Tractors for agriculture and forestry. Roll-over protective structures (ROPS). Dynamic test method and acceptance conditions

2007 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Test ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Protective Structures

scholarly journals Dynamic ROPS Test for Tractors over 6,000 Kilograms

2018 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caleb M. Lindhorst ◽  
Roger M. Hoy ◽  
Santosh K. Pitla ◽  
Michael F. Kocher
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Testing ◽  
Dynamic Test ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Technical Note ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Cold Weather ◽  
Drop Height ◽  
Static Tests ◽  
Static Test ◽  
Protective Structures

Abstract. OECD static tests (Codes 4, 6, 7, and 8) for agricultural rollover protective structures (ROPS) have become accepted standards for evaluating the ability of these structures to protect the operator during tractor rollover events. The strength properties of some materials typically used in ROPS change because of cold weather embrittlement at low temperatures. The static ROPS tests lack the ability to evaluate the strength of these structures during cold weather. The use of the dynamic ROPS test is well noted as a means for proving cold weather embrittlement resistance properties. Unfortunately, application of the OECD dynamic ROPS test (Code 3) is restricted to tractors with unballasted mass greater than 600 kg and generally less than 6,000 kg. The analyses presented in this technical note were undertaken to evaluate the extension of the OECD Code 3 dynamic ROPS test to tractors with unballasted mass of 6,000 kg or more. Tractor unballasted mass and wheelbase data from 47 wheeled tractors tested at the Nebraska Tractor Test Lab from 2014 to 2016 were used to explore the possibility of using a dynamic test method for evaluating the ability of ROPS on tractors with unballasted mass greater than 6,000 kg to meet the safety requirements of agricultural tractor ROPS. The data were graphed and analyzed to determine the required pendulum drop height and energy values to be applied to the ROPS by extending the existing equations to tractors over 6,000 kg. For tractors over 6,000 kg mass, it was determined that pendulum drop heights were too great for practical use. Three pendulum masses were proposed for the dynamic ROPS test: a 2,000 kg pendulum for tractors with mass less than 7,000 kg, a 4,000 kg pendulum for tractors with mass of 7,000 kg or more and less than 14,000 kg, and a 6,000 kg pendulum for tractors with mass of 14,000 kg or more and less than 23,000 kg. Alternate equations were developed for the drop height of each pendulum to meet the energy requirements that are expected to provide similar permanent deflections as those obtained when using the static ROPS test when considering the effect of strain rates on material properties. Tests should be conducted to determine how the results (permanent deflections) from the proposed dynamic ROPS test compare with results from the accepted static ROPS tests. It is further proposed that dynamic testing be conducted with the tractor rigidly restrained in a manner similar to the static test to better account for the wide variety of available tires and mountings for each tractor model. Keywords: Energy, Impact test, Pendulum, Reference mass, ROPS, Tractors.

scholarly journals Concept and Realization of a Novel Test Method Using a Dynamic Test Stand for Detecting Persons by Sensor Systems on Autonomous Agricultural Robotics

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 2315
Author(s):  
Christian Meltebrink ◽  
Tom Ströer ◽  
Benjamin Wegmann ◽  
Cornelia Weltzien ◽  
Arno Ruckelshausen
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Dynamic Test ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Test Stand ◽  
Human Detection ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Sensor Systems ◽  
Functional Safety ◽  
Agricultural Robots ◽  
Agricultural Robotics

As an essential part for the development of autonomous agricultural robotics, the functional safety of autonomous agricultural machines is largely based on the functionality and robustness of non-contact sensor systems for human protection. This article presents a new step in the development of autonomous agricultural machine with a concept and the realization of a novel test method using a dynamic test stand on an agricultural farm in outdoor areas. With this test method, commercially available sensor systems are tested in a long-term test around the clock for 365 days a year and 24 h a day on a dynamic test stand in continuous outdoor use. A test over a longer period of time is needed to test as much as possible all occurring environmental conditions. This test is determined by the naturally occurring environmental conditions. This fact corresponds to the reality of unpredictable/determinable environmental conditions in the field and makes the test method and test stand so unique. The focus of the developed test methods is on creating own real environment detection areas (REDAs) for each sensor system, which can be used to compare and evaluate the autonomous human detection of the sensor systems for the functional safety of autonomous agricultural robots with a humanoid test target. Sensor manufacturers from industry and the automotive sector provide their sensor systems to have their sensors tested in cooperation with the TÜV.

scholarly journals Determining the correlation between daytime and night-time road markings visibility

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 283-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dario Babić ◽  
Anđelko Ščukanec ◽  
Darko Babić
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Test ◽  
Measuring Method ◽  
Objective Evaluation ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Road Section ◽  
Minimum Requirements ◽  
Dynamic Measuring ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Relationship

Road markings quality control implies conducting several different tests, of which the most significant are visibility tests comprising daytime and night-time visibility measurements by applying the static or the dynamic measuring method. Although the dynamic test method allows measuring the visibility along the entire road section and thus provides a more complete and objective evaluation of road markings quality compared to the static method, it does not measure daytime visibility, for which both the European and the national directives define the minimum requirements. The purpose of this paper is to examine the correlation between daytime and night-time visibility based on static measurements conducted on state roads in the Republic of Croatia. The correlation analysis determined that the strength of relationship between daytime and night-time visibility, is relatively weak. Despite being relatively weak, the relationship still exists, which was the reason for conducting a further analysis. In the analysis, a unique coefficient was obtained through the ratio of retroreflection value and daytime visibility value for all the measurements. The unique coefficient was basis for development of a model that will be able to calculate the daytime visibility based on the results of the dynamic measurements of road markings night-time visibility. The authors evaluated the model with a t-test and concluded that the accuracy of the model is statistically satisfactory.

A New Dynamic Test Method of Fiber Optic Gyroscope

2012 ◽  
Vol 157-158 ◽  
pp. 245-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xu You Li ◽  
Na Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Input Signal ◽  
Fiber Optic ◽  
Dynamic Error ◽  
Dynamic Performance ◽  
Dynamic Test ◽  
Sine Wave ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Working Environment ◽  
Fiber Optic Gyroscope ◽  
Sway Motion

The sway motion of ships follows sine law. Therefore, it needs high dynamic performance of fiber optic gyroscope (FOG) to meet the serious working environment. A new test method was introduced to make reasonable assessment on the dynamic performance of FOG. The principle of this new test method was that the sine wave provided by the IP core in FPGA was superimposed on the digital ladder to simulate the input signal of sway motion. It could be proved that the serial of sine signal, which was generated by this method, was equivalent to the external input signal. Moreover, the dynamic error model of FOG was established to provide the theory of dynamic test. The results of dynamic test of FOG indicated that the dynamic error did not have divergent trends, the system parameters set was reasonable and the FOG system was stable. It also can be seen that dynamic error of FOG was increased with the increasing of sine wave amplitude, which was accord with the actual situation. The new dynamic test method of FOG was verified.

scholarly journals Verification of Optimized Real-time Hybrid Control System for Prediction of Nonlinear Materials Behavior with 3-DOF Dynamic Test

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 4037 ◽  
Author(s):  
Okpin Na ◽  
Jejin Park
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Shaking Table Test ◽  
Hybrid Control ◽  
Dynamic Test ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Shaking Table ◽  
Hybrid Test ◽  
Hybrid Control System

Real-time hybrid method is an economical and efficient test method to evaluate the dynamic behavior. The purpose of this study is to develop the computational algorithm and to prove the reliability of a real-time hybrid control system. For performing the multi-direction dynamic test, three dynamic actuators and the optimized real-time hybrid system with new hybrid simulation program (FEAPH) and a simplified inter-communication were optimized. To verify the reliability and applicability of the real-time hybrid control system, 3-DOF (3 Degrees of Freedom) non-linear dynamic tests with physical model were conducted on a steel and concrete frame structure. As a ground acceleration, El Centro and Northridge earthquake waves were applied. As a result, the maximum error of numerical analysis is 13% compared with the result of shaking table test. However, the result of real-time hybrid test shows good agreement with the shaking table test. The real-time hybrid test using FEAPH can make good progress on the total testing time and errors. Therefore, this test method using FEAPH can be effectively and cheaply used to evaluate the dynamic performance of the full-scale structure, instead of shaking table and full-scale test.

scholarly journals Problems of the dynamic test method for individual protection equipment (shock absorbers)

2018 ◽  
Vol 193 ◽  
pp. 05034 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dmitry Korolchenko ◽  
Vasily Vasilenko ◽  
Georgy Lelikov
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Performance ◽  
Dynamic Test ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Testing System ◽  
Protective Properties ◽  
Shock Absorbers ◽  
Individual Protection ◽  
European Standards ◽  
Protective Performance

This paper examines issues of safety of high-altitude works, using individual protection equipment to prevent falling from a height. In particular, the paper reviews personal protective equipment - shock absorber, its dynamic characteristics and related test methods to meet the requirements of Technical Regulations 019/2011 “Safety of Individual Protection Equipment”. The paper discusses the differences between the Russian and European standards for dynamic characteristic testing of shock absorbers, even as the former are harmonized texts of the latter, and the effect of such differences on protective performance of shock absorbers and ultimately on safety of works on heights. It have been shown that tests, conducted in accordance with the Russian regulative documents for dynamic performance of the shock absorbers, entail decreasing in safety usage of such type of IPE and increasing in injuries during falls from a height. It has been defined necessity to actualize the range of the testing system of shock absorbers, and to admit its larger value that will cause increase in protective properties of shock absorbers.

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