Socio economic determinants of child labour in selected districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-60
Author(s):  
Nabeela Begum ◽  
Javed Iqbal ◽  
Hina
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Family Size ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Child Labour ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Economic Determinants ◽  
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ◽  
Socioeconomic Characteristics ◽  
Education Organization ◽  
Children Education

This study examines the determinants of child labour in Mardan and Nowshera districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Primary data on socioeconomic characteristics of children engaged and did not engage in child labour were obtained from Labour Education Organization Mardan. Age of the children and family size are positively and education is negatively and significantly associated with the probability of children participation in labour market. The probability of child labour is more with the household income although with a very low coefficient value which is contrary to our expectations and may ne indicative that child labour could be a major source of household income. This study suggests that subsidies may be provided to families for their children education. Family size is also positively related to the child labour, therefore steps may be taken towards encouraging small family sizes and thereby reducing the child labour.

scholarly journals Women Status in Labour Market of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

2021 ◽  
Vol VI (III) ◽  
pp. 12-31
Author(s):  
Tamanna Bibi ◽  
Amjad Amin ◽  
Jabbar ul Haq
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Married Woman ◽  
Family System ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Women's Participation ◽  
The Family

This study analyses the woman's status labour market of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Four working states: self-employed, paid employees, and unpaid family helpers were investigated. Data were collected about individuals and household characteristics of women aged between (15-60) years from the Pakistan Social and Living Standard Measurement Survey (PSLM, 2014-15). The estimated results based on Multinomial Logit (MNL) suggest a positive and significant impact of women's age on all working categories in the labour market. The woman who owns a house, or the married woman, with multiple children or having a combined family system, or the residents of the countryside have less likelihood to take part in paid works. Participation in paid works decreases with the increase in the number of children, whereas participation in self-employment increases with the increase in the number of children. The probability of female participation in all four working states increases with the increase in the number of working individuals in the family. Whereas, probability of women's participation in the labor market decrease with the Joint family system, house owning, marriage, or higher household income.

scholarly journals Incidence of Child Labour and Child Schooling in India: Pattern and Determinants

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saswati Das
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Child Labour ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Significant Discrepancy ◽  
Economic Determinants ◽  
Child Schooling ◽  
Early Entry ◽  
Formative Stage ◽  
And Gender

The issue of child labour is a frontline concern in India, as early entry into labour market at formative stage of life does mean absconding from proper schooling leading to loss of future scope of better livelihood, since the existing literature shows that there is wage premium for education in Indian labour market. In this perspective, this study aims to carry out a supply-side analysis towards examining the incidence and pattern of child labour and child schooling to test out regional and gender disparities, if any, in terms of these incidences. Socio-economic determinants across gender and region also have been identified for an everlasting way out of the crisis. The data-base utilized for the analysis has been extracted from the National Sample Survey on “Employment and Unemployment Situation in India” for the 61st large sample round (2004-2005). The pattern of child employment in a range of industries confirms the malfunctioning of lawful steps to save child labourers from mischief of occupational vulnerability. It also reveals significant discrepancy in incidence of child labour both across region and gender, but for schooling choice no considerable regional gap is substantiated.

scholarly journals Study of Micro-Evidences for Agricultural Labour Market Functioning in Agriculturally Developed Chomu Tehsil of Jaipur

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 436-440
Author(s):  
Ramesh Chand Asiwal ◽  
Deepa Kumari Kumawat ◽  
R. C. Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Family Size ◽  
Wage Rate ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Average Wage ◽  
Wage Labour ◽  
The Family ◽  
Very High

The present study intended to investigate the performance of agricultural labour market in Jaipur district of Rajasthan. A cluster of three villages (Jaitpura, Kanpura and Khushalpura) from Chomu tehsil of Jaipur district was randomly selected for the study. The sixty respondents were selected on a random basis from the particular cluster of villages. The pre-tested schedules were used for collection of primary data from the selected agricultural labour households during 2010-11. The collected data were processed and analyzed by using various statistical and mathematical tools. The frequency of labour credit interlocking was much more prominent as compared to labour-land interlocking except in one village (Khushalpura), more than half of the labour had borrowed money from their employers. There was no definite rate of interest on the loaned money from the employers. However, the employers recovered very high unspoken rate of interest in terms of a number of little owing jobs. The labour-land interlocking was, however, yet another form of wage labour since all the inputs were being provided by the landowners. It was varied in between 14-18 percent. However, the average wage/day earned in this system was higher (Rs. 175-190) than the average wage rate in the casual labour system. Family size, family income, socioeconomic status of the family and age had a significant effect on the probability of an agricultural labour household entering into interlocked arrangements.

PENGARUH PENDAPATAN RUMAH TANGGA TERHADAP KONSUMSI DAGING (SAPI, BABI DAN AYAM ) DI DESA SEA I KECAMATAN PINELENG

ZOOTEC ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Richie A.F. Osak ◽  
V V.J Panelewen ◽  
J. Pandey ◽  
I. D.R Lumenta
Keyword(s):  
Household Income ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Meat Consumption ◽  
Research Problem ◽  
Chicken Meat ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Village

ABSTRACT THE EFFECT OF HOUSEHOLD INCOME ON MEAT CONSUMPTION (BEEF, PORK AND CHIKEN) AT THE VILLAGE OF SEA I, PINELENG DISTRICT.This study aims to determine the magnitude of meat consumption (beef, porl and chiken) of household based on income levels in the Village of Sea I, Pineleng district and to determine the effect of household income on meat consumption (beef, porl and chiken) in the Village of Sea I, Pineleng district. Formulation of research problem is how much they purchased meat (beef, porl and chiken) consumption household in the Village of Sea I, Pineleng district. This study was conducted in the Village of Sea I, Pineleng district. Study was conducted using a survey method, and data were obtained through primary data and secondary data. Determination of the location (rural sample) in the study was conducted by purposive sampling method. Number of samples used in this study were 30 people. Data of this study were analyzed by descriptive and mathematical analysis methods. Income indicated the amount of income earned in a month household, whether they were from the household head or sourced from other household members who work and earn income. From the money earned, the highest number of respondents had incomes between 1.000.000 to 3.000.000/month with the percentage of 70 %, while the number of respondents with the smallest income was less than 1.000.000/month with the percentage of 16.67 %. The difference of income held by the respondents in the Village of Sea I, would have an impact on the amount of meat purchases each month. This was in accordance with the opinion Sukirno (2002) stating that most of the disposable income is used to buy food and clothing. Most of the meat consumed by people in the Village of Sea I was pork and chicken meat compared to beef, it was because the price of beef was relatively expensive compared to the price of pork and chicken meat. Based on research results, pork was the most meat consumed by family respondents about 21 families with the percentage of 70 % of respondents, followed by chicken meat about 18 families with the percentage of 60 % of respondents, and beef by 8 families with the percentage of 26 respondents, 67 % of domestic poultry and meat about 6 families with the percentage of 20 % of respondents. Based on the results of research, it can be concluded that household income significantly affect the consumption of meat in the Village of Sea I, Pineleng district and the average consumption of meat in the Village of Sea I, Pineleng district was about 8,9  kg/capita/year, below the national target of 10,3  kg/capita/year.   Key Words : Household income, meat consumption, Sea I Village.

Understanding Rising Income Inequality and Stagnating Ordinary Living Standards in Germany

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerhard Bosch ◽  
Thorsten Kalina
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Wage Bargaining ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Social Model ◽  
Real Wages ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

This chapter describes how inequality and real incomes have evolved in Germany through the period from the 1980s, through reunification, up to the economic Crisis and its aftermath. It brings out how reunification was associated with a prolonged stagnation in real wages. It emphasizes how the distinctive German structures for wage bargaining were eroded over time, and the labour market and tax/transfer reforms of the late 1990s-early/mid-2000s led to increasing dualization in the labour market. The consequence was a marked increase in household income inequality, which went together with wage stagnation for much of the 1990s and subsequently. Coordination between government, employers, and unions still sufficed to avoid the impact the economic Crisis had on unemployment elsewhere, but the German social model has been altered fundamentally over the period

France

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe Askenazy ◽  
Bruno Palier
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Household Income ◽  
General Trend ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Wage Growth ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Wage Setting ◽  
Rich Countries

This chapter describes France as apparently one of the few rich countries to have avoided a significant increase in income inequality in recent decades. However, stable average inequalities mask an asymmetric trend of income between age groups, the elderly improving their situation while the young see theirs worsening. Furthermore, it shows that behind this relatively still surface, a general trend of precarization of more and more ordinary workers is occurring. The importance of wage-setting processes and of regulation of the labour market is brought out, together with the way the tax and transfer systems have operated, in restraining the forces driving inequality upwards. Wage growth, while limited, has thus been reasonably uniform across the distribution and together with the redistributive system have kept household income inequality within bounds. However, in response to high unemployment both regulatory and tax–transfer systems have served to underpin the very rapid growth in precarious working over the last decade, representing a very serious challenge for policy.

scholarly journals Adoption of improved agricultural technology and its impact on household income: a propensity score matching estimation in eastern Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muluken G. Wordofa ◽  
Jemal Y. Hassen ◽  
Getachew S. Endris ◽  
Chanyalew S. Aweke ◽  
Dereje K. Moges ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Propensity Score ◽  
Propensity Score Matching ◽  
Technology Use ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Agricultural Technology ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Agricultural Technologies ◽  
Eastern Ethiopia ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Adoption of improved agricultural technologies remains to be a promising strategy to achieve food security and poverty reduction in many developing countries. However, there are limited rigorous impact evaluations on the contributions of such technologies on household welfare. This paper investigates the impact of improved agricultural technology use on farm household income in eastern Ethiopia. Methods Primary data for the study was obtained from a random sample of 248 rural households, 119 of which are improved technology users and the rest are non-users. The research employed the Propensity Score Matching (PSM) procedure to establish the causal relationship between adoption of improved crop and livestock technologies and changes in farm income. Results Results from the econometric analysis show that households using improved agricultural technologies had, on average, 23,031.28 Birr (Birr is the official currency of Ethiopia. The exchange rate according to the National Bank of Ethiopia (NBE) was 1 USD = 27.6017 Birr on 04 October 2018.) higher annual farm income compared to those households not using such technologies. Our findings highlight the importance of promoting multiple and complementary agricultural technologies among rural smallholders. Conclusions We suggest that rural technology generation, dissemination and adoption interventions be strengthened. Moreover, the linkage among research, extension, universities and farmers needs to be enhanced through facilitating a multistakeholders innovation platforms.

Socioeconomic Study of Coastal Fishing at the Port of Tangier in Morocco

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Fahd Darasi ◽  
Mustapha Aksissou ◽  
Hesham Awadh
Keyword(s):  
Household Income ◽  
Coastal Communities ◽  
Socioeconomic Indicators ◽  
Coastal Fisheries ◽  
Socioeconomic Characteristics ◽  
Net Profit ◽  
Education And Awareness ◽  
Commercial Value ◽  
Structured Questionnaire

Coastal fisheries constitute an important source of employment and income for many coastal communities in Tangier. However, and despite its importance, there is little information available about their socioeconomic characteristics. Hence, this study was aimed to improve the knowledge about the socioeconomic and livelihood status of the fishermen in the port of Tangier. The work is totally based on a diagnosis of socioeconomic indicators derived from data obtained through a structured questionnaire carried out during 2018 to fishermen of coastal fishing. Fishermen have gaps in education and awareness about the issues related to the sustainability of resources. The great importance of this coastal fishery in the fishermen's household income is observed. In spite of the commercial value of the caught species by coastal fishing, income net profit is somewhat acceptable, and the wealth produced by this fishery has hardly impacted on the quality of the fishers' lives.

‘A man’s work was a man’s life’

Bread Winner ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 62-85
Author(s):  
Emma Griffin
Keyword(s):  
Working Class ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Child Labour ◽  
Young Age ◽  
Male Identity ◽  
Working Lives ◽  
Legislative Framework ◽  
Over Time

This chapter reveals the significance for work to male identity. Here, it shows how the centrality of work dominates men's autobiographies. Work was the key feature of a man's life and it was very often the motif by which male writers structured the story of their life. For most working-class men, work was equated with manhood — ‘I was a man and I knew it’. The chapter goes on to discuss how many Victorian children commenced their working lives at a considerably young age, particularly early in the reign when the place of children in the labour market was much more loosely regulated. Furthermore, to a far greater extent than girls, boys' experiences of work were shaped by the legislative framework as child labour laws became increasingly restrictive over time. This changing legal framework for child labour is clearly visible in the male autobiographies.

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