Influence de la structure du paysage forestier sur l'exposition des populations humaines aux tiques. Le cas de la borréliose de Lyme en forêt de Sénart (Île-de-France) (Influence of forest landscape structures on human populations ' exposure to ticks. The case of Lyme borreliosis in Sénart forest)

2012 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christelle Meha
Keyword(s):  
Lyme Borreliosis ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Forest Landscape

scholarly journals Epidemiology of Lyme Disease in Domestic and Wild Animals

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vittorio Sala ◽  
Eleonora De Faveri
Keyword(s):  
Lyme Disease ◽  
Lyme Borreliosis ◽  
Social Impact ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Gradual Change ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Costly Treatment ◽  
Blood Meals

This review considers the main aspects of Lyme Borreliosis epidemiology in animals [domestic and wild] and ticks and in particular, the environmental interference on the interactions between the different hosts, including humans as terminal host as well as the current epidemiology of Lyme disease, especially based on the interactions between the biological systems involved in its spatial and temporal variations. The expression of pathogenicBorreliaeoccurs through interaction with the diverse stages of development of ticks and their blood meals from the different animal reservoirs and humans. The species of ticks and the prevalence ofBorreliaspecies vary according to their provenance in the diverse continents. Reservoir animals have different functions depending on the respective species. Small rodents and some birds are responsible for retaining pathogens, while the large domestic and wild animals contribute to the increase in the number of ticks in the area and to the transmission of borreliosis among themselves through the cofeeding phenomenon. The dog on the other hand is a terminal host, as are humans, and both species may develop acute and chronic clinical forms, mainly of articular and neural nature. Climatic variations and changes in the duration of seasons may interfere with the biological cycles of animal species, arthropods and bacteria. These variations have led to a gradual change in the epidemiology of the infection and of the clinical evidence of the disease in different animal species as well as humans. Finally, the implications of Lyme disease in the field of social health have been considered. In fact, Lyme borreliosis is a zoonotic disease characterized by a major social impact, which is expressed by chronic disease with progressive disability and in costly treatment in the acute cases. Therefore, its presence in human populations is not merely a health issue.

The sense of obligation is culturally modulated

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Bender
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Studies ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Cultural Group ◽  
Target Article ◽  
Sense Of Obligation ◽  
Cross Cultural Studies

Abstract Tomasello argues in the target article that, in generalizing the concrete obligations originating from interdependent collaboration to one's entire cultural group, humans become “ultra-cooperators.” But are all human populations cooperative in similar ways? Based on cross-cultural studies and my own fieldwork in Polynesia, I argue that cooperation varies along several dimensions, and that the underlying sense of obligation is culturally modulated.

Self-Injurious Behavior vs. Nonsuicidal Self-Injury

Crisis ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 106-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher M. Bloom ◽  
Shareen Holly ◽  
Adam M. P. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Positive Reinforcement ◽  
Empirical Investigation ◽  
High Stress ◽  
Animal Research ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Pharmacological Interventions ◽  
Self Injury ◽  
Cns Stimulant ◽  
Nonsuicidal Self Injury

Background: Historically, the field of self-injury has distinguished between the behaviors exhibited among individuals with a developmental disability (self-injurious behaviors; SIB) and those present within a normative population (nonsuicidal self-injury; NSSI),which typically result as a response to perceived stress. More recently, however, conclusions about NSSI have been drawn from lines of animal research aimed at examining the neurobiological mechanisms of SIB. Despite some functional similarity between SIB and NSSI, no empirical investigation has provided precedent for the application of SIB-targeted animal research as justification for pharmacological interventions in populations demonstrating NSSI. Aims: The present study examined this question directly, by simulating an animal model of SIB in rodents injected with pemoline and systematically manipulating stress conditions in order to monitor rates of self-injury. Methods: Sham controls and experimental animals injected with pemoline (200 mg/kg) were assigned to either a low stress (discriminated positive reinforcement) or high stress (discriminated avoidance) group and compared on the dependent measures of self-inflicted injury prevalence and severity. Results: The manipulation of stress conditions did not impact the rate of self-injury demonstrated by the rats. The results do not support a model of stress-induced SIB in rodents. Conclusions: Current findings provide evidence for caution in the development of pharmacotherapies of NSSI in human populations based on CNS stimulant models. Theoretical implications are discussed with respect to antecedent factors such as preinjury arousal level and environmental stress.

Multifactorial analysis of clinical laboratory signs, the levels of IL-17A, IL-23, IL-33, IL-35, and specific antibodies in the serum of patients with Lyme borreliosis without erythema migrans

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (11) ◽  
pp. 676-681
Author(s):  
V.V. Sapozhnikova ◽  
◽  
A.L. Bondarenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Lyme Borreliosis ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Acute Infection ◽  
Erythema Migrans ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Component Analysis ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Multifactorial Analysis ◽  
Specific Antibodies

Aim: to determine the association between clinical laboratory parameters, the production of cytokines (IL-17A, -23, -33, -35), and specific IgM and IgG in the serum of patients with Lyme borreliosis without erythema migrans. Patients and Methods: complete blood count, the concentrations of IL-17A, -23, -33, -35, and the levels of specific IgM and IgG were measured during acute infection and convalescence (n=30). The control group included age- and sex-matched healthy individuals (n=30). Statistical analysis was performed using the StatSoft Statistica v 10.0 software (parametric and non-parametric methods and multifactorial analysis, i.e., principal component analysis). Results: most (80%) patients with Lyme borreliosis without erythema migrans are the people of working age. In most patients, the combination of the specific antibodies against Borrelia afzelii and Borrelia garinii (76.7%) and severe intoxication and inflammatory process (100%) were detected. Moderate and severe disease associated with meningism was diagnosed in 90% and 10%, respectively. The mean duration of hectic period was 8.3±1.27 days. Abnormal ECG was reported in 40% of patients, i.e., conduction abnormalities in 20%, sinus bradycardia in 16.7%,and sinus tachycardia in 3.3%. The clinical laboratory signs of hepatitis without jaundice were identified in 26.7%. During treatment, the significant reduction in band and segmented neutrophil counts as well as the significant increase in platelet count were revealed compared to these parameters at admission. Abnormal cytokine levels (i.e., the increase in IL-17A, -23, -33 and the deficiency of IL-35) were detected. Conclusions: multifactorial analysis has demonstrated that the severity of immunological abnormalities in patients with Lyme borreliosis without erythema migrans is associated with fever, cardiac and liver disorders, the high levels of IL-23 and IL-33, and the lack of IL-35 and specific IgM and IgG. KEYWORDS: tick-borne borreliosis, Lyme disease without erythema migrans, clinical laboratory signs, cytokines, specific antibodies, multifactorial analysis, principal component analysis. FOR CITATION: Sapozhnikova V.V., Bondarenko A.L. Multifactorial analysis of clinical laboratory signs, the levels of IL-17A, IL-23, IL-33, IL-35, and specific antibodies in the serum of patients with Lyme borreliosis without erythema migrans. Russian Medical Inquiry. 2020;4(11):676–681. DOI: 10.32364/2587-6821-2020-4-11-676-681.

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