scholarly journals An Electrical Stimulation Culture System for Daily Maintenance-Free Muscle Tissue Production

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Yoshitake Akiyama ◽  
Akemi Nakayama ◽  
Shota Nakano ◽  
Ryuichiro Amiya ◽  
Jun Hirose
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Culture System ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Single Pulse ◽  
The Other ◽  
Key Technologies ◽  
Myoblast Cells ◽  
Contractile Forces ◽  
Tissue Production

Low-labor production of tissue-engineered muscles (TEMs) is one of the key technologies to realize the practical use of muscle-actuated devices. This study developed and then demonstrated the daily maintenance-free culture system equipped with both electrical stimulation and medium replacement functions. To avoid ethical issues, immortal myoblast cells C2C12 were used. The system consisting of gel culture molds, a medium replacement unit, and an electrical stimulation unit could produce 12 TEMs at one time. The contractile forces of the TEMs were measured with a newly developed microforce measurement system. Even the TEMs cultured without electrical stimulation generated forces of almost 2 mN and were shortened by 10% in tetanic contractions. Regarding the contractile forces, electrical stimulation by a single pulse at 1 Hz was most effective, and the contractile forces in tetanus were over 2.5 mN. On the other hand, continuous pulses decreased the contractile forces of TEMs. HE-stained cross-sections showed that myoblast cells proliferated and fused into myotubes mainly in the peripheral regions, and fewer cells existed in the internal region. This must be due to insufficient supplies of oxygen and nutrients inside the TEMs. By increasing the supplies, one TEM might be able to generate a force up to around 10 mN. The tetanic forces of the TEMs produced by the system were strong enough to actuate microstructures like previously reported crawling robots. This daily maintenance-free culture system which could stably produce TEMs strong enough to be utilized for microrobots should contribute to the advancement of biohybrid devices.

Electron Irradiation Effects in Polyoxymethylene Crystals Grown Inside Trioxane Crystals

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 78-79
Author(s):  
J. P. Colson ◽  
D. H. Reneker
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Detailed Examination ◽  
The Other ◽  
Electron Micrograph ◽  
Irradiation Effects ◽  
Threefold Axis ◽  
Typical Sample ◽  
Polymer Crystals ◽  
Chain Axis

Polyoxymethylene (POM) crystals grow inside trioxane crystals which have been irradiated and heated to a temperature slightly below their melting point. Figure 1 shows a low magnification electron micrograph of a group of such POM crystals. Detailed examination at higher magnification showed that three distinct types of POM crystals grew in a typical sample. The three types of POM crystals were distinguished by the direction that the polymer chain axis in each crystal made with respect to the threefold axis of the trioxane crystal. These polyoxymethylene crystals were described previously.At low magnifications the three types of polymer crystals appeared as slender rods. One type had a hexagonal cross section and the other two types had rectangular cross sections, that is, they were ribbonlike.

scholarly journals Single-pulse electrical stimulation methodology in freely moving rat

2021 ◽  
Vol 353 ◽  
pp. 109092
Author(s):  
Eloïse Gronlier ◽  
Estelle Vendramini ◽  
Julien Volle ◽  
Agata Wozniak-Kwasniewska ◽  
Noelia Antón Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Single Pulse ◽  
Freely Moving

scholarly journals Effects of electrical stimulation on isolated rodent gastric smooth muscle cells evaluated via a joint computational simulation and experimental approach

2009 ◽  
Vol 297 (4) ◽  
pp. G672-G680 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Du ◽  
S. Li ◽  
G. O'Grady ◽  
L. K. Cheng ◽  
A. J. Pullan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Pulse Train ◽  
Pulse Width ◽  
Computational Simulation ◽  
Minimum Energy ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Single Pulse ◽  
Plateau Phase ◽  
Wide Range

Gastric electrical stimulation (GES) involves the delivery of electrical impulses to the stomach for therapeutic purposes. New GES protocols are needed that are optimized for improved motility outcomes and energy efficiency. In this study, a biophysically based smooth muscle cell (SMC) model was modified on the basis of experimental data and employed in conjunction with experimental studies to define the effects of a large range of GES protocols on individual SMCs. For the validation studies, rat gastric SMCs were isolated and subjected to patch-clamp analysis during stimulation. Experimental results were in satisfactory agreement with simulation results. The results define the effects of a wide range of GES parameters (pulse width, amplitude, and pulse-train frequency) on isolated SMCs. The minimum pulse width required to invoke a supramechanical threshold response from SMCs (defined at −30 mV) was 65 ms (at 250-pA amplitude). The minimum amplitude required to invoke this threshold was 75 pA (at 1,000-ms pulse width). The amplitude of the invoked response beyond this threshold was proportional to the stimulation amplitude. A high-frequency train of stimuli (40 Hz; 10 ms, 150 pA) could invoke and maintain the SMC plateau phase while requiring 60% less power and accruing ∼30% less intracellular Ca2+ concentration during the plateau phase than a comparable single-pulse protocol could in a demonstrated example. Validated computational simulations are an effective strategy for efficiently identifying effective minimum-energy GES protocols, and pulse-train protocols may also help to reduce the power consumption of future GES devices.

Fast Detoxification of Heroin Addicts by Acupuncture and Electrical Stimulation (AES) in Combination with Naloxone

1977 ◽  
Vol 05 (03n04) ◽  
pp. 257-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. L. WEN
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Parasympathetic Nervous System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Abstinence Syndrome ◽  
Rehabilitation Centre ◽  
Heroin Addicts ◽  
Social Rehabilitation ◽  
Receptor Sites ◽  
Long Acting

Detoxification can be accomplished more rapidly by first "flushing" the opiates from the receptor sites. Naloxone, a short antagonist displaces opiates from the receptor sites and such displacement precipitates an abstinence syndrome. Recently, a method of using acupuncture and electrical stimulation (AES) in combination with naloxone for fast detoxification was reported. This technique was applied to 50 cases of heroin addicts. Forty-one were detoxified. There were nine failures. Of the 41 cases, 18 patients were sent to rehabilitation centres and did not experience abstinence symptoms. Six were sent out of Hong Kong where heroin is not available, and two others did not go to a rehabilitation centre but still abstained. The other 15 were presumed to be on the drug. It is advocated that AES increases endorphin and relieves abstinence syndrome, but also at the same time inhibits the autonomic nervous system, mainly the parasympathetic nervous system. The technique does not stop the craving, therefore after detoxification, the patients should be sent for psycho-social rehabilitation, or alternatively be put on long acting antagonist.

scholarly journals Comment on "Radiative forcings for 28 potential Archean greenhouse gases" by Byrne and Goldblatt (2014)

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1097-1105 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. V. Kochanov ◽  
I. E. Gordon ◽  
L. S. Rothman ◽  
S. W. Sharpe ◽  
T. J. Johnson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Spectral Region ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Recent Article ◽  
The Other ◽  
Radiative Forcings ◽  
The Status ◽  
Moderate Resolution ◽  
Spectroscopic Database

Abstract. In the recent article by Byrne and Goldblatt, "Radiative forcing for 28 potential Archean greenhouse gases", Clim. Past. 10, 1779–1801 (2014), the authors employ the HITRAN2012 spectroscopic database to evaluate the radiative forcing of 28 Archean gases. As part of the evaluation of the status of the spectroscopy of these gases in the selected spectral region (50–1800 cm−1), the cross sections generated from the HITRAN line-by-line parameters were compared with those of the PNNL database of experimental cross sections recorded at moderate resolution. The authors claimed that for NO2, HNO3, H2CO, H2O2, HCOOH, C2H4, CH3OH and CH3Br there exist large or sometimes severe disagreements between the databases. In this work we show that for only three of these eight gases a modest discrepancy does exist between the two databases and we explain the origin of the differences. For the other five gases, the disagreements are not nearly at the scale suggested by the authors, while we explain some of the differences that do exist. In summary, the agreement between the HITRAN and PNNL databases is very good, although not perfect. Typically differences do not exceed 10 %, provided that HITRAN data exist for the bands/wavelengths of interest. It appears that a molecule-dependent combination of errors has affected the conclusions of the authors. In at least one case it appears that they did not take the correct file from PNNL (N2O4 (dimer)+ NO2 was used in place of the monomer). Finally, cross sections of HO2 from HITRAN (which do not have a PNNL counterpart) were not calculated correctly in BG, while in the case of HF misleading discussion was presented there based on the confusion by foreign or noise features in the experimental PNNL spectra.

scholarly journals Sleep modulates cortical connectivity and excitability in humans: Direct evidence from neural activity induced by single-pulse electrical stimulation

2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (11) ◽  
pp. 4714-4729 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiyohide Usami ◽  
Riki Matsumoto ◽  
Katsuya Kobayashi ◽  
Takefumi Hitomi ◽  
Akihiro Shimotake ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Single Pulse ◽  
Cortical Connectivity

scholarly journals Local and Distant responses to single pulse electrical stimulation reflect different forms of connectivity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Britni Crocker ◽  
Lauren Ostrowski ◽  
Ziv M. Williams ◽  
Darin D. Dougherty ◽  
Emad N. Eskandar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Resting State ◽  
Diffusion Tensor ◽  
Effective Connectivity ◽  
Clinical Care ◽  
Structural Connectivity ◽  
Intractable Epilepsy ◽  
Single Pulse ◽  
Intracranial Electrode ◽  
The Brain

AbstractBackgroundMeasuring connectivity in the human brain can involve innumerable approaches using both noninvasive (fMRI, EEG) and invasive (intracranial EEG or iEEG) recording modalities, including the use of external probing stimuli, such as direct electrical stimulation.Objective/HypothesisTo examine how different measures of connectivity correlate with one another, we compared ‘passive’ measures of connectivity during resting state conditions map to the more ‘active’ probing measures of connectivity with single pulse electrical stimulation (SPES).MethodsWe measured the network engagement and spread of the cortico-cortico evoked potential (CCEP) induced by SPES at 53 total sites across the brain, including cortical and subcortical regions, in patients with intractable epilepsy (N=11) who were undergoing intracranial recordings as a part of their clinical care for identifying seizure onset zones. We compared the CCEP network to functional, effective, and structural measures of connectivity during a resting state in each patient. Functional and effective connectivity measures included correlation or Granger causality measures applied to stereoEEG (sEEGs) recordings. Structural connectivity was derived from diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) acquired before intracranial electrode implant and monitoring (N=8).ResultsThe CCEP network was most similar to the resting state voltage correlation network in channels near to the stimulation location. In contrast, the distant CCEP network was most similar to the DTI network. Other connectivity measures were not as similar to the CCEP network.ConclusionsThese results demonstrate that different connectivity measures, including those derived from active stimulation-based probing, measure different, complementary aspects of regional interrelationships in the brain.

scholarly journals FILM FIKSI PENDEK “DESAK TERDESAK”

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gede Basuyoga Prabhawita ◽  
Rahayu Supanggah
Keyword(s):  
Short Fiction ◽  
Culture System ◽  
Social Conflict ◽  
The Other ◽  
Customary Law ◽  
Eastern Philosophy ◽  
System Form ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Economic Depression ◽  
Classical Hollywood

<p><span>“Desak Terdesak” merupakan sebuah film fiksi pendek yang berangkat dari isu tentang kurangnya “penghargaan” <span>terhadap perempuan Bali. Karya ini mengangkat posisi serta status perempuan Bali dalam hukum adat yang<br /><span>selalu berada di bawah kekuasaan laki-laki. Hal tersebut berkaitan erat dan didasari oleh keyakinan mayoritas <span>penduduk Bali, sistem kekerabatan patrilineal, sistem wangsa dan petuah-petuah orang tua. Dalam film fiksi <span>pendek ini pengkarya berusaha menghadirkan konflik sosial yang lebih tajam dengan menggabungkan <span>permasalahan kekerasan dalam rumah tangga, tekanan ekonomi, dan ketidakberdayaan melawan hukum <span>adat yang membuat posisi perempuan Bali bernama Desak semakin terdesak. Sejak kecil perempuan Bali<br /><span>dididik untuk mandiri, bekerja keras dan bukan mahkluk lemah yang harus dilindungi. Orang tua mengajarkan <span>untuk selalu menjunjung tinggi martabat dan siap berkorban demi nama baik keluarga. Perempuan Bali telah <span>diberikan persamaan hak dalam memperoleh pendidikan, pekerjaan dan mengutarakan pendapat, namun <span>disisi lain mereka tetap diikat oleh berbagai sistem yang berlaku di Bali. “Desak Terdesak” berdurasi 20 menit, <span>menggunakan pendekatan Realis medan Hollywood Klasik sebagai bentuk karya dengan plot linier yang<br /><span>sesuai aksi peristiwa. Dialog dalam film ini menggunakan bahasa Bali dialek Singaraja untuk memperkuat <span>setting dan penokohan yang dibangun dalam cerita. Beberapa sumber pustaka seperti Filsafat Timur, Sebuah <span>Pengantar Hinduisme dan Buddhisme, Perempuan Bali, Hukum Adat Bali, Hak Waris Perempuan Bali dan <span>Kesalahpahaman Kasta digunakan sebagai rujukan dalam menciptakan karya ini. Film yang diilhami dari <span>kisah nyata ini memberikan sedikit pengetahuan, informasi, pemahaman kepada pembaca serta penonton<br /><span>terkait posisi perempuan dalam hukum dan pergaulan adat masyarakat Bali yang menganut sistem kekerabatan <span>patrilineal.<br /><span><strong>Kata kunci: </strong><span>film, perempuan, Bali, budaya, sistem, bentuk.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span><span><span><em>“Desak Terdesak” is a film of short fiction based on the issues of the lack of “appreciation” towards Balinese </em><span><em>women. This work tells about the position and status of Balinese women in the custom that they are always </em><span><em>under the men’s power. It is closely related to and based on the most Balinese belief, the patrilineal kinship </em><span><em>system, </em><span>wangsa <span><em>system, and the parental teachings. In the short fiction film, the creator tries to present the </em><span><em>sharper social conflict by combining the problems of domestic violance, economic depression, and the</em><br /><span><em>helpnessness against customary law that makes Balinese women namely Desak is more distressed. Sinceyoung, </em><span><em>Balinese women have been educated to be independent, working hard, and not to be a poor being that must</em><br /><span><em>be protected. Parents teach to always uphold dignity and to be ready to sacrifice in the name of family’s </em><span><em>reputation. Balinese women have been given similar rights in getting education, employment and proposing </em><span><em>opinion, on the other hand, they are tied by various systems held in Bali. “Desak Terdesak” has 20 minutes </em><span><em>duration using Realism and Classical Hollywood approach as a form of work with linear plots corresponding to </em><span><em>the action of events. Dialogue in the film uses Balinese language with Singaraja dialect to strengthen setting</em><br /><span><em>and characterization built in the story. Library sources like Eastern Philosophy, An Introductory To Hinduism </em><span><em>AndBuddhism, Balinese Women, Balinese Custom, Hereditary Right Of Balinese Women And Misconceptions Of Caste is used as a reference in creating this work. The film that has been inspired by a real story</em><br /><span><em>provides little knowledge,informations, the reader as well as the audience understanding related to the women </em><span><em>position in law and in customary intercommunication of Balinese community that follow patrilineal kinship</em><br /><span><em>system.</em><br /><span><strong><em>Keywords: </em></strong><span><em>film, woman, Bali, culture, system, form.</em></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></p>

scholarly journals Memory for non-painful auditory items is influenced by whether they are experienced in a context involving painful electrical stimulation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith M. Vogt ◽  
Caroline M. Norton ◽  
Lauren E. Speer ◽  
Joshua J. Tremel ◽  
James W. Ibinson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Response Times ◽  
The Other ◽  
Experimental Context ◽  
Word Lists

AbstractIn this study, we sought to examine the effect of pain on memory. Subjects heard a series of words and made categorization decisions in two different contexts. One context included painful shocks administered just after presentation of some of the words; the other context involved no shocks. For the context that included painful stimulations, every other word was followed by a shock and subjects were informed to expect this pattern. Word lists were repeated three times within each context in randomized order, with different category judgments but consistent pain-word pairings. After a brief delay, recognition memory was assessed. Non-pain words from the pain context were less strongly encoded than non-pain words from the completely pain-free context. An important accompanying finding is that response times to repeated experimental items were slower for non-pain words from the pain context, compared to non-pain words from the completely pain-free context. This demonstrates that the effect of pain on memory may generalize to non-pain items experienced in the same experimental context.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document