Biotechnology. Modified organisms for application in the environment. Guidance for the characterization of the genetically modified organism by analysis of the functional expression of the genomic modification

1998 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Genetically Modified ◽  
Functional Expression ◽  
Genetically Modified Organism

scholarly journals Production of Certified Reference Materials for the Detection of Genetically Modified Organisms

2002 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 775-779 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefanie Trapmann ◽  
Heinz Schimmel ◽  
Gerard Nico Kramer ◽  
Guy van den Eede ◽  
Jean Pauwels
Keyword(s):  
Reference Materials ◽  
Genetically Modified Organisms ◽  
Production Control ◽  
Certified Reference Materials ◽  
Genetically Modified ◽  
Base Material ◽  
Genetically Modified Organism ◽  
International Organization ◽  
Roundup Ready

Abstract Certified reference materials (CRMs) are an essential tool in the quality assurance of analytical measurements. They are produced, certified, and used in accordance with relevant ISO (International Organization for Standardization) and BCR (Community Bureau of Reference) guidelines. The Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (IRMM; Geel, Belgium) has produced the first powdery genetically modified organism (GMO) CRMs in cooperation with the Institute for Health and Consumer Protection (Ispra, Italy). Until now, different weight percentages in the range of 0–5%for 4 GMOs in Europe were produced and certified: Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis)-11 and Bt-176 maize, Roundup Ready® soybean, and MON810 maize. Bt-11 and Bt-176 maize and Roundup Ready soybean were produced by IRMM on behalf of Fluka Chemie AG (Buchs, Switzerland). Characterization of used base material is the first step in production and is especially important for GMO CRMs. The production of powdery GMO CRMs and methods used for production control are described. Thorough control of homogeneity and stability are essential for certification of reference materials and ensure validity of the certificate for each bottle of a batch throughout a defined shelf-life. Because production of reference materials and their maintenance are very labor- and cost-intensive tasks, the usefulness of new types of GMO CRMs must be estimated carefully.

scholarly journals How to Do What Is Right, Not What Is Easy: Requirements for Assessment of Genome-Edited and Genetically Modified Organisms under Ethical Guidelines

Food Ethics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Antonsen ◽  
T. Dassler
Keyword(s):  
Genetically Modified Organisms ◽  
Practical Knowledge ◽  
Genetically Modified ◽  
Genetically Modified Organism ◽  
Ethical Guidelines ◽  
Complex Dynamic ◽  
Ethical Assessment ◽  
Ethical Expertise ◽  
Range Of Values

Summary/AbstractAn ethical assessment is a complex, dynamic and comprehensive process that requires both ethical expertise and practical knowledge. An ethical assessment of a genetically modified organism (GMO, including genome edited organisms) must follow accepted and transparent methods and be based in relevant considerations. In addition, the Ethical guidelines must include a broad and adequate range of values, so that no groups, stakeholders, agents or areas are left out.

scholarly journals Functional expression of the eukaryotic proton pump rhodopsin OmR2 in Escherichia coli and its photochemical characterization

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Masuzu Kikuchi ◽  
Keiichi Kojima ◽  
Shin Nakao ◽  
Susumu Yoshizawa ◽  
Shiho Kawanishi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Proton Pump ◽  
Expression System ◽  
Spectroscopic Characterization ◽  
Functional Expression ◽  
Proton Pumping ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Oxyrrhis Marina ◽  
Domains Of Life

AbstractMicrobial rhodopsins are photoswitchable seven-transmembrane proteins that are widely distributed in three domains of life, archaea, bacteria and eukarya. Rhodopsins allow the transport of protons outwardly across the membrane and are indispensable for light-energy conversion in microorganisms. Archaeal and bacterial proton pump rhodopsins have been characterized using an Escherichia coli expression system because that enables the rapid production of large amounts of recombinant proteins, whereas no success has been reported for eukaryotic rhodopsins. Here, we report a phylogenetically distinct eukaryotic rhodopsin from the dinoflagellate Oxyrrhis marina (O. marina rhodopsin-2, OmR2) that can be expressed in E. coli cells. E. coli cells harboring the OmR2 gene showed an outward proton-pumping activity, indicating its functional expression. Spectroscopic characterization of the purified OmR2 protein revealed several features as follows: (1) an absorption maximum at 533 nm with all-trans retinal chromophore, (2) the possession of the deprotonated counterion (pKa = 3.0) of the protonated Schiff base and (3) a rapid photocycle through several distinct photointermediates. Those features are similar to those of known eukaryotic proton pump rhodopsins. Our successful characterization of OmR2 expressed in E. coli cells could build a basis for understanding and utilizing eukaryotic rhodopsins.

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