Water meters

This paper describes the sectorisation of a water network, as operated by the water and sewage utility (PWiK Gliwice, Poland) with electromagnetic water-meters (battery powered). This solution allows supply of District Metered Areas (DMA) by a few points without ‘dead-end’ pipework and shows that the main problems of the Utility are small, hidden leaks. Additionally the paper describes a water balance for the town of Pyskowice (part of the Gliwice water network) where all water meters are read by radio (automatic meter reading – AMR).

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Measurements of water consumption for the development of new test regimes for domestic water meters

Flow Measurement and Instrumentation ◽

10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2021.101963 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 101963

Author(s):

Daniel Schumann ◽

Corinna Kroner ◽

Bülent Unsal ◽

Søren Haack ◽

Johan Bunde Kondrup ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Consumption ◽

Domestic Water ◽

Water Meters

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Taxonomy and model for valuing the contribution of digital water meters to sustainability objectives

Journal of Environmental Management ◽

10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112846 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 293 ◽

pp. 112846

Author(s):

Ian Monks ◽

Rodney A. Stewart ◽

Oz Sahin ◽

Robert J. Keller

Keyword(s):

Water Meters

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Activity-aware privacy protection for smart water meters

10.1145/3486611.3486650 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Rachel Cardell-Oliver ◽

Harrison Carter-Turner

Keyword(s):

Privacy Protection ◽

Smart Water ◽

Water Meters

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Metrological performance of single-jet water meters over time

Ambiente e Agua - An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Science ◽

10.4136/ambi-agua.2205 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 13 (5) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Carmen Virginia Palau ◽

Juan Manzano ◽

Iban Balbastre Peralta ◽

Benito Moreira de Azevedo ◽

Guilherme Vieira do Bomfim

Keyword(s):

Measurement Error ◽

Water Consumption ◽

Operating Conditions ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Flow Rates ◽

Metrological Operation ◽

Operation Period ◽

Single Jet ◽

Water Meters ◽

Over Time

To maintain quality measurement of water consumption, it is necessary to know the metrology of single-jet water meters over time. Knowing the accuracy of these instruments over time allows establishing a metrological operation period for different flow rates. This will aid water companies to optimize management and reduce economic losses due to unaccounted water consumption. This study analyzed the influence of time on the measurement error of single-jet water meters to evaluate the deterioration of the equipment and, with that, launch the metrological operation period. According to standards 8316 and 4064 of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 808 meters of metrological Class B were evaluated in six water supplies, with age ranges of 3.7 to 16.4 years of use. The measurement error was estimated by comparing the volume measured in a calibrated tank with the volume registered by the meters at flow rates of 30, 120, 750 and 1,500 L h-1. The metrological operation period of the meters was obtained for each flow rate by the relation between error of measurement and time of use (simple linear regression). According to the results, the majority of the equipment presents increasing under-registration errors over time, more pronounced at low flow rates and with less favorable operating conditions. The metrological operation period for flow rates of 30, 120, 750 and 1,500 L h-1 is estimated at approximately 3, 8, 14 and 13 years. This operation period combined with consumption patterns of users will establish the best time to replace the meters.

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Impact of Observed and Controlled Water Intake on Reticulorumen Temperature in Lactating Dairy Cattle

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani8110194 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (11) ◽

pp. 194 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Melissa Cantor ◽

Joao Costa ◽

Jeffrey Bewley

Keyword(s):

Observational Study ◽

Dairy Cattle ◽

Water Temperature ◽

Water Intake ◽

Natural Water ◽

Core Body Temperature ◽

Latin Square ◽

Water Quantity ◽

Time Required ◽

Water Meters

Dairy precision technologies helps producers monitor individual animals. Reticulorumen temperature boluses are a way to monitor core body temperature; however, factors such as water intake affects reticulorumen temperature. This research determined the effect of natural water intake and a controlled water drench on reticulorumen temperature (RT) in dairy cattle. In observational study part 1, tie- stall cows (n = 4) with RT transponders were observed for natural water intake (recorded by in line water meters) for 48 h. In experiment part 2, a randomized Latin square design with cows (n = 12) restricted on feed for 4 h, were drenched daily with a water quantity of 6.7 L, 11.4 L or 22.7 L, and at controlled water temperature of 1.7 °C, 7.2 °C, 15.5 °C, or 29.4 °C. Descriptively, observational study 1 had (Mean ± SD 0.27 ± 0.31 L ingested per drinking event (n = 84) and RT decline from baseline was 2.29 ± 1.82 °C. For the experiment, a 48-h specific rolling baseline temperature range (BTR) was calculated for each cow prior to the experiment to determine time required for RT to reach BTR, and time to return to BTR. In part 2 of the experiment, as water quantity increased, RT had a greater maximum degree drop from baseline. Water temperature and water quantity interaction influenced time required for BTR to reestablish. The coldest water temperature at the highest drench quantity affected time for BTR to reestablish the longest (103 min). Results from this study suggest that an algorithm could be designed to predict water intake events for producers using reticulorumen temperature.

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