“And a Droplet Reflects the World.” Imaginary Discord in Modal Theory, and Modal Development in Small Forms and Fragments

10.34690/85 ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 52-73
Author(s):  
Евгений Борисович Трембовельский

В данной статье рассматриваются принципы ладового развития в небольших произведениях и построениях. В избранных для анализа миниатюрной песне Листа «Радость и горе», четырехтактном фрагменте из «Хованщины» и ряде других образцов из музыки Шопена, Римского-Корсакова, Дебюсси, Слонимского, Лигети выявлены такие принципы модального и тонального становления, как сохранение или пополнение звукоряда, взаимодополняемость модусов, тональное и модальное модулирование, сбережение тона, модальная вариантность, отражение в формообразовании логики истории. В статье уточнены некоторые аспекты теории лада через призму концепций в области гармонии двух представителей санкт-петербургской и московской научных школ. Ощущение противоборства и непримиримости их трактовок создалось отчасти после острых формулировок Т. Бершадской: «Недоразумение, становящееся традицией»; «Изначальная ошибка популярной концепции». Автору данной статьи, внесшему некоторые корректировки и разъяснения, расхождения сторон представляются, однако, несущественными и даже мнимыми. Понимание лада как бинарной системы позволило в ладовом развитии выделить две его ветви - модальную и тональную, которые, как правило, находятся в тесном взаимосплетении при обычно определяющей роли одной из них. Предпринятые анализы произведений каждой из этих ветвей имеют различия, хоть они и направлены к осмыслению общих методологических принципов, которое для музыковедческой науки остается насущным. This article deals with the principles of modal development in short pieces and structures. The selected for the analysis Liszt's miniature song “Joy and Woe,” a four-beat fragment from “Khovanshchina” and a number of other examples from the music of Chopin, Rimsky-Korsakov, Debussy, Slonimsky, and Ligeti reveal such principles of modal and tonal formation as: preservation or enrichment of the scale, complementarity of the modes, tonal and modal modulation, preservation of tone, modal variation, reflection of the logic of history in creating the musical form. The article clarifies some aspects of the modal theory through the prism of the concepts in the field of harmony as presented by two exponents of St. Petersburg and Moscow schools of music theory. The sentiment of confrontation and irreconcilability of their interpretations was created, in part, by T. Bershadskaya's sharp statements: “Misunderstanding that becomes a tradition,” “The initial mistake of the popular concept.” However, the author of this article, having made some adjustments and clarifications, considers the differences between the parties rather insignificant and even imaginary. The understanding of mode as a binary system made it possible to distinguish two branches in modal development-modal and tonal, which, as a rule, are closely intertwined, with one of them usually playing a determining role. The undertaken analyses of the works by each of these branches have certain differences, although they are aimed at understanding the general methodological principles, which remain essential for musicology.

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (36) ◽  
pp. 081-106
Author(s):  
張琬琳 張琬琳

<p>二十世紀初,在國際間崛起的各國勢力,加速了各民族內部自我整頓與反省的動力,東方音樂家學習西方音樂,也試圖以西方音樂的樂制,來整建自我民族內部的音樂紋理。</p> <p>東方音樂家欲望著西方,希冀能登上國際音樂舞臺;西方樂壇也期待從東方音樂家那裡,聽見西方人能夠「聽得懂」的「東方聲音」。在東 / 西方彼此期待、渴望之間,音樂本身被賦予極大的感官寓意,對西方人而言,帶有異國情調的音樂,尤其能夠吸引他們的目光;對於東方音樂家而言,這些「東方」的元素,卻是取自於不同民族風土的獨特聲音。</p> <p>本文聚焦臺灣近代音樂家江文也,以近年來新出版的傳記、日記和音樂作品全集,以及本論文作者近年於歐洲搜集的史料為分析佐證,探討江文也「屬於自己 / 東方的聲音」創作,如何引發西方樂壇對於「東方聲音」的想像。</p> <p>&nbsp;</p><p>The early twentieth century was a century that had the two global-scale World Wars between world powers across continents and oceans. Rising nationalism and increasing national awareness became a major political issue in general society. Eastern musicians reflected on the issue and diligently learned Western music system to get a remarkable grasp of it. Because they knew well the so-called Oriental music sounds must be rooted in the Western music theory to be able to compete among nations by international standards. On one hand, Eastern musicians desired to be seen and rival upon the world stage; on the other hand, Western musicians looked forward to hearing pure Oriental music sounds from the East. However, for Taiwanese composer Jiang, Wen-Ye, the Oriental music sounds are not the ones of a traditional and exotic concept. Traditionally, the Oriental music sounds derive its flavor from the pentatonic scale and use traditional Chinese musical instruments to play. It is under such circumstances Jiang, Wen-Ye compose beautiful musical forms that embody his love and respectful duty to the Taiwanese motherland throughout frequent international music events and competitions.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p>


2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 208-226
Author(s):  
Matthew Arndt

Abstract Arnold Schoenberg’s concept of formal function, as formulated by Erwin Ratz, has become a staple of music theory since it was reimagined and systematized by William E. Caplin. However, this concept has been criticized for not speaking to the content of a piece of music, its particularity and meaning. By defining formal components, parts, and functions in line with the conceptual metaphors that underlie musical form, one may establish the inseparability of form and content. The definitions proposed here apply to art music from the eighteenth to the early twentieth centuries, the latter demonstrated through an analysis of Schoenberg’s Op. 11, No. 1.


2014 ◽  
Vol 31 (2/3) ◽  
pp. 108-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Nikolayevich Chumakov

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to include the following items: to show the absolute necessity of managing the international community, to explore the fundamental possibility of managing the global world, to prove or disprove such a possibility, to determine the real background of global governance in modern conditions and to show the methods of transition toward global governance. Design/methodology/approach – The main methodological principles used in writing the paper are: the principle of the integrity of the world; the understanding of globalization as an objective historical process; the principle of historical sequence of the considered event; the principle of priority of the general over the particular, as well as of the global over the regional and the local. Findings – As a result of the proposed research, it is shown that the global world needs to be managed. Prerequisites for the management of the global world are identified, among which the most important are morality and rights. It is shown that for management of the global world there should not only be global government, but also other branches of government, such as a World Parliament and a judicial system based on global law. Research limitations/implications – A clear distinction between the management and regulation of social relations is made. The need to further explore the concepts of international law and global right is stated. Practical implications – National sovereignty increasingly must give place to global governance structures. Social implications – The need to build a global civil society is evident. Originality/value – The absolute necessity and possibility of regulating the world community are shown. New approaches to solving this problem are proposed. They are based on existing assumptions in the field of executive and legislative power and also involve the creation of new structures, primarily in the area of the judiciary.


2001 ◽  
Vol 126 (2) ◽  
pp. 250-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gianmario Borio

Music theory has increasingly been attempting to find points of conjunction between the analytical methods of Heinrich Schenker and those of Arnold Schoenberg. However, the move toward a reconciliation has encountered obstacles because of the uneven development of the two schools and differences in the philosophical background of their procedures. The present article focuses on these differences through an examination of three standard examples: the first movements of Beethoven's sonatas op. 2 no. 1, op. 10 no. 1 and op. 57. The comparison of Schenker's analyses in Der Tonwille and Der freie Satz with those of Schoenberg, Webern, Rufer and Ratz shows that the disagreement principally concerns musical form and the functions of its components. The differences can finally be traced back to two opposite paradigms: music as nature and music as language.


2014 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-138
Author(s):  
Jelena Grazio

The following article deals with technical terminology in the field of music. Its intention is to present a chronological-contrastive analysis of musical terminology in Slovene music theory textbooks written up until the end of the World War II, exemplified by the terms selected. The author emphasizes the importance of such research for musicology, presents current contributions in this area and describes the history of musical textbooks that have been used as corpus for the analysis.


2018 ◽  
pp. 55-64
Author(s):  
Olga Bilanyuk

Purpose. To allocate clear principles of development of the cross-border tourism market. To study and analyze the world experience of development of tourism from borders of transboundary regions. Method. When writing the article, innovative methods for analyzing the development of tourism in transboundary regions were explored. The conceptual foundations of tourism development in general and in cross-border regions in particular were allocated. The main concepts of cross-border tourism were analyzed. Factors and methods were allocated to the research approach. Results. The theoretical and methodological principles of tourism development in transboundary regions are considered. The world experience of tourism development in transboundary regions is analyzed and the factors of development of cross-border tourism are highlighted. The official documents forming the basis of strategic development of cross-border tourism are analyzed and allocated. The advantages and limitations of the development of cross-border tourism markets are presented. Scientific novelty. Mechanisms of development of cross-border tourist markets are considered. In the analysis of cross-border tourist markets, the concept of reasonable specialization and a territorial-oriented approach are highlighted. Practical significance. Thanks to the development of cross-border tourism markets and the effective use of the tourist potential of the border regions, support for the competitiveness of the region through innovation, commercialization of knowledge and building up of creative industries can be achieved, which is one of the goals of economic development. The activation of cross-border tourism can also act as a catalyst for the development of the regional innovation system.


2021 ◽  
pp. 112-174
Author(s):  
Will Kuhn ◽  
Ethan Hein

The projects in this chapter introduce MIDI recording, sequencing, and editing techniques for composition and songwriting. The projects include strategies for enabling students to quickly generate a large amount of original musical material quickly. Beginner songwriters and composers find empty DAW sessions to be daunting, so it is essential to build their confidence. Therefore, the chapter gives techniques for quickly generating melodic and drum sequences, duplicating them, and creating variations on them. This approach also has the benefit of mirroring “real-world” professional production practice. The projects cover drum programming and arranging, as well as writing chord sequences, basslines, and short melodies. A pragmatic instrument taxonomy of “drums” and “not-drums” is used, and the typical instrumental layers in contemporary electronic music genres are explained. Also presented is a practical approach to relevant music theory concepts. Finally, three popular genres—future bass, house music, and trap—are used to introduce musical form.


Notes ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 85
Author(s):  
Marion S. Gushee ◽  
Nancy Uscher
Keyword(s):  

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 118-132
Author(s):  
Z. V. Filimonova

The article presents the methodological principles and results of the analysis of key economic indicators for transportation of passengers by rail in the largest countries of the world (France, Germany, USA, Japan, China, and India) in comparison with similar indicators in Russia to determine reference objects for assessing competitiveness of the segment of rail passenger transportation in Russia.Features of railway systems of the countries under consideration have been briefly analysed. To better demonstrate the results of the analysis, the study objects were enlarged following territorial criterion, i.e., the results are presented not for individual companies, but for the countries where the companies operate.The calculation of quality indicators of transportation activities for each of the countries considered has been carried out resulted in compilation of a matrix reflecting to some extent the current situation in development of passenger railway transportation. Recommendations have been formulated on the choice of reference objects depending on the specified criteria of comparison.


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