CHARACTERISTICS OF IMMUNE RESPONSE IN ELDERLY AND AUTOIMMUNITY

2020 ◽  
pp. 246-255
Author(s):  
О. В. Москалец
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Aseptic Inflammation ◽  
Innate And Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Multiple Systems ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Autoimmune Processes ◽  
Autoantibody Detection

Cтарение - это очень сложный процесс, в результате которого происходит дисрегуляция всех систем организма. К наиболее значимым изменениям в функционировании иммунной системы, которые называются «физиологическое старение иммунной системы», относятся снижение иммунного ответа на инфекции, повышенный уровень провоспалительных медиаторов и снижение контроля над аутореактивными клонами. Вместе с физиологическим старением иммунной системы у пожилых обычно наблюдают вялотекущее асептическое воспаление («инфламмэйджинг»), с которым связывают более высокую частоту хронических неинфекционных возрастных заболеваний. В статье рассмотрены основные изменения врожденного и адаптивного иммунитета при старении и их влияние на индукцию аутоиммунных процессов, приведены данные о частоте выявления аутоантител у пожилых и особенностях клинической картины некоторых аутоиммунных заболеваний, дебютирующих в этом возрасте. Aging is a very complex process, resulting in dysregulation of multiple systems. The most prominent changes in immunological function, termed «immunosenescence», are diminished immune response against infection, increased levels of pro-inflammatory mediators and increased risk of autoimmunity. Immunoscenescence is accompanied by the low-grade aseptic inflammation observed commonly in elderly people - «inflammaging», which is associated with a higher incidence of chronic non-infectious age-associated diseases. The article discusses the main changes in innate and adaptive immunity in aging and their impact on the induction of autoimmune processes, provides data on the frequency of autoantibody detection in the elderly and the clinical features of some autoimmune diseases debuting at this age.

scholarly journals Host Immune Response Driving SARS-CoV-2 Evolution

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1095 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui Wang ◽  
Yuta Hozumi ◽  
Yong-Hui Zheng ◽  
Changchuan Yin ◽  
Guo-Wei Wei
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Gene Editing ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Host Immune Response ◽  
Social Inequities ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Type C ◽  
Systemic Health ◽  
Adar Gene

The transmission and evolution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are of paramount importance in controlling and combating the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Currently, over 15,000 SARS-CoV-2 single mutations have been recorded, which have a great impact on the development of diagnostics, vaccines, antibody therapies, and drugs. However, little is known about SARS-CoV-2’s evolutionary characteristics and general trend. In this work, we present a comprehensive genotyping analysis of existing SARS-CoV-2 mutations. We reveal that host immune response via APOBEC and ADAR gene editing gives rise to near 65% of recorded mutations. Additionally, we show that children under age five and the elderly may be at high risk from COVID-19 because of their overreaction to the viral infection. Moreover, we uncover that populations of Oceania and Africa react significantly more intensively to SARS-CoV-2 infection than those of Europe and Asia, which may explain why African Americans were shown to be at increased risk of dying from COVID-19, in addition to their high risk of COVID-19 infection caused by systemic health and social inequities. Finally, our study indicates that for two viral genome sequences of the same origin, their evolution order may be determined from the ratio of mutation type, C > T over T > C.

scholarly journals Il-6 Serum Levels and Production Is Related to an Altered Immune Response in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Girls with Insulin Resistance

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna M. Fulghesu ◽  
Francesca Sanna ◽  
Sabrina Uda ◽  
Roberta Magnini ◽  
Elaine Portoghese ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Altered Immune Response ◽  
Hs Crp ◽  
Activated Monocytes

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is frequently characterized by obesity and metabolic diseases including hypertension, insulin resistance, and diabetes in adulthood, all leading to an increased risk of atherosclerosis. The present study aimed to evaluate serum and production of inflammatory markers in adolescent Sardinian PCOS. On the basis of HOMA findings, patients were divided into noninsulin resistant (NIR) and insulin resistant (IR), and were weight- and age-matched with healthy girls. Inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, Il-10, TGF-β) and lipokines (leptin, adiponectin), the reactant hs-CRP, andin vitroinflammatory lympho-monocyte response to microbial stimulus were evaluated. In healthy and PCOS subjects, leptin and hs-CRP were correlated with BMI, whereas adiponectin was significantly reduced in all PCOS groups. Although cytokines were similar in all groups, Interleukin-6 (IL-6) was significantly higher in IR PCOS. Moreover, in the latter group lipopolysaccharide-activated monocytes secreted significantly higher levels of IL-6 compared to NIR and control subjects. To conclude, IR PCOS displayed increased IL-6 serum levels and higher secretion in LPS-activated monocytes, whilst revealing no differences for other inflammatory cytokines. These results suggest that in PCOS patients an altered immune response to inflammatory stimuli is present in IR, likely contributing towards determining onset of a low grade inflammation.

scholarly journals Immunosenescence in Childhood Cancer Survivors and in Elderly: A Comparison and Implication for Risk Stratification

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petra Lázničková ◽  
Kamila Bendíčková ◽  
Tomáš Kepák ◽  
Jan Frič
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Survivors ◽  
Childhood Cancer ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Childhood Cancer Survivors ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Health Complications

The population of childhood cancer survivors (CCS) has grown rapidly in recent decades. Although cured of their original malignancy, these individuals are at increased risk of serious late effects, including age-associated complications. An impaired immune system has been linked to the emergence of these conditions in the elderly and CCS, likely due to senescent immune cell phenotypes accompanied by low-grade inflammation, which in the elderly is known as “inflammaging.” Whether these observations in the elderly and CCS are underpinned by similar mechanisms is unclear. If so, existing knowledge on immunosenescent phenotypes and inflammaging might potentially serve to benefit CCS. We summarize recent findings on the immune changes in CCS and the elderly, and highlight the similarities and identify areas for future research. Improving our understanding of the underlying mechanisms and immunosenescent markers of accelerated immune aging might help us to identify individuals at increased risk of serious health complications.

scholarly journals Inactivity and Skeletal Muscle Metabolism: A Vicious Cycle in Old Age

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Rezuş ◽  
Alexandra Burlui ◽  
Anca Cardoneanu ◽  
Ciprian Rezuş ◽  
Cătălin Codreanu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Muscle Metabolism ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Metabolism ◽  
Telomere Attrition ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Effects Of Aging

Aging is an inevitable and gradually progressive process affecting all organs and systems. The musculoskeletal system makes no exception, elderly exhibit an increased risk of sarcopenia (low muscle mass),dynapenia (declining muscle strength), and subsequent disability. Whereas in recent years the subject of skeletal muscle metabolic decline in the elderly has been gathering interest amongst researchers, as well as medical professionals, there are many challenges yet to be solved in order to counteract the effects of aging on muscle function efficiently. Noteworthy, it has been shown that aging individuals exhibit a decline in skeletal muscle metabolism, a phenomenon which may be linked to a number of predisposing (risk) factors such as telomere attrition, epigenetic changes, mitochondrial dysfunction, sedentary behavior (leading to body composition alterations), age-related low-grade systemic inflammation (inflammaging), hormonal imbalance, as well as a hypoproteic diet (unable to counterbalance the repercussions of the age-related increase in skeletal muscle catabolism). The present review aims to discuss the relationship between old age and muscle wasting in an effort to highlight the modifications in skeletal muscle metabolism associated with aging and physical activity.

scholarly journals Link between Viral Infections, Immune System, Inflammation and Diet

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 2455
Author(s):  
Carlotta Suardi ◽  
Emanuela Cazzaniga ◽  
Stephanie Graci ◽  
Dario Dongo ◽  
Paola Palestini
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Virgin Olive Oil ◽  
Intestinal Flora ◽  
Extra Virgin Olive Oil ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Balanced Diet ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

The strong spread of COVID-19 and the significant number of deaths associated with it could be related to improper lifestyles, which lead to a low-grade inflammation (LGI) that not only increases the risk of chronic diseases, but also the risk of facing complications relating to infections and a greater susceptibility to infections themselves. Recently, scientific research has widely demonstrated that the microbiota plays a fundamental role in modulating metabolic responses in the immune system. There is, in fact, a two-way interaction between lifestyle, infection, and immunity. The immune response is compromised if nutrition is unbalanced or insufficient, because diet affects the intestinal flora predisposing people to infections and, at the same time, the nutritional state can be aggravated by the immune response itself to the infection. We evaluate the link between balanced diet, the efficiency of the immune system, and microbiota with the aim of providing some practical advice for individuals, with special attention to the elderly. A correct lifestyle that follows the Mediterranean model, which is especially rich in plant-based foods along with the use of extra-virgin olive oil, are the basis of preventing LGI and other chronic pathologies, directly influencing the intestinal microbiota and consequently the immune response.

scholarly journals Sarcopenia: Monitoring, Molecular Mechanisms, and Physical Intervention

2014 ◽  
pp. 683-691 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. ZEMBROŃ-ŁACNY ◽  
W. DZIUBEK ◽  
Ł. ROGOWSKI ◽  
E. SKORUPKA ◽  
G. DĄBROWSKA
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Protein Mass ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
European Working

According to European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) sarcopenia includes both a loss of muscle strength and a decline in functional quality in addition to the loss of muscle protein mass. In order to develop strategies to prevent and treat sarcopenia, the risk factors and causes of sarcopenia must be identified. Age-related muscle loss is characterized by the contribution of multiple factors, and there is growing evidence for a prominent role of low-grade chronic inflammation in sarcopenia. The elderly who are less physically active are more likely to have lower skeletal muscle mass and strength and are at increased risk of developing sarcopenia. Resistance training added to aerobic exercise or high-intensity interval training promote numerous changes in skeletal muscle, many of which may help to prevent or reverse sarcopenia. In this review, we provided current information on definition and monitoring, molecular mechanisms, and physical intervention to counteract sarcopenia.

scholarly journals Tumorigenic Aspects of MSC Senescence—Implication in Cancer Development and Therapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1133
Author(s):  
Slavko Mojsilović ◽  
Aleksandra Jauković ◽  
Tamara Kukolj ◽  
Hristina Obradović ◽  
Ivana Okić Đorđević ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Tumor Development ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Innate And Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Tumor Prevention ◽  
Stromal Stem Cells

As an organism ages, many physiological processes change, including the immune system. This process, called immunosenescence, characterized by abnormal activation and imbalance of innate and adaptive immunity, leads to a state of chronic low-grade systemic inflammation, termed inflammaging. Aging and inflammaging are considered to be the root of many diseases of the elderly, as infections, autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases, degenerative diseases, and cancer. The role of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) in the inflammaging process and the age-related diseases is not completely established, although numerous features of aging MSCs, including altered immunomodulatory properties, impeded MSC niche supporting functions, and senescent MSC secretory repertoire are consistent with inflammaging development. Although senescence has its physiological function and can represent a mechanism of tumor prevention, in most cases it eventually transforms into a deleterious (para-)inflammatory process that promotes tumor growth. In this review we are going through current literature, trying to explore the role of senescent MSCs in making and/or sustaining a microenvironment permissive to tumor development and to analyze the therapeutic options that could target this process.

scholarly journals Inflammaging, an Imbalanced Immune Response That Needs to Be Restored for Cancer Prevention and Treatment in the Elderly

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 2562
Author(s):  
Juana Serrano-López ◽  
Beatriz Martín-Antonio
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Public Health System ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Acute Infection ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Cellular Immunotherapy ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
The Public

Nowadays, new advances in society and health have brought an increased life expectancy. However, at the same time, aging comes with complications that impact the development of autoimmunity, neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. These complications affect the quality of life and impact the public health system. Specifically, with aging, a low-grade chronic sterile systemic inflammation with self-reactivity in the absence of acute infection occurs termed inflammaging. Inflammaging is related to an imbalanced immune response that can be either naturally acquired with aging or accelerated due to external triggers. Different molecules, metabolites and inflammatory forms of cell death are highly involved in these processes. Importantly, adoptive cellular immunotherapy is a modality of treatment for cancer patients that administers ex vivo expanded immune cells in the patient. The manipulation of these cells confers them enhanced proinflammatory properties. A general consequence of proinflammatory events is the development of autoimmune diseases and cancer. Herein, we review subsets of immune cells with a pertinent role in inflammaging,relevant proteins involved in these inflammatory events and external triggers that enhance and accelerate these processes. Moreover, we mention relevant preclinical studies that demonstrate associations of chronic inflammation with cancer development.

scholarly journals Leukocyte count, systemic inflammation, and health status in older adults: a narrative review

2018 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr Chmielewski
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Systemic Inflammation ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Leukocyte Count ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Associated Diseases ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Leukocyte Counts ◽  
Normal Leukocyte

Abstract Epidemiological and clinical studies suggest that elevated leukocyte count within the normal range can predict cardiovascular and total mortality in older adults. These findings are remarkable because this simple and common laboratory test is included in routine medical check-ups. It is well known that chronic systemic inflammation (inflammaging) is one of the hallmarks of aging and an important component of obesity-associated insulin resistance that can lead to type 2 diabetes and other health problems in both overweight individuals and elderly people. To understand the molecular mechanisms linking increased systemic inflammation with aging-associated diseases and elevated leukocyte counts in the elderly is to unravel the multiplicity of molecular factors and mechanisms involved in chronic low-grade systemic inflammation, the gradual accumulation of random molecular damage, age-related diseases, and the process of leukopoiesis. There are several possible mechanisms through which chronic low-grade systemic inflammation is associated with both higher leukocyte count and a greater risk of aging-associated conditions in older adults. For example, the IL-6 centric model predicts that this biomediator is involved in chronic systemic inflammation and leukopoiesis, thereby suggesting that elevated leukocyte count is a signal of poor health in older adults. Alternatively, an increase in neutrophil and monocyte counts can be a direct cause of cardiovascular events in the elderly. Interestingly, some authors assert that the predictive ability of elevated leukocyte counts with regard to cardiovascular and allcause mortality among older adults surpass the predictive value of total cholesterol. This review reports the recent findings on the links between elevated but normal leukocyte counts and the increased risks of all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality. The possible molecular mechanisms linking higher but normal leukocyte counts with increased risk of aging-associated diseases in the elderly are discussed here.

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