scholarly journals Debt cap regulations in mortgage lending

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 110-145
Author(s):  
Donát Kim
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Mortgage Lending ◽  
Maximum Amount ◽  
Income Ratio ◽  
National Bank

In this paper I study debt cap regulations in retail mortgage lending in Hungary introduced by the National Bank of Hungary. I believe the introduction of debt cap regulations was justified, but the toolkit applied should be reviewed. After studying international examples and reviewing the literature, I have concluded that LTV (loan-to-value) regulation correspond to European practice and researchers’ findings. While the introduction of LTI (loan-to-income) ratio should be considered to replace PTI (payment-to-income) ratio, as it is more stable in time and there is no incentive to switch between the increase of risk factors and the increase of the maximum amount regulated by law by PTI regulation.

Programme for detecting chronic venous insufficiency in Belgium

2007 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 171-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
J-C Schoevaerdts ◽  
I Staelens
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Venous Insufficiency ◽  
Average Duration ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Maximum Amount ◽  
Chronic Venous Disease ◽  
Venous Disease ◽  
Belgian Population ◽  
High Level

Objective: Epidemiological study related to the detection of chronic venous disease (CVD) in a Belgian population and gathering of a maximum amount of epidemiological data on CVD. Method: Survey based on a questionnaire completed by a general practitioner during consultation. Results: In total 3813 files of patients with CVD were completed and analysed. Of these patients suffering from CVD, 70% were women with a mean body mass index of 26.2 and a clinical, aetiological, anatomical and pathological elements classification as follows: C0 = 14; 10%; C1 = 14; 19%; C2 = 14; 29%; C3 = 14; 19%; C4 = 14; 16%; C5 = 14; 4%; C6 = 14; 3%. Risk factors, clinical signs, complications and therapeutic approach are analysed and described. Conclusion: High level of statistically analysable data could be obtained within a reasonable period. The study confirms the socioeconomic importance of CVD. For example, an industrial disablement of an average duration of 23.6 days is found in 6% of patients.

scholarly journals Corporate governance, board responsibilities, and financial performance: The National Bank of Australia

2008 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ameeta Jain ◽  
Dianne Thomson
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Governance ◽  
Financial Institutions ◽  
Cost Efficiency ◽  
Foreign Currency ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
Financial Service Provider ◽  
Management Procedures ◽  
Income Ratio ◽  
National Bank ◽  
Currency Trading

This paper examines board responsibilities and accountability by management and Board of Directors in relation to the National Australia Bank’s (NABs) performance. The NAB, an international financial service provider within the top thirty most profitable banks in the world, is compared with the Australian major banks. The evidence suggests that NABs poor performance was consistent with a lack of accountability, poor corporate governance and board dysfunction associated with fraudulent currency trading and the subsequent AUD360 million foreign currency losses. The NAB’s performance is investigated by utilizing accounting-based measures of profitability and cost efficiency as proxies for performance. Following the foreign currency trading losses in 2004 the NAB under-performed the other major Australian banks in terms of profits, cost to income ratio and growth in assets. In terms of profitability and cost efficiency NAB had the lowest ROE and ROA with a 19.7% fall in net profit and the highest cost to income ratio of 57.4% of any of the five largest banks. This case study provides an Australian example of poor corporate governance and suggests that financial institutions and regulators can learn from the NAB’s experience. Failure to have top-down accountability can have significant impact on over-all performance, profitability and reputation. In particular, it suggests that management and Boards need to review their risk management procedures and regulators need to be more pro-active in their prudential oversight of financial institutions.

scholarly journals Performance Analysis of GCC Banks: A Survey

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 357
Author(s):  
Manuel Fernandez ◽  
Luluwa Juma ◽  
Hanan Alkharoossi ◽  
Robinson Joseph
Keyword(s):  
Banking Sector ◽  
Capital Adequacy ◽  
Total Asset ◽  
Return On Equity ◽  
Economic Role ◽  
Gcc Countries ◽  
Capital Adequacy Ratio ◽  
Net Profit ◽  
Income Ratio ◽  
National Bank

The banking sector plays an essential economic role in providing financial intermediation and economic acceleration by converting deposits into productive investments. A strong banking sector can deal with any crisis and contribute abundantly to the stabilization of the economy. GCC is home to one of the fastest increasing banking sectors in the world. The objective of this study is to identify the country that has the best-performing banking sector in the GCC and to rank the best-performing banks in the GCC based on different parameters like the total asset, net profit, return on asset (ROA), return on equity (ROE), capital adequacy ratio and cost-to-income ratio. The study includes all the 55 listed banks from the GCC countries. The study revealed that Emirates NBD from the UAE is at the top rank under Net Profit and ROE, the second rank in ROA, and the third rank in Total Assets. Qatar National Bank from Qatar has been ranked the best under the category Total Assets, rank two under net profit, rank four in ROE, and cost-to-income ratio. The National Commercial Bank from Saudi Arabia was ranked third in ROE and ROA and rank four under Total Asset and Net Profit.

scholarly journals Valuation of Urban Commercial Properties in Nigeria for Secured Lending: Issues and Developments

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Namnso Bassey Udoekanem
Keyword(s):  
Market Value ◽  
Mortgage Lending ◽  
Maximum Amount ◽  
Mortgage Loan ◽  
Real Property ◽  
Loan Repayment ◽  
Commercial Property ◽  
Lending Institution ◽  
The Stability

Valuation for secured lending is required when an interest in real property is used as security for a loan. The outcome of such valuation will help the lending institution to achieve commercial prudence in lending as well as avoid taking undue risk. This paper examines the issues and developments in the valuation of urban commercial properties in Nigeria for secured lending purposes. It argues that due to the volatile nature of the Nigerian economy, coupled with the linkage between the economy and commercial property markets, the maximum amount of loan to be granted by lenders in the country using interest in commercial property as collateral should be based on the Mortgage Lending Value (MLV) and not the Market Value (MV) of the property, although the market value should also be reported in the valuation. A case study is used to demonstrate the valuation. It further contends that since the inputs for determining the MLV of a commercial property must be derived from long-term trends in the property and financial markets, it is more stable than MV when used to determine the maximum amount of mortgage loan to be granted by a lender. It concludes that the stability of the MLV makes it more reliable than the MV in achieving commercial prudence in mortgage lending as it fits into the long-term nature of mortgage loan repayment.

scholarly journals International Real Estate Review

2001 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-79
Author(s):  
Piyush Tiwari ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Option Price ◽  
Mortgage Lending ◽  
Insurance Premium ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Mortgage Insurance ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazard ◽  
Structure Framework ◽  
Income Ratio ◽  
Prepayment And Default ◽  
Mortgage Termination

Housing mortgage finance in India is constrained by the maximum loan-to-cost ratio and installment income ratio conditions imposed by housing finance companies. The typical reason for this behaviour is that the market for the sharing of risk in mortgage lending is not yet fully developed. Mortgage insurance plays an important role in developing this market. The objective of this paper is to present a case for mortgage insurance market in India. This paper develops a mortgage premium structure framework in which mortgage insurers charge an insurance premium that equates losses to revenue. This paper also models mortgage termination due to prepayment and defaults. We contend that the termination of mortgage in housing is not as 'ruthless' as OPM theory would suggest, primarily because households are not financiers in the 'stricter sense' We have used the Cox proportional hazard model to analyze prepayment and default of mortgage behaviour in India. The results indicate that financial concerns (like the option price, loan to value ratio, and monthly principal and interest to income ratio) are important determinants besides household characteristics. The cumulative prepayment or default probabilities from these models are used in the estimation of the insurance premium structure.

Abstract P388: Trends in Socioeconomic Disparities in Ideal Cardiovascular Health: NHANES 1999–2006

Circulation ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 125 (suppl_10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Norrina B Allen ◽  
Hongyan Ning ◽  
Donald Lloyd-Jones
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Concentration Index ◽  
Cardiovascular Health ◽  
Relative Concentration ◽  
Percentage Change ◽  
Ideal Cardiovascular Health ◽  
Income Ratio ◽  
Age Adjusted Rates

Background: Socioeconomic status (SES) has been shown to be associated with many cardiovascular (CV) risk factors. Prior studies have identified differences by SES, but have not summarized trends in these disparities across multiple SES subgroups, which could allow us to assess the extent to which we are achieving disparity-related goals. Methods: We used NHANES Surveys from cycles 1999–2000, 2001–2002, 2003–2004, and 2005–2006 to examine the age-adjusted prevalence of ideal levels of CV health components by SES. Ideal levels of BMI, cholesterol, glucose, blood pressure, diet, physical activity and smoking were defined according to the AHA 2020 strategic goals. SES was defined by poverty: income ratio and categorized as <1.00, 1.00-2.99, and 3.00+. Both absolute (Absolute Concentration Index- ACI) and relative measures (Relative Concentration Index -RCI) of disparities were calculated, all calculations were weighted by population share. The percentage change in disparities relative to 1999–2000 was examined. Results: Age-adjusted rates of ideal CV health components and the percentage change from 1999–2006 varied by SES (see Table). Among women, disparities in the prevalence rates of ideal levels of CV risk factors have increased between SES groups from 1999 through 2006. Among men, disparities in blood pressure (ACI=503%, RCI=477%) and diet (ACI=405%, RCI=143%) have increased most dramatically. More moderate increases were seen in disparities in smoking and cholesterol for men. Disparities in BMI and physical activity remained relatively constant among men throughout the study period. Findings were generally similar for both absolute and relative measures of disparities. Conclusions: Representative national data on these summary measures of disparities suggest that disparities between SES groups have increased among men. Understanding the issues underlying these increasing disparities and addressing them will be critical to improving the cardiovascular health of all Americans by 2020 and beyond.

Statistical analysis of classification

1966 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 188-189
Author(s):  
T. J. Deeming
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Classification Scheme ◽  
Analytical Procedure ◽  
Narrow Band ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Maximum Amount ◽  
Amount Of Information

If we make a set of measurements, such as narrow-band or multicolour photo-electric measurements, which are designed to improve a scheme of classification, and in particular if they are designed to extend the number of dimensions of classification, i.e. the number of classification parameters, then some important problems of analytical procedure arise. First, it is important not to reproduce the errors of the classification scheme which we are trying to improve. Second, when trying to extend the number of dimensions of classification we have little or nothing with which to test the validity of the new parameters.Problems similar to these have occurred in other areas of scientific research (notably psychology and education) and the branch of Statistics called Multivariate Analysis has been developed to deal with them. The techniques of this subject are largely unknown to astronomers, but, if carefully applied, they should at the very least ensure that the astronomer gets the maximum amount of information out of his data and does not waste his time looking for information which is not there. More optimistically, these techniques are potentially capable of indicating the number of classification parameters necessary and giving specific formulas for computing them, as well as pinpointing those particular measurements which are most crucial for determining the classification parameters.

Elevated level of circulatory sTLT1 induces inflammation through SYK/MEK/ERK signalling in coronary artery disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 133 (22) ◽  
pp. 2283-2299
Author(s):  
Apabrita Ayan Das ◽  
Devasmita Chakravarty ◽  
Debmalya Bhunia ◽  
Surajit Ghosh ◽  
Prakash C. Mandal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Coronary Artery Disease ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Chronic Inflammation ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Artery Disease

Abstract The role of inflammation in all phases of atherosclerotic process is well established and soluble TREM-like transcript 1 (sTLT1) is reported to be associated with chronic inflammation. Yet, no information is available about the involvement of sTLT1 in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Present study was undertaken to determine the pathophysiological significance of sTLT1 in atherosclerosis by employing an observational study on human subjects (n=117) followed by experiments in human macrophages and atherosclerotic apolipoprotein E (apoE)−/− mice. Plasma level of sTLT1 was found to be significantly (P<0.05) higher in clinical (2342 ± 184 pg/ml) and subclinical cases (1773 ± 118 pg/ml) than healthy controls (461 ± 57 pg/ml). Moreover, statistical analyses further indicated that sTLT1 was not only associated with common risk factors for Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) in both clinical and subclinical groups but also strongly correlated with disease severity. Ex vivo studies on macrophages showed that sTLT1 interacts with Fcɣ receptor I (FcɣRI) to activate spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK)-mediated downstream MAP kinase signalling cascade to activate nuclear factor-κ B (NF-kB). Activation of NF-kB induces secretion of tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) from macrophage cells that plays pivotal role in governing the persistence of chronic inflammation. Atherosclerotic apoE−/− mice also showed high levels of sTLT1 and TNF-α in nearly occluded aortic stage indicating the contribution of sTLT1 in inflammation. Our results clearly demonstrate that sTLT1 is clinically related to the risk factors of CAD. We also showed that binding of sTLT1 with macrophage membrane receptor, FcɣR1 initiates inflammatory signals in macrophages suggesting its critical role in thrombus development and atherosclerosis.

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