Packaging. Requirements for packaging recoverable in the form of energy recovery, including specification of minimum inferior calorific value

2015 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Recovery ◽  
Calorific Value

scholarly journals Co-Combustion of Waste Tires and Plastic-Rubber Wastes with Biomass Technical and Environmental Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 1036 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luís Carmo-Calado ◽  
Manuel Jesús Hermoso-Orzáez ◽  
Roberta Mota-Panizio ◽  
Bruno Guilherme-Garcia ◽  
Paulo Brito
Keyword(s):  
Energy Recovery ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Thermal Conversion ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Gaseous Emissions ◽  
Waste Tires ◽  
Feeding Difficulties ◽  
Stable Conditions ◽  
Combustion Tests

The present work studies the possibility of energy recovery by thermal conversion of combustible residual materials, namely tires and rubber-plastic, plastic waste from outdoor luminaires. The waste has great potential for energy recovery (HHV: 38.6 MJ/kg for tires and 31.6 MJ/kg for plastic). Considering the thermal conversion difficulties of these residues, four co-combustion tests with mixtures of tires/plastics + pelletized Miscanthus, and an additional test with 100% Miscanthus were performed. The temperature was increased to the maximum allowed by the equipment, about 500 °C. The water temperature at the boiler outlet and the water flow were controlled (60 °C and 11 L/min). Different mixtures of residues (0–60% tires/plastics) were tested and compared in terms of power and gaseous emissions. Results indicate that energy production increased with the increase of tire residue in the mixture, reaching a maximum of 157 kW for 40% of miscanthus and 60% of tires. However, the automatic feeding difficulties of the boiler also increased, requiring constant operator intervention. As for plastic and rubber waste, fuel consumption generally decreased with increasing percentages of these materials in the blend, with temperatures ranging from 383 °C to 411 °C. Power also decreased by including such wastes (66–100 kW) due to feeding difficulties and cinder-fusing problems related to ash melting. From the study, it can be concluded that co-combustion is a suitable technology for the recovery of waste tires, but operational problems arise with high levels of residues in the mixture. Increasing pollutant emissions and the need for pre-treatments are other limiting factors. In this sense, the thermal gasification process was tested with the same residues and the same percentages of mixtures used in the co-combustion tests. The gasification tests were performed in a downdraft reactor at temperatures above 800 °C. Each test started with 100% acacia chip for reference (like the previous miscanthus), and then with mixtures of 0–60% of tires and blends of plastics and rubbers. Results obtained for the two residues demonstrated the viability of the technology, however, with mixtures higher than 40% it was very difficult to develop a process under stable conditions. The optimum condition for producing a synthesis gas with a substantial heating value occurred with mixtures of 20% of polymeric wastes, which resulted in gases with a calorific value of 3.64 MJ/Nm3 for tires and 3.09 MJ/Nm3 for plastics and rubbers.

Evaluation of the washability characteristics of Khushab coal (Pakistani) by heavy media separation process

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 598-607 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hafiz Sana ◽  
Sumaira Kanwal ◽  
Javaid Akhtar ◽  
Naseer Sheikh ◽  
Shahid Munir
Keyword(s):  
Energy Recovery ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Thermochemical Conversion ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Clean Coal ◽  
Recovery Schemes ◽  
Combustion Technique

The use of high-sulfur Pakistani coals can cause serious problems of slagging and fouling in thermochemical conversion reactors along with environmental issues like acid rain, etc. In this study, a pre-combustion technique, namely heavy media separation, is employed for the cleaning of low-grade Pakistani coal. Six crushed coal samples of different particle sizes were individually subjected to heavy media solutions of ZnCl2 of different specific gravities. It was found that the sample with a particle size of −6.25+4 mm at specific gravity of 1.4 produced the optimum float product as clean coal, showing 83.53% yield of clean coal with 1.24% ash and 1.0% sulfur contents. An overall reduction of 91.68% in ash and 86.11% sulfur contents was obtained. Moreover, up to 19.3% enhancement of gross calorific value was achieved. The resultant clean coal can be used in various energy recovery schemes in Pakistan such as coal-fired power plants and cement industries.

Characterisation of wastes collected from beaches, coastlines, marine surface cleaning processes and ships: A case study of Istanbul

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 621-630
Author(s):  
Mehmet Sinan Bilgili ◽  
Elanur Adar ◽  
Senol Yildiz ◽  
Kadir Sezer
Keyword(s):  
Energy Recovery ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Surface Cleaning ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Cruise Ships ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Marine Surface ◽  
The Common ◽  
Marine Waste

Marine waste management is crucial for Istanbul because of the significant location for intercontinental transition, international trade, tourism, industry and shipping. This study is the first one realised in Turkey for the detailed characterisation of marine waste. The amount and characteristics of solid wastes originating from beaches, coastlines, sea surface cleaning processes and ships (both cargo and cruise ships) were determined. It was observed that marine wastes includes a significant amount of recyclable materials. Although, it was ascertained that the amount and composition of waste differs according to the collecting sources, the majority of wastes are composed of different types of plastics. The average calorific value of marine waste was determined as 2500 kcal kg-1, which is higher than that of mixed municipal solid waste. There is a lack of studies on the pathways of disposal alternatives of marine waste after collection. As landfilling is the common pathway for disposal after collecting, it is clear that recycle/reuse and energy recovery options are possible for marine waste.

scholarly journals Characterization Studies on Waste Plastics as a Feedstock for Energy Recovery in Malaysia

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4.35) ◽  
pp. 534 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Surenderan ◽  
Juniza Md Saad ◽  
Hui Zhou ◽  
Hesam Neshaeimoghaddam ◽  
Adlansyah Abdul Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Energy Recovery ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Plastic Waste ◽  
Sulphur Content ◽  
Waste To Energy ◽  
Household Waste ◽  
Waste Plastics

Increase in the energy usage and declining of non-renewable fossil fuels has changed the perceptions to energy recovery methods to satisfy the need of the energy. Through extensive research and innovation of technology, especially to recover the plastic waste to energy feedstock has been developed. The chosen plastic waste samples are polyethylene terephthalate (PET), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), and polypropylene (PP). This sample is collected from daily household waste and was characterized according to the resin types or plastic types. In this research the determination of the moisture content and ash analysis has been carried out using proximate analysis and also determination of the carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulphur content has been carried out by using the ultimate analysis. In addition, the calorific value of the samples has been determined and activation energy is obtained based on thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) data. The chosen kinetic modelling is modified Arrhenius equation. According to the results, HDPE was the best choice for energy recovery from waste plastics in Malaysia due to high calorific value, low activation energy, low moisture content and ash content and it has low sulphur content among all the plastic samples experimented.

Evaluation of the Energetic Valorization Potential of Polymeric and Textile Industrial Wastes

2012 ◽  
Vol 730-732 ◽  
pp. 592-597
Author(s):  
Célia Sousa ◽  
Fernando Castro ◽  
Cândida Vilarinho ◽  
Delfim Soares
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Textile Industry ◽  
Energy Recovery ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Solid Wastes ◽  
Industrial Wastes ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Polymeric Compounds

Among the solid wastes produced by textile industry, there is a significant amount of wastes with energetic value and which are usually sent to controlled landfills, without any recovery. This traditional route corresponds to high economical and environmental costs, since wastes can be used as a source of energy and/or materials. With the recycling route strongly restricted due to the presence of mixtures of different types of polymeric compounds, some of them not biodegradable, the study of the feasibility of energy recovery from such wastes is of upmost importance and the aim of the present work. Most of the wastes are valuable resources that can be used as raw materials or as an energy source to produce heat or electricity. In this work the potentiality of energy recovery from solid wastes of some of the Vale do Ave textile units was investigated. For that purpose, wastes have been characterized for their weight loss at 105°C, calorific value and ashes content (after burning out at 850°C). The chemical composition of the ashes was determined by X-Ray fluorescence spectrometry. DSC-TGA tests were performed in two different atmospheres, air and argon, in order to evaluate the thermal behavior of the studied wastes. The characterized wastes showed calorific values not negligible, varying from 3500 to10400 kcal/kg (at dry base), similar to the results obtained by others authors and comparable to solid materials which are traditionally considered as fuels (sugar cane, lignite, etc). A weight loss at (105°C) lower than 6.5% and a maximum ashes content of 15% was achieved. However, some ashes present high contents of heavy metals, which can drives to environmental concerns. By the analysis of the thermal profiles it was found that wastes decomposition takes place at low temperatures (< 600°C) resulting in a small amount of the final solid fraction. Concerning the obtained results, the solid wastes collected from different textile units show high potential for energy recovery.

scholarly journals Compost of Biodegradable Municipal Solid Waste as a Fuel in Lignite Co-combustion

2020 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 60-67
Author(s):  
Agapi Vasileiadou ◽  
Stamatis Zoras ◽  
Argyro Dimoudi ◽  
Andreas Iordanidis ◽  
Vasilios Evagelopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Energy Recovery ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Thermal Processes ◽  
Ash Deposition ◽  
Gross Calorific Value ◽  
Municipal Solid Wastes ◽  
Emission Analysis ◽  
Proximate Analyses

In Greece, 5.8 million tons of municipal solid wastes (MSW) are produced annually, of which 2.47 million tons are bio-wastes. Composting is an alternative treatment of bio-wastes instead of landfill.  Τwo composting plants operate in Greece, one in Ano Liossia (capacity 1,200 tons/day, producing 120 tpd compost) and another in Chania (capacity 70,000 tons/year, producing 20,000 tpa compost). In addition, since 2018, the first integrated waste management plant was set off in the region of Kozani (capacity 120,000 tons/year). An alternative utilization of the compost, produced in the latter plant, was investigated in this study. In particular, instead of using compost as fertilizer, the energy recovery from this bio-waste was attested. Utilization of compost of MSW for energy production purposes has rarely been studied in the literature. Several blends of compost with lignite were prepared and their energetic potential was determined. Proximate analyses and gross calorific value (GCV) determination were conducted. Wastes and biomass-based fuels differ in many ways from fossil fuels. The CLOF sample revealed the highest GCV and the lowest ash content than all analyzed samples. Based on all analytical determinations, compost and its mixtures with lignite could be regarded suitable for energy recovery by thermal processes, such us combustion. Further studies should be done including emission analysis, ash deposition during combustion (corrosion, slagging and fouling).

scholarly journals Combustion behaviour of different types of solid wastes and their blends with lignite

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 1077-1088 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Iordanidis ◽  
Argyro Asvesta ◽  
Agapi Vasileiadou
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Energy Recovery ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Northern Greece ◽  
Inorganic Matter ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Value Determination

The combustion characteristics of blends of lignite with various organic waste materials are evaluated in this study in order to assess their potential for energy recovery. Different types of municipal solid waste (i. e. paper, plastic, textile, organic), as well as sewage sludge and agri-residues (sunflower shells) samples were collected from the Western Macedonia region, northern Greece. Mixtures of each one of them with lignite in different proportions (30-50-70 wt.%) were prepared. Proximate analysis, calorific value determination, and thermogravimetry (TGA/ DTG) were performed. Thermal parameters such as ignition temperature, total weight loss, maximum rate of weight loss, peak and burnout temperatures and burnout time were determined from the TG/DTG profiles of the raw materials and their blends. The combined utilization of proximate analysis, calorific value determination and TG/DTG method proved to be an effective method for a preliminary assessment of the energetic potential of raw solid waste ?combustible? materials and their blends with lignite. The analytical results revealed that most of the blends are promising for energy recovery. Regarding the raw wastes, sunflower shells were the most reactive. A non-synergistic effect was found for the blends. Organic and sewage sludge blends revealed the lowest combustibility, which is attributed to the high content of inorganic matter and the heterogeneity of these two types of wastes.

scholarly journals Studies on the Gasification Performance of Sludge Cake Pre-Treated by Hydrothermal Carbonization

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sang Yeop Lee ◽  
Se Won Park ◽  
Md Tanvir Alam ◽  
Yean Ouk Jeong ◽  
Yong-Chil Seo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Energy Recovery ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Hydrothermal Carbonization ◽  
Treatment Technique ◽  
Gasification Process ◽  
Cold Gas Efficiency ◽  
Sludge Cake ◽  
Gas Efficiency

Proper treatment and careful management of sewage sludge are essential because its disposal can lead to adverse environmental impacts such as public health hazards, as well as air, soil, and water pollution. Several efforts are being made currently not only to safely dispose of sewage sludge but also to utilize it as an energy source. Therefore, in this study, initiatives were taken to valorize sewage sludge cake by reducing the moisture content and increasing the calorific value by applying a hydrothermal treatment technique for efficient energy recovery. The sludge cake treated at 200 °C for 1 h was found to be the optimum condition for hydrothermal carbonization, as, in this condition, the caloric value of the treated sludge increased by 10% and the moisture content removed was 20 wt.%. To recover energy from the hydrothermally treated sludge, a gasification technology was applied at 900 °C. The results showed that the product gas from hydrothermally treated sludge cake had a higher lower heating value (0.98 MJ/Nm3) and higher cold gas efficiency (5.8%). Furthermore, compared with raw sludge cake, less tar was generated during the gasification of hydrothermally treated sludge cake. The removal efficiency was 28.2%. Overall results depict that hydrothermally treated sewage sludge cake could be a good source of energy recovery via the gasification process.

scholarly journals Methodical approaches to assessment of the capability of biochemical decomposition of polymeric materials and their wastes

2020 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-87
Author(s):  
S.V. Snoz ◽  
L.М. Smerdova ◽  
L.O. Prokopenko ◽  
O.O. Bobyliova
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Energy Recovery ◽  
Evaluation Criteria ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Environmental Safety ◽  
Management Plan ◽  
Biodegradable Materials ◽  
Test Scheme ◽  
Packaging Waste

Actuality. The urgency of the topic is due to the fact that recently the problem of environmental safety in connection with the generation of large quantities of waste has become particularly acute. A separate aspect of this problem is the accumulation of polymeric material wastes, in particular packaging and packaging waste. Preventing packaging and packaging waste with a view to ensuring a high level of protection of the environment and human health is a major goal of regulation in the field of packaging and packaging management, both nationally and internationally. Materials and Methods.The purpose of the work is to analyze the existing requirements for packaging and its waste in the EU and Ukraine and to systematize the methods used in the process of evaluation and certification of polymeric packaging according to biodegradation criteria. It is stated that the manufacture of packaging must be carried out in such a way that the level of toxic and other harmful substances and materials that are components or components of the packaging is minimized. Packaging to be recovered through energy recovery must have the minimum required calorific value for energy recovery. Organic recovery packaging should be characterized by its ability to decompose under the influence of microorganisms, which should not interfere with its separate collection. The use of biodegradable materials for packaging and packaging is a new step in the field of packaging and packaging waste management, which will prevent waste generation. The characteristic of the main types of biodegradable polymeric materials is given. DSTU EN 13432: 2015 “Packaging. Requirements for packaging recoverable through composting and biodegradation. Test scheme and evaluation criteria for the final acceptance of packaging» and DSTU EN 14995: 2018 «Plastics. Evaluation of compostability. Test scheme and specifications”, which sets out the basic requirements and procedures for determining the biodegradability of packaging and packaging materials, which will allow the assessment and certification of packaging according to biodegradation criteria both for the internal market and for export. Conclusions. The introduction of methods and test schemes for assessing the biochemical degradation capacity of packaging will accelerate the introduction of biodegradable materials in the consumer market of Ukraine, reduce the total amount of packaging and packaging waste, and help meet the goals set by the 2030 National Waste Management Plan. Key Words: packaging waste, EU Directives, biopolymer materials, biodegradability, methods for determining biodegradation.

scholarly journals Pyrolysis of Polystyrene Waste: A Review

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 225
Author(s):  
Ibrahim M. Maafa
Keyword(s):  
Process Parameters ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Energy Recovery ◽  
Time Pressure ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Product Yield ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Recovery Technique ◽  
Market Needs ◽  
Polystyrene Waste

The manufacturing of polystyrene around the globe has escalated in the past years due to its huge applications in various areas. The perpetual market needs of polystyrene led the polystyrene wastes accretion in the landfill causing environmental deterioration. The soaring need for polystyrene also led to the exhaustion of petroleum, a non-renewable energy source, as polystyrene is a petroleum-derived product. Researchers from around the world have discovered a few techniques to take care of the polystyrene scraps, namely recycling and energy recovery techniques. Nevertheless, there are demerits involved with recycling techniques, such as they call for huge labor expenses in the separation process and cause water pollution, thereby decreasing the process sustainability. Owing to these demerits, the researchers have focused their attention on the energy recovery technique. Since petroleum is the main ingredient of polystyrene synthesis, the restoration of liquid oil from polystyrene via the pyrolysis method is a promising technique as the recovered oil has greater calorific value as compared to commercially available fuel. The present paper surveys the pyrolysis technique for polystyrene and the important process parameters that control the end product, like oil, gas, and char. The chief process parameters that are discussed in this review paper include the type of reactors, temperature, residence time, pressure, catalyst types, type of fluidizing gases, and their flow rate. A more recent technique of utilizing a solvent to perform pyrolysis and the effect of various process conditions on the product yield have been discussed. Apart from this, various outlooks to optimize the liquid oil recovery from polystyrene are also reviewed.

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