scholarly journals Natural Immunomodulators Treat the Cytokine Storm in SARS-CoV-2

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heba S Abbas ◽  
Mona M Abd-elhakeem ◽  
Rania M Abd El Galil ◽  
Omar A. Reyad ◽  
Heba A Mohamed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Host Cell ◽  
Viral Entry ◽  
Water Extract ◽  
Cell Receptor ◽  
Cytokine Storm ◽  
Emerging Viruses ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
The World ◽  
Human Immune

Recently, the world has been dealing with a destructive global pandemic COVID-19 infection, since 2020; there were millions of infections and hundreds of thousands of deaths worldwide. With sequencing generations of the virus, around 60 % are expected to become infected during the pandemic. Unfortunately, no drug or vaccine has been approved because no real evidence from clinical trials in treatment was reached. According to current thinking, SARS-COV-2 mortality is caused by a cytokine storm syndrome in patients with hyper-inflammatory conditions, resulting in acute respiratory distress and finally death. In this review, we discuss the various types of natural immune-modulatory agents and their role in the management of SARS-COV-2, and cytokine storm syndrome. For example, Polyphenols as natural products can block the binding of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to host cell receptor ACE2, stop viral entry into the host cell and block viral RNA replication. Also, Saikosaponins (A, B2, C, and D), triterpene glycosides, which are isolated from medicinal plants exert antiviral action against HCoV-22E9, and Houttuynia cordata water extract has antiviral effects on SARS-CoV. Moreover, eucalyptus oil has promising potential for COVID-19 prevention and treatment. There is an urgent need for research to improve the function of the human immune system all over the world. As a result, actions for better understanding and improving the human immune system are critical steps toward mitigating risks and negative outcomes. These approaches will be strongly recommended for future emerging viruses and pathogens.

scholarly journals Nutrition, immunity and COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip C Calder
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Trace Elements ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Severe Infection ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cytokine Storm ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Functional Responses ◽  
Essential Nutrients ◽  
Human Immune

The immune system protects the host from pathogenic organisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites). To deal with this array of threats, the immune system has evolved to include a myriad of specialised cell types, communicating molecules and functional responses. The immune system is always active, carrying out surveillance, but its activity is enhanced if an individual becomes infected. This heightened activity is accompanied by an increased rate of metabolism, requiring energy sources, substrates for biosynthesis and regulatory molecules, which are all ultimately derived from the diet. A number of vitamins (A, B6, B12, folate, C, D and E) and trace elements (zinc, copper, selenium, iron) have been demonstrated to have key roles in supporting the human immune system and reducing risk of infections. Other essential nutrients including other vitamins and trace elements, amino acids and fatty acids are also important. Each of the nutrients named above has roles in supporting antibacterial and antiviral defence, but zinc and selenium seem to be particularly important for the latter. It would seem prudent for individuals to consume sufficient amounts of essential nutrients to support their immune system to help them deal with pathogens should they become infected. The gut microbiota plays a role in educating and regulating the immune system. Gut dysbiosis is a feature of disease including many infectious diseases and has been described in COVID-19. Dietary approaches to achieve a healthy microbiota can also benefit the immune system. Severe infection of the respiratory epithelium can lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), characterised by excessive and damaging host inflammation, termed a cytokine storm. This is seen in cases of severe COVID-19. There is evidence from ARDS in other settings that the cytokine storm can be controlled by n-3 fatty acids, possibly through their metabolism to specialised pro-resolving mediators.

scholarly journals Comprehensive multi-omics single-cell data integration reveals greater heterogeneity in the human immune system

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Congmin Xu ◽  
Junkai Yang ◽  
Astrid Kosters ◽  
Benjamin R Babcock ◽  
Peng Qiu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Single Cell ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cell Receptor ◽  
Surface Proteins ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Receptor Repertoire ◽  
Human Immune

Single-cell transcriptomics enables the definition of diverse human immune cell types across multiple tissue and disease contexts. Still, deeper biological understanding requires comprehensive integration of multiple single-cell omics (transcriptomic, proteomic, and cell receptor repertoire). To improve the identification of diverse cell types and the accuracy of cell-type classification in our multi-omics single-cell datasets, we developed SuPERR-seq, a novel analysis workflow to increase the resolution and accuracy of clustering and allow for the discovery and characterization of previously hidden cell subsets. We show that by incorporating information from cell-surface proteins and immunoglobulin transcript counts, we accurately remove cell doublets and prevent widespread cell-type misclassification. This approach uniquely improves the identification of heterogeneous cell types in the human immune system, including a novel subset of antibody-secreting cells in the bone marrow.

Interaction between malarial transmission and BCG vaccination with COVID-19 incidence in the world map: A changing landscape human immune system? (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rudra Prosad Goswami ◽  
Dheeraj Mittal ◽  
Rama Prosad Goswami
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Malaria Incidence ◽  
World Health ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Bcg Vaccination ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
The World ◽  
Human Immune

BACKGROUND COVID-19 (Corona virus Disease-2019) is a new public health emergency and is a pandemic currently. Incidence and mortality of COVID-19 vary in different geographical areas. OBJECTIVE In this study we aimed to analyse the relationship between malaria transmission and BCG vaccination with COVID-19 incidence in the world map. METHODS We collected malaria cases data (World Health Organisation (WHO), 2018), worldwide COVID-19 cases and mortality data (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control) and data on BCG vaccination. COVID-19 incidence and mortality was compared. RESULTS Data on 5316978938 persons from 166 countries were analysed. Malaria incidence rate was negatively correlated with COVID-19 incidence rate (correlation coefficient = -0.513, p<0.001). Malaria free countries had significantly higher number of COVID-19 cases compared to malaria endemic countries. In Europe and Americas, countries, which have higher BCG vaccination coverage, had significantly less mortality per thousand population compared to those with low BCG coverage (median 0.0002 (0-0.0005) vs 0.0029 (0.0002-0.0177), p=0.017). The case fatality ratio of COVID-19 was related nonlinearly to the malaria incidence. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest the changing human immune system as we progress to eliminate parasitic diseases with time. Chloroquine exposure in malaria endemic zones might have a protective effect.

COVIEdb: A database for potential immune epitopes of coronaviruses

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingcheng Wu ◽  
Wenfan Chen ◽  
Jingjing Zhou ◽  
Wenyi Zhao ◽  
Shuqing Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Protein Sequences ◽  
T Cell Epitopes ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
The World ◽  
Human Immune ◽  
Human Coronaviruses ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Abstract2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) has caused large-scale pandemic COVID-19 all over the world. It’s essential to find out which parts of the 2019-nCoV sequence are recognized by human immune system for vaccine development. And for the prevention of the potential outbreak of similar coronaviruses in the future, vaccines against immunogenic epitopes shared by different human coronaviruses are essential. Here we predict all the potential B/T-cell epitopes for SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, 2019-nCoV and RaTG13-CoV based on the protein sequences. We found YFKYWDQTY in ORF1ab protein, VYDPLQPEL and TVYDPLQPEL in spike (S) protein might be pan-coronavirus targets for vaccine development. All the predicted results are stored in a database COVIEdb (http://biopharm.zju.edu.cn/coviedb/).

scholarly journals Interaction between malarial transmission and BCG vaccination with COVID-19 incidence in the world map: A cross-sectional study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rudra Prosad Goswami ◽  
Dheeraj Mittal ◽  
Rama Prosad Goswami
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Malaria Incidence ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Bcg Vaccination ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
The World ◽  
Malaria Incidence Rate ◽  
Human Immune

AbstractBackgroundCOVID-19 (Corona virus Disease-2019) is a new public health emergency and is a pandemic currently. Incidence and mortality of COVID-19 vary in different geographical areas. In this study we aimed to analyse the relationship between malaria transmission and BCG vaccination with COVID-19 incidence in the world map.Materials and methodsWe collected malaria cases data (World Health Organisation (WHO), 2018), worldwide COVID-19 cases and mortality data (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control) and data on BCG vaccination. COVID-19 incidence and mortality was compared.FindingsData on 5316978938 persons from 166 countries were analysed. Malaria incidence rate was negatively correlated with COVID-19 incidence rate (correlation coefficient = -0.513, p<0.001). Malaria free countries had significantly higher number of COVID-19 cases compared to malaria endemic countries. In Europe and Americas, countries, which have higher BCG vaccination coverage, had significantly less mortality per thousand population compared to those with low BCG coverage (median 0.0002 (0-0.0005) vs 0.0029 (0.0002-0.0177), p=0.017). The case fatality ratio of COVID-19 was related nonlinearly to the malaria incidence.ConclusionsThe results suggest the changing human immune system as we progress to eliminate parasitic diseases with time. Chloroquine exposure in malaria endemic zones might have a protective effect.Summary box“What is already known on this subject?”To the best of the authors no similar evidence, of the effect of malarial transmission on the COVID-19 global distribution is known. The effect of the Bacille Calmette Guérin (BCG) vaccine on modifying the human immune system has been reported before and is postulated to protective against certain viral infections like Influenza A (H1N1) and herpes virus.“What this study adds?”This study finds that COVID-19 incidence, worldwide is less in countries, which are malaria-endemic. In the European and American countries, increased BCG coverage may have some mortality advantage against COVID-19. The case fatality rate was related to malaria incidence, however, in a complex way. This could be a window into the changing landscape of human immune system as we progress to eliminate parasitic disease with time or this could be due to long-term protective body level of anti-malarials like chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine in countries with higher malaria incidence rate.

721 AT1412, a patient-derived CD9 antibody in preclinical development promoting tumor immune infiltration and inducing tumor rejection

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (Suppl 3) ◽  
pp. A763-A763
Author(s):  
Remko Schotte ◽  
Julien Villaudy ◽  
Martijn Kedde ◽  
Wouter Pos ◽  
Daniel Go ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Immune System ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Tumor Rejection ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Preclinical Development ◽  
High Affinity ◽  
Human Immune ◽  
A375 Melanoma

BackgroundAdaptive immunity to cancer cells forms a crucial part of cancer immunotherapy. Recently, the importance of tumor B-cell signatures were shown to correlate with melanoma survival. We investigated whether tumor-targeting antibodies could be isolated from a patient that cured (now 13 years tumor-free) metastatic melanoma following adoptive transfer of ex vivo expanded autologous T cells.MethodsPatient‘s peripheral blood B cells were isolated and tested for the presence of tumor-reactive B cells using AIMM’s immmortalisation technology. Antibody AT1412 was identified by virtue of its differential binding to melanoma cells as compared to healthy melanocytes. AT1412 binds the tetraspanin CD9, a broadly expressed protein involved in multiple cellular activities in cancer and induces ADCC and ADCP by effector cells.ResultsSpontaneous immune rejection of tumors was observed in human immune system (HIS) mouse models implanted with CD9 genetically-disrupted A375 melanoma (A375-CD9KO) tumor cells, while A375wt cells were not cleared. Most notably, no tumor rejection of A375-CD9KO tumors was observed in NSG mice, indicating that blockade of CD9 makes tumor cells susceptible to immune rejection.CD9 has been described to regulate integrin signaling, e.g. LFA-1, VLA-4, VCAM-1 and ICAM-1. AT1412 was shown to modulate CD9 function by enhancing adhesion and transmigration of T cells to endothelial (HUVEC) cells. AT1412 was most potently enhancing transendothelial T-cell migration, in contrast to a high affinity version of AT1412 or other high affinity anti-CD9 reference antibodies (e.g. ALB6). Enhanced immune cell infiltration is also observed in immunodeficient mice harbouring a human immune system (HIS). AT1412 strongly enhanced CD8 T-cell and macrophage infiltration resulting in tumor rejection (A375 melanoma). PD-1 checkpoint blockade is further sustaining this effect. In a second melanoma model carrying a PD-1 resistant and highly aggressive tumor (SK-MEL5) AT1412 together with nivolumab was inducing full tumor rejection, while either one of the antibodies alone did not.ConclusionsThe safety of AT1412 has been assessed in preclinical development and is well tolerated up to 10 mg/kg (highest dose tested) by non human primates. AT1412 demonstrated a half-life of 8.5 days, supporting 2–3 weekly administration in humans. Besides transient thrombocytopenia no other pathological deviations were observed. No effect on coagulation parameters, bruising or bleeding were observed macro- or microscopically. The thrombocytopenia is reversible, and its recovery accelerated in those animals developing anti-drug antibodies. First in Human clinical study is planned to start early 2021.Ethics ApprovalStudy protocols were approved by the Medical Ethical Committee of the Leiden University Medical Center (Leiden, Netherlands).ConsentBlood was obtained after written informed consent by the patient.

scholarly journals Transplacental priming of the human immune system with environmental allergens can occur early in gestation

2000 ◽  
Vol 106 (3) ◽  
pp. 530-536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zsolt Szépfalusi ◽  
Josefa Pichler ◽  
Stefan Elsässer ◽  
Katalin van Duren ◽  
Christof Ebner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Human Immune

scholarly journals Antimicrobial peptides: The ancient arm of the human immune system

Virulence ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (5) ◽  
pp. 440-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jochen Wiesner ◽  
Andreas Vilcinskas
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Antimicrobial Peptides ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Human Immune
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