bioresources of Russian waters is explained by spatial patterns of the water drift from Fukushima coast driven by oceanic currents in spring-summer of 2011 that was directed generally eastward, far from the Russian coasts. There is noted that radioactive contamination of fish tissues is determined by current radiation situation (here and now), no signs of accumulation and transfer of pollution by migratory species are found.

Siklus Akuntansi, Transparansi, Dan Akuntabilitas Atas Penggunaan Dan Pertanggungjawaban Keuangan Dana BOS Di SDIT X Di Depok, Jawa Barat

Liquidity ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-64
Author(s):  
Yumniati Agustina
Keyword(s):  
Compulsory Education ◽  
Management Team ◽  
The Other ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Final Report ◽  
Fund Management ◽  
Government Program ◽  
Financial Accountability ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Transparency And Accountability

Investigation in various regions in Indonesia found indications of the alleged fraud that result from unccountable use and management of BOS funds. Among the findings, including payments that do not fit the technical guidelines, no accountability report, and the use of funds with unaccountable receipt. In the Regulation of the Minister of Education and Culture of the Republic of No. 161/2014, stated that: BOS is a government program that is basically forfunding the nonpersonnel operating costs of the primary education as the implementer of compulsory education program. The purpose of this study were (1) to analyze the accounting cycle and financial accountability for the use of BOS funds in the 2015, (2) to analyze the compliance of the accounting cycle and financial accountability of the BOS funds, (3) to analyze the transparency and accountability of BOS fund’s reports. The observed elementary school is SDIT X in Depok, West Java. Result shows that they do not fully compliance to the appropriate regulatory technical guidelines. On the other hand, the transparency and accountability issues show that: (1) BOS Management Team, Teachers Council and School’s Committee’s involvement in the BOS fund management, and (2) evaluation and comparison of the final report of prior periods, so that transparency and accountability of the use and management of BOS funds can be improved.

PENYELESAIAN SENGKETA PEMILU AKIBAT PENGGELEMBUNGAN SUARA DI KABUPATEN TAPIN

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gusti Muhammad Ihsan Perdana
Keyword(s):  
Time Trial ◽  
General Election ◽  
The Other ◽  
District Court ◽  
Criminal Trials ◽  
Criminal Offense ◽  
Criminal Charge ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Legislative Election

 Legislative election in distric Tapin was spotted with a vote, conducted by members of the Commission, M. Zainnoor Wal Aidi Rahmad win a legislative candidate from the Golkar Party, namely Bambang Herry Purnama the 2014-2019. Elections Honorary Council for General Election Organizer of the Republic of Indonesia as No. 15 / DKPP-PKE-III / 2014 has imposed sanctions on Zainnoor Wal Aidi M. Rahmad form of dismissal remain as a member of the Tapin district Elections Commission since the verdict was read. Rantau’s District Court in its decision No. 135 / Pid-Sus /2014/PN.Rta, Bringing the sanctions in the form of imprisonment for 10 months with the criminal provisions do not need to be run in the future unless is another command in the verdict that convicted before time trial during the 12 (twelve months) ends have been guilty of a criminal offense and a fine of Rp. 10,000,000.00 (ten million). Dismissal sanctions remain to perpetrators as member of the district KPU Tapin have sense of fairness, but the connection with the criminal charge of criminal trials less reflectjustice for his actions that allow offenders not sentenced to imprisonment and the other party can not do the same.Keywords: Elections Tapin distric, Inflation Voice, Sanctions

scholarly journals Python TensorFlow Big Data Analysis for the Security of Korean Nuclear Power Plants

Electronics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1467
Author(s):  
Sangdo Lee ◽  
Jun-Ho Huh ◽  
Yonghoon Kim
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Nuclear Power Plant ◽  
Network Traffic ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Security Requirements ◽  
Republic Of Korea ◽  
Continuous Data ◽  
Cyber Attack ◽  
The Republic

The Republic of Korea also suffered direct and indirect damages from the Fukushima nuclear accident in Japan and realized the significance of security due to the cyber-threat to the Republic of Korea Hydro and Nuclear Power Co., Ltd. With such matters in mind, this study sought to suggest a measure for improving security in the nuclear power plant. Based on overseas cyber-attack cases and attacking scenario on the control facility of the nuclear power plant, the study designed and proposed a nuclear power plant control network traffic analysis system that satisfies the security requirements and in-depth defense strategy. To enhance the security of the nuclear power plant, the study collected data such as internet provided to the control facilities, network traffic of intranet, and security equipment events and compared and verified them with machine learning analysis. After measuring the accuracy and time, the study proposed the most suitable analysis algorithm for the power plant in order to realize power plant security that facilitates real-time detection and response in the event of a cyber-attack. In this paper, we learned how to apply data for multiple servers and apply various security information as data in the security application using logs, and match with regard to application of character data such as file names. We improved by applying gender, and we converted to continuous data by resetting based on the risk of non-continuous data, and two optimization algorithms were applied to solve the problem of overfitting. Therefore, we think that there will be a contribution in the connection experiment of the data decision part and the optimization algorithm to learn the security data.

scholarly journals Abraham Lincoln

1882 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 312-343
Author(s):  
Isaac N. Arnold
Keyword(s):  
American History ◽  
Abraham Lincoln ◽  
The Other ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
The Republic ◽  
English Speaking World ◽  
The One

The noblest inheritance we Americans derive from our British ancestors is the memory and example of the great and good men who adorn your history. They are as much appreciated and honoured on our side of the Atlantic as on this. In giving to the English-speaking world Washington and Lincoln we think we repay, in large part, our obligation. Their pre-eminence in American history is recognised, and the republic, which the one founded and the other preserved, has already crowned them as models for her children.

Ograniczenia wolności kultu religijnego w czasie pandemii COVID-19: między konstytucyjnością a efektywnością

2021 ◽  
Vol 3(164) ◽  
pp. 143-165
Author(s):  
Piotr Stanisz
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Legislative Process ◽  
States Of Emergency ◽  
Broad Concept ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Polish Law ◽  
Council Of Ministers ◽  
Taking Action

The purpose of the present study is to analyse the restrictions on the freedom of religious worship introduced by the Polish executive authorities in the face of the spreading COVID-19 epidemic. The analysis aims to answer questions not only concerning the conformity of these actions with the Constitution of the Republic of Poland and statutory laws, but also pertaining to the issue of the level of preparation of Polish law for an epidemic. In reference to these questions, the author concludes that the introduction of restrictions on the freedom to manifest religion by acts of worship in the regulations issued by the Minister of Health and the Council of Ministers exceeds the bounds of statutory authorisation and is inconsistent with the Polish Constitution. According to the Constitution of the Republic of Poland, passing a law remains the only admissible way of introducing restrictions on the freedom of manifestation of religion, and there are no exceptions to this rule even in states of emergency. On the other hand, the author also points out that if the effectiveness of combating this kind of epidemic really depends on possibility of introducing the above-mentioned restrictions without a long legislative process, it means that Polish executive authorities have been confronted by the constitutional legislator and the legislature with a choice between being efficient and acting in conformity with the Constitution and statutory laws. Therefore, the article postulates that it is necessary to make deep changes to the current law. Elaborating a broad concept of these changes requires further analysis, and the relevant discussion needs to take into account the experience gained so far in combating the coronavirus epidemic, the importance of freedom of thought, conscience and religion, and the solutions adopted in other countries. A clear and balanced, as well as properly sequenced and democratically justified specification of the rules that should be followed by the executive when introducing restrictions related to the spread of the epidemic, even with regard to such important values as the freedom to manifest religion through acts of worship, is undoubtedly more appropriate than formally ruling out the possibility of taking action that may turn out necessary in the future.

How to assess the vulnerability and the risk of flooding of the most important catchment in the Republic of Djibouti?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Golab Moussa Omar ◽  
Jean-Emmanuel Paturel ◽  
Christian Salles ◽  
Gil Mahe ◽  
Mohamed Jalludin
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Variability ◽  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Boreal Summer ◽  
Precipitation Regime ◽  
Daily Data ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Rainy Days

<p><span>This study focus on the catchment of Ambouli wadi which is one of the country’s largest watersheds covering 794 km² (3.5 % of the total area of the Republic of Djibouti). Because of its groundwater resources, this exoreic watershed is of major importance. Indeed, the aquifer is the main source of drinking water supply for the city of Djibouti-city. In addition, this wadi is also responsible for floods causing human suffering and severe economic damages. Despite the importance of the catchment for the development of Djibouti-city, Ambouli wadi has been the subject of few scientific studies. This partly explains the scarcity of rainfall stations and therefore data in this area. Analysis of the spatio-temporal variability of rainfall is required to assess the risk of flooding. </span></p><p><span>In an arid country like the Republic of Djibouti flash floods are an important concern for the management of water resources systems and risk prevention and protection. The desertic climate of the country is characterized by high levels of temperature and evaporation, and also by very weak and irregular annual rainfall, distributed in two major seasons : a cooler season (from October to March) with high relative humidity and low temperatures comprised between 22°C and 30°C, and a hot and dry season (from June to September). </span></p><p><span>Rain data were collected from a network of 9 raingauge stations at different time scales, from monthly to hourly. These data are provided by the national meteorological agency (4 stations) and the early warning system of CERD National Research Center (5 stations).</span></p><p><span> </span><span>The spatio-temporal variability of rainfall, is characterized using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and the analysis of rainfall normals over 30 years (1951-1980 and 1961-1990). Long time series data were available from 4 of the 9 stations: (Djibouti-serpent, Djibouti-aeorodrome, Oueah and Arta). At annual scale, the variability is clearly described by a succession of dry and humid years. Also, the monthly rainfall clearly demonstrates the well-known bimodal precipitation regime of east Africa. It shows, two peaks corresponding to the « long rain » and the « short rain » rainy seasons, which correspond to the period of March-April-May and of October-November-December, respectively. On the other hand, we also observe a dry period which is characterized by a rainfall deficit (negative rainfall index for almost all the stations) corresponding to the boreal summer (June to September). </span><span>Daily data is currently collecting from the Djibouti-aerodrome station (1981-2017) for a better understanding of the precipitation regime. Rainy days are computed from daily data (rainfall > 1 mm) and we find an annual average of 11 wet days with a minimum in 1988 (1 rainy day) and a maximum in 1993 (23 rainy days). </span></p>

Juárez, Maximilian, and the French Occupation of Mexico

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Hogan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
Working Poor ◽  
The Other ◽  
Reform Movement ◽  
Mexican History ◽  
Basic Facts ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Benito Juarez

A tumultuous period in Mexican history began with the Reform Movement of President Benito Juárez, followed by the French invasion and installation of Maximillian as emperor, the defeat of his troops by the liberal army, and the restoration of the Mexican Republic in 1877. Although most of the basic facts of these events are not in dispute, the narrowness of the lens used to examine them is. Some data have been systematically ignored by national historians, and there are also contradictory interpretations of the published historical data. One common reflection on this period is the depiction of Maximilian as liberal whom some argue contributed in a positive way to Mexico. However, some Mexican scholars dispute this. The other widely held belief is that Benito Juárez can be credited with the restoration of the republic and the betterment of the working poor and indigenous. Although criticism of Juárez is uncommon in official circles, where he is idolized, some Mexican scholars are more skeptical of these claims. The missing or generally ignored data concern the contribution of the United States to the defeat of the French and Austrian armies, which is not mentioned in any survey texts and is minimized in most articles. The fuller inclusion of these data coupled with a closer look at the contributions and failures of both the Maximilian and Juárez regimes provides a clearer picture of the epoch and generates new insights.

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