Natural gas. Measurement of properties. Calorific value and Wobbe index

2009 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Gas Measurement ◽  
Wobbe Index

scholarly journals Composition and Physical Properties of the Natural Gas Supplied for Domestic Use through the Distribution Network

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
M. C. Fernández-Feal ◽  
B. Sánchez-Fernández ◽  
L. R. Sánchez-Fernández ◽  
J. R. Pérez-Prado
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Relative Density ◽  
Distribution Network ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Entry Points ◽  
Domestic Use ◽  
Wobbe Index ◽  
Superior Calorific Value

Aims: To assess the composition of the Natural Gas (NG) supplied for domestic consumption through the distribution network to correlate the physical properties linked to it were to be determined in order to investigate their fluctuations. Study Design:  The samples were analyzed in accordance with the method described in the ISO 6974‑4 standard, “Natural Gas. Determination of Composition with Defined Uncertainty by Gas Chromatography”. Place and Duration of Study: Center of Technology Research, Fuels Laboratory, between January and December 2016. Methodology: Over the course of the year, a total of eighty-four samples of natural gas for domestic use were analyzed.  These were collected at a rate of one per month in seven cities in the geographical zone under study (Galicia_Spain), in which the number of users is significant. Results and Conclusion: The protocols for technical management of the Gas System have a section on quality specifications for Natural Gas at entry points to the system.  This sets limits for only three of the physical properties of natural gas: Wobbe index, superior calorific value and relative density. The figures obtained for Wobbe index, superior calorific value and relative density from the eighty-four samples studied showed that the quality of the Natural Gas distributed remained steadily within the acceptable limits throughout the whole year. The values for standard deviations bore witness to the fact that any variations did not significantly alter the quality of the Natural Gas supplied. The concentrations of the odorant, THT, were always above the recommended value of 18.0 mg/Nm3, the fluctuations noted over the course of the year were such as to make it possible to see them as excessive. In some instances, a high concentration of odorant may lead users to erroneous impressions, so that they come to think that there are leaks from the gas-pipes or even that the gas is not burning properly.

scholarly journals PLOTTING A DIAGRAM OF NATURAL GAS INTERCHANGEABILITY FOR THE ENERGY MARKET OF GEORGIA

World Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dimitri Namgaladze ◽  
Tornike Kiziria ◽  
Lena Shatakishvili ◽  
Tamaz Ghvanidze
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Energy Market ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Natural Gases ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
Gas Market ◽  
Wobbe Index ◽  
The Cost ◽  
First Time

The increase in the cost of energy and the appearance of gases of various qualities led to the fact that calculations in the gas industry began to be made by measuring thermal energy.  To this day, in Georgia, the calculation of the amount of natural gas when paying for the used gas is in cubic meters.  As for the study of processes and parameters in the Georgian gas sector, it turned out that these processes are clearly stochastic.  Therefore, the purpose of the work is to develop criteria for the interchangeability of natural gas, in particular, a diagram of the interaction between the Wobbe index in total proportions of propane and nitrogen equivalent for the Georgian gas market, based on stochastic processes.  Thus, for the first time, an original methodology for plotting the Wobbe Index (calorific value) of interchangeable natural gases supplied to Georgia was developed.

scholarly journals Impact of Grid Gas Requirements on Hydrogen Blending Levels

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 688-699
Author(s):  
Eduard Latõšov ◽  
Ieva Pakere ◽  
Lina Murauskaite ◽  
Anna Volkova
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Hydrogen Content ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Heat Of Combustion ◽  
Gas Network ◽  
Technical Requirements ◽  
Wobbe Index ◽  
Methane Number

Abstract The aim of the article is to determine what amount of hydrogen in %mol can be transferred/stored in the Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian grid gas networks, based on the limitations of chemical and physical requirements, technical requirements of the gas network, and quality requirements. The main characteristics for the analysis of mixtures of hydrogen and natural gas are the Wobbe Index, relative density, methane number, and calorific value. The calculation of the effects of hydrogen blending on the above main characteristics of a real grid gas is based on the principles described in ISO 6976:2016 and the distribution of the grid gas mole fraction components from the grid gas quality reports. The Wärtsila methane number calculator was used to illustrate the effects of hydrogen blending on the methane number of the grid gas. The calculation results show that the maximum hydrogen content in the grid gas (hydrogen and natural gas mix), depending on the grid gas quality parameters (methane number, gross heat of combustion, specific gravity, and the Wobbe Index), is in the range of 5–23 %mol H2. The minimum hydrogen content (5 %mol H2) is limited by specific gravity (>0.55). The next limitation is at 12 %mol H2 and is related to the gross heat of combustion (>9.69 kWh/m3). It is advisable to explore the readiness of gas grids and consumers in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania before switching to higher hydrogen blend levels. If the applicability and safety of hydrogen blends above 5 %mol is approved, then it is necessary to analyse the possible reduction of the minimum requirements for the quality of the grid gas and evaluate the associated risks (primarily related to specific gravity).

Firing Trials of the Siemens SGT-300 Dry Low Emissions Combustion System Using High Calorific Value Fuels

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristopher Calladine ◽  
Jim Rogerson ◽  
Phill Hubbard ◽  
Suresh K. Sadasivuni ◽  
Ghenadie Bulat
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Combustion System ◽  
Industrial Emissions ◽  
Current Standard ◽  
Load Range ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oils ◽  
Wobbe Index ◽  
Industrial Gas Turbine

Abstract The current paper presents an extension of the fuel flexibility of the Siemens SGT-300 Dry Low Emissions combustion system to include High Calorific Value fuels, achieved using the engine’s current standard combustion hardware. Results from high pressure rig tests show that the standard SGT-300 DLE combustor can reliably operate on High Calorific Value fuels with temperature corrected Wobbe Index up to 63MJ/m3, which corresponds to Grade A LPG (60%vol. C3H8, 40%vol. C4H10). Metal temperatures of the combustion hardware when operating on High Calorific Value fuels are within life acceptance criteria for the Siemens SGT-300 industrial gas turbine. NOx emissions throughout the load range of the engine comply with the EU Industrial Emissions Directive. At part load, a reduced requirement for piloting compared to Natural Gas yields relatively low temperatures at the burner face and low NOx emissions. NOx emissions at full load, which tend to increase with increasing heating value, are higher than for Natural Gas but lower than for diesel and heavy fuel oils.

Method of Measurement and Computing for Natural Gas Energy

2014 ◽  
Vol 986-987 ◽  
pp. 1527-1530
Author(s):  
Bing Xiang Zhong
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Energy Measurement ◽  
Gas Temperature ◽  
Energy Metering ◽  
Flow Pressure ◽  
Wobbe Index ◽  
Value Measurement ◽  
Computing Method

Energy measurement and computing can directly reflect the value of natural gas. In our country the volume flow measurement and computing will be gradually replaced by energy measurement. In this paper the principle of energy metering of natural gas is introduced and the system of energy metering of natural gas is constructed. Based on GB/T 11062, computing method of gas energy is discussed, in which quality data of natural gas, temperature, flow, pressure parameters are measured by energy metering system and the calorific value of natural gas, relative density and Wobbe index are and computed. Also the uncertainty of and computing method for natural gas energy is analyzed in which uncertainty is within 0.1%. The results show that the uncertainty of the calorific value measurement system attained accuracy requirements of GB/T 18603-2001.

THE ECONOMICS AND STRATEGY OF LNG

1974 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 157
Author(s):  
D. T. Linnett
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Peak Shaving ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Natural Gas Industry ◽  
Wobbe Index ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Liquid Natural Gas

The natural gas industry in Australia is growing rapidly and this is an opportune time to look at the possible place for Liquid Natural Gas (LNG) in this expanding field.In general, as the demand for natural gas increases, and its distribution becomes more widespread, so the economics become more favourable for using LNG for peak shaving, standby purposes, or trucking to satellite vaporising stations. Apart from demand, however, a large number of other factors affect both the decision as to what type, if any, of LNG facility is warranted, and the selection of types and sizes of equipment for that facility. These factors include environmental considerations, calorific value (CV) and Wobbe Index limitations, purification problems, transport facilities, pipeline capacity limitations, climate, etc.In the United Kingdom, the use of LNG is now well established in a number of different roles, and much experience has been obtained in the planning, design, construction and operation of LNG installations. Whilst the growth patterns in Australia and the UK are similar, however, the requirements for storage are substantially different.It is concluded that, as the gas demand in Australia increases, and the distribution network becomes more widespread, LNG facilities may well become economic propositions to fulfil a number of combined roles.

Evaluasi Prediksi Higher Heating Value (HHV) Biomassa Berdasarkan Analisis Proksimat

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Made Dirgantara ◽  
Karelius Karelius ◽  
Marselin Devi Ariyanti, Sry Ayu K. Tamba
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Bomb Calorimeter ◽  
Hhv Prediction

Abstrak – Biomassa merupakan salah satu energi terbarukan yang sangat mudah ditemui, ramah lingkungan dan cukup ekonomis. Keberadaan biomassa dapat dimaanfaatkan sebagai pengganti bahan bakar fosil, baik itu minyak bumi, gas alam maupun batu bara. Analisi diperlukan sebagai dasar biomassa sebagai energi seperti proksimat dan kalor. Analisis terpenting untuk menilai biomassa sebagai bahan bakar adalah nilai kalori atau higher heating value (HHV). HHV secara eksperimen diukur menggunakan bomb calorimeter, namun pengukuran ini kurang efektif, karena memerlukan waktu serta biaya yang tinggi. Penelitian mengenai prediksi HHV berdasarkan analisis proksimat telah dilakukan sehingga dapat mempermudah dan menghemat biaya yang diperlukan peneliti. Dalam makalah ini dibahas evaluasi persamaan untuk memprediksi HHV berdasarkan analisis proksimat pada biomassa berdasarkan data dari penelitian sebelumnya. Prediksi nilai HHV menggunakan lima persamaan yang dievaluasi dengan 25 data proksimat biomassa dari penelitian sebelumnya, kemudian dibandingkan berdasarkan nilai error untuk mendapatkan prediksi terbaik. Hasil analisis menunjukan, persamaan A terbaik di 7 biomassa, B di 6 biomassa, C di 6 biomassa, D di 5 biomassa dan E di 1 biomassa.Kata kunci: bahan bakar, biomassa, higher heating value, nilai error, proksimat  Abstract – Biomass is a renewable energy that is very easy to find, environmentally friendly, and quite economical. The existence of biomass can be used as a substitute for fossil fuels, both oil, natural gas, and coal. Analyzes are needed as a basis for biomass as energy such as proximate and heat. The most critical analysis to assess biomass as fuel is the calorific value or higher heating value (HHV). HHV is experimentally measured using a bomb calorimeter, but this measurement is less effective because it requires time and high costs. Research on the prediction of HHV based on proximate analysis has been carried out so that it can simplify and save costs needed by researchers. In this paper, the evaluation of equations is discussed to predict HHV based on proximate analysis on biomass-based on data from previous studies. HHV prediction values using five equations were evaluated with 25 proximate biomass data from previous studies, then compared based on error value to get the best predictions. The analysis shows that Equation A predicts best in 7 biomass, B in 6 biomass, C in 6 biomass, D in 5 biomass, and E in 1 biomass. Key words: fuel, biomass, higher heating value, error value, proximate 

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