Interaction between malarial transmission and BCG vaccination with COVID-19 incidence in the world map: A changing landscape human immune system? (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rudra Prosad Goswami ◽  
Dheeraj Mittal ◽  
Rama Prosad Goswami
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Malaria Incidence ◽  
World Health ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Bcg Vaccination ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
The World ◽  
Human Immune

BACKGROUND COVID-19 (Corona virus Disease-2019) is a new public health emergency and is a pandemic currently. Incidence and mortality of COVID-19 vary in different geographical areas. OBJECTIVE In this study we aimed to analyse the relationship between malaria transmission and BCG vaccination with COVID-19 incidence in the world map. METHODS We collected malaria cases data (World Health Organisation (WHO), 2018), worldwide COVID-19 cases and mortality data (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control) and data on BCG vaccination. COVID-19 incidence and mortality was compared. RESULTS Data on 5316978938 persons from 166 countries were analysed. Malaria incidence rate was negatively correlated with COVID-19 incidence rate (correlation coefficient = -0.513, p<0.001). Malaria free countries had significantly higher number of COVID-19 cases compared to malaria endemic countries. In Europe and Americas, countries, which have higher BCG vaccination coverage, had significantly less mortality per thousand population compared to those with low BCG coverage (median 0.0002 (0-0.0005) vs 0.0029 (0.0002-0.0177), p=0.017). The case fatality ratio of COVID-19 was related nonlinearly to the malaria incidence. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest the changing human immune system as we progress to eliminate parasitic diseases with time. Chloroquine exposure in malaria endemic zones might have a protective effect.

scholarly journals Interaction between malarial transmission and BCG vaccination with COVID-19 incidence in the world map: A cross-sectional study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rudra Prosad Goswami ◽  
Dheeraj Mittal ◽  
Rama Prosad Goswami
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Malaria Incidence ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Bcg Vaccination ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
The World ◽  
Malaria Incidence Rate ◽  
Human Immune

AbstractBackgroundCOVID-19 (Corona virus Disease-2019) is a new public health emergency and is a pandemic currently. Incidence and mortality of COVID-19 vary in different geographical areas. In this study we aimed to analyse the relationship between malaria transmission and BCG vaccination with COVID-19 incidence in the world map.Materials and methodsWe collected malaria cases data (World Health Organisation (WHO), 2018), worldwide COVID-19 cases and mortality data (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control) and data on BCG vaccination. COVID-19 incidence and mortality was compared.FindingsData on 5316978938 persons from 166 countries were analysed. Malaria incidence rate was negatively correlated with COVID-19 incidence rate (correlation coefficient = -0.513, p<0.001). Malaria free countries had significantly higher number of COVID-19 cases compared to malaria endemic countries. In Europe and Americas, countries, which have higher BCG vaccination coverage, had significantly less mortality per thousand population compared to those with low BCG coverage (median 0.0002 (0-0.0005) vs 0.0029 (0.0002-0.0177), p=0.017). The case fatality ratio of COVID-19 was related nonlinearly to the malaria incidence.ConclusionsThe results suggest the changing human immune system as we progress to eliminate parasitic diseases with time. Chloroquine exposure in malaria endemic zones might have a protective effect.Summary box“What is already known on this subject?”To the best of the authors no similar evidence, of the effect of malarial transmission on the COVID-19 global distribution is known. The effect of the Bacille Calmette Guérin (BCG) vaccine on modifying the human immune system has been reported before and is postulated to protective against certain viral infections like Influenza A (H1N1) and herpes virus.“What this study adds?”This study finds that COVID-19 incidence, worldwide is less in countries, which are malaria-endemic. In the European and American countries, increased BCG coverage may have some mortality advantage against COVID-19. The case fatality rate was related to malaria incidence, however, in a complex way. This could be a window into the changing landscape of human immune system as we progress to eliminate parasitic disease with time or this could be due to long-term protective body level of anti-malarials like chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine in countries with higher malaria incidence rate.

scholarly journals Review Study on Sciencedirect Library Based on Coronavirus Covid-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Muzhir Shaban Al-Ani ◽  
Dimah Mezher Al-Ani
Keyword(s):  
Research Work ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Health ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Research Papers ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Human Immune ◽  
Health Organization

Several years ago, China and the United States of America began experimenting with the coronavirus, which lives in the bat. It is not known until now how the virus spread and how it extended to all countries of the world. However, it is certain that this virus first appeared and spread was at the end of 2019 and in the Chinese city of Wuhan, especially in markets close to laboratories that are working on this virus. At the beginning of the year 2020, this virus began to spread very widely all over the world and began killing thousands of people every day. The world economy was destroyed until the World Health Organization considered it a pandemic. As for the research aspect, the researchers started the research work on this pandemic from many aspects, including medical, statistical, managerial, healthcare, and others. A statistical analysis depends many key factors that have been studied. This study was conducted on April 11, 2020, where a large number of research papers were downloaded using the keywords coronavirus disease (COVID)-19, which were applied in the Sciencedirect library that was examined on 100 research papers only. The obtained results indicated that most of the research papers that worked on the subject of COVID-19 confirmed that this virus infects the human respiratory system, which in turn leads to shortness of breath and death. Here, it must be noted that the human immune system has a major role in the process of overcoming this virus and gradual recovery. The obtained analysis indicated that the main fields of coronavirus are: Medicine 42%, statistics 21%, healthcare 19%, and management 18%. Through this study, it became clear that China is the first country in terms of the number of researchers and also in terms of the number of research papers related to the COVID-19.

scholarly journals Natural Immunomodulators Treat the Cytokine Storm in SARS-CoV-2

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heba S Abbas ◽  
Mona M Abd-elhakeem ◽  
Rania M Abd El Galil ◽  
Omar A. Reyad ◽  
Heba A Mohamed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Host Cell ◽  
Viral Entry ◽  
Water Extract ◽  
Cell Receptor ◽  
Cytokine Storm ◽  
Emerging Viruses ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
The World ◽  
Human Immune

Recently, the world has been dealing with a destructive global pandemic COVID-19 infection, since 2020; there were millions of infections and hundreds of thousands of deaths worldwide. With sequencing generations of the virus, around 60 % are expected to become infected during the pandemic. Unfortunately, no drug or vaccine has been approved because no real evidence from clinical trials in treatment was reached. According to current thinking, SARS-COV-2 mortality is caused by a cytokine storm syndrome in patients with hyper-inflammatory conditions, resulting in acute respiratory distress and finally death. In this review, we discuss the various types of natural immune-modulatory agents and their role in the management of SARS-COV-2, and cytokine storm syndrome. For example, Polyphenols as natural products can block the binding of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to host cell receptor ACE2, stop viral entry into the host cell and block viral RNA replication. Also, Saikosaponins (A, B2, C, and D), triterpene glycosides, which are isolated from medicinal plants exert antiviral action against HCoV-22E9, and Houttuynia cordata water extract has antiviral effects on SARS-CoV. Moreover, eucalyptus oil has promising potential for COVID-19 prevention and treatment. There is an urgent need for research to improve the function of the human immune system all over the world. As a result, actions for better understanding and improving the human immune system are critical steps toward mitigating risks and negative outcomes. These approaches will be strongly recommended for future emerging viruses and pathogens.

COVIEdb: A database for potential immune epitopes of coronaviruses

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingcheng Wu ◽  
Wenfan Chen ◽  
Jingjing Zhou ◽  
Wenyi Zhao ◽  
Shuqing Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Protein Sequences ◽  
T Cell Epitopes ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
The World ◽  
Human Immune ◽  
Human Coronaviruses ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Abstract2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) has caused large-scale pandemic COVID-19 all over the world. It’s essential to find out which parts of the 2019-nCoV sequence are recognized by human immune system for vaccine development. And for the prevention of the potential outbreak of similar coronaviruses in the future, vaccines against immunogenic epitopes shared by different human coronaviruses are essential. Here we predict all the potential B/T-cell epitopes for SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, 2019-nCoV and RaTG13-CoV based on the protein sequences. We found YFKYWDQTY in ORF1ab protein, VYDPLQPEL and TVYDPLQPEL in spike (S) protein might be pan-coronavirus targets for vaccine development. All the predicted results are stored in a database COVIEdb (http://biopharm.zju.edu.cn/coviedb/).

scholarly journals Host Immune Response to Malaria

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-71
Author(s):  
Reqgi First Trasia
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Malaria Control ◽  
Malaria Vaccine ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
World Health ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
The World ◽  
Human Immune ◽  
Health Organization

Malaria is still a health threat, especially for children and pregnant women in endemic areas. The World Health Organization (WHO) reports 228 million cases of malaria occur worldwide and an estimated 405,000 deaths from malaria globally in 2018. A series of malaria control efforts according to WHO recommendations have been carried out widely. However, these programs face obstacles. Therefore, the existence of an effective malaria vaccine is absolutely necessary in a series of malaria control strategies. Development of a malaria vaccine requires a basic concept regarding the host's immune response to malaria. Unfortunately, only a few in Indonesia have reviewed how the immune response is. This article will present an understanding of how the human immune system responds to Plasmodium falciparum.

721 AT1412, a patient-derived CD9 antibody in preclinical development promoting tumor immune infiltration and inducing tumor rejection

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (Suppl 3) ◽  
pp. A763-A763
Author(s):  
Remko Schotte ◽  
Julien Villaudy ◽  
Martijn Kedde ◽  
Wouter Pos ◽  
Daniel Go ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Immune System ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Tumor Rejection ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Preclinical Development ◽  
High Affinity ◽  
Human Immune ◽  
A375 Melanoma

BackgroundAdaptive immunity to cancer cells forms a crucial part of cancer immunotherapy. Recently, the importance of tumor B-cell signatures were shown to correlate with melanoma survival. We investigated whether tumor-targeting antibodies could be isolated from a patient that cured (now 13 years tumor-free) metastatic melanoma following adoptive transfer of ex vivo expanded autologous T cells.MethodsPatient‘s peripheral blood B cells were isolated and tested for the presence of tumor-reactive B cells using AIMM’s immmortalisation technology. Antibody AT1412 was identified by virtue of its differential binding to melanoma cells as compared to healthy melanocytes. AT1412 binds the tetraspanin CD9, a broadly expressed protein involved in multiple cellular activities in cancer and induces ADCC and ADCP by effector cells.ResultsSpontaneous immune rejection of tumors was observed in human immune system (HIS) mouse models implanted with CD9 genetically-disrupted A375 melanoma (A375-CD9KO) tumor cells, while A375wt cells were not cleared. Most notably, no tumor rejection of A375-CD9KO tumors was observed in NSG mice, indicating that blockade of CD9 makes tumor cells susceptible to immune rejection.CD9 has been described to regulate integrin signaling, e.g. LFA-1, VLA-4, VCAM-1 and ICAM-1. AT1412 was shown to modulate CD9 function by enhancing adhesion and transmigration of T cells to endothelial (HUVEC) cells. AT1412 was most potently enhancing transendothelial T-cell migration, in contrast to a high affinity version of AT1412 or other high affinity anti-CD9 reference antibodies (e.g. ALB6). Enhanced immune cell infiltration is also observed in immunodeficient mice harbouring a human immune system (HIS). AT1412 strongly enhanced CD8 T-cell and macrophage infiltration resulting in tumor rejection (A375 melanoma). PD-1 checkpoint blockade is further sustaining this effect. In a second melanoma model carrying a PD-1 resistant and highly aggressive tumor (SK-MEL5) AT1412 together with nivolumab was inducing full tumor rejection, while either one of the antibodies alone did not.ConclusionsThe safety of AT1412 has been assessed in preclinical development and is well tolerated up to 10 mg/kg (highest dose tested) by non human primates. AT1412 demonstrated a half-life of 8.5 days, supporting 2–3 weekly administration in humans. Besides transient thrombocytopenia no other pathological deviations were observed. No effect on coagulation parameters, bruising or bleeding were observed macro- or microscopically. The thrombocytopenia is reversible, and its recovery accelerated in those animals developing anti-drug antibodies. First in Human clinical study is planned to start early 2021.Ethics ApprovalStudy protocols were approved by the Medical Ethical Committee of the Leiden University Medical Center (Leiden, Netherlands).ConsentBlood was obtained after written informed consent by the patient.

scholarly journals Transplacental priming of the human immune system with environmental allergens can occur early in gestation

2000 ◽  
Vol 106 (3) ◽  
pp. 530-536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zsolt Szépfalusi ◽  
Josefa Pichler ◽  
Stefan Elsässer ◽  
Katalin van Duren ◽  
Christof Ebner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Human Immune

scholarly journals Antimicrobial peptides: The ancient arm of the human immune system

Virulence ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (5) ◽  
pp. 440-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jochen Wiesner ◽  
Andreas Vilcinskas
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Antimicrobial Peptides ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Human Immune

On the use of multiple heterogeneous devices to speedup the execution of a computational model of the Human Immune System

2015 ◽  
Vol 267 ◽  
pp. 304-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.M. do Nascimento ◽  
J.M. de Oliveira ◽  
M.P. Xavier ◽  
A.B. Pigozzo ◽  
R.W. dos Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Computational Model ◽  
Human Immune System ◽  
Heterogeneous Devices ◽  
Human Immune
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