Competition and Risk Factors in Mortgage Lending: The Federal Housing Administration’s Evolving Role in the Primary Market

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brent C Smith
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Mortgage Lending ◽  
Federal Housing

scholarly journals Debt cap regulations in mortgage lending

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 110-145
Author(s):  
Donát Kim
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Mortgage Lending ◽  
Maximum Amount ◽  
Income Ratio ◽  
National Bank

In this paper I study debt cap regulations in retail mortgage lending in Hungary introduced by the National Bank of Hungary. I believe the introduction of debt cap regulations was justified, but the toolkit applied should be reviewed. After studying international examples and reviewing the literature, I have concluded that LTV (loan-to-value) regulation correspond to European practice and researchers’ findings. While the introduction of LTI (loan-to-income) ratio should be considered to replace PTI (payment-to-income) ratio, as it is more stable in time and there is no incentive to switch between the increase of risk factors and the increase of the maximum amount regulated by law by PTI regulation.

scholarly journals The 1935 Dominion Housing Act: Setting the Stage for a Permanent Federal Presence in Canada's Housing Sector

2013 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. David Hulchanski
Keyword(s):  
Housing Policy ◽  
Mortgage Lending ◽  
Housing Sector ◽  
Finance Minister ◽  
The Social ◽  
Federal Housing ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
Political Turmoil ◽  
Program Options

In the midst of the social, economic and political turmoil of the 1930s a range of federal housing policy and program options were debated. After appointing a special housing committee of the House of Commons in February 1935, and then ignoring all its recommendations, the R.B. Bennett government adopted the Dominion Housing Act (DHA) in June 1935. This paper examines the development and implementation of the DHA and finds that the legislation was of little consequence to the housing sector and that it provided no benefits to lower income households. However, in terms of a long term precedent for defining an "appropriate" role for government in Canada's housing sector, the DHA is very significant. The key actors in designing the DHA, Deputy Finance Minister W.C Clark and the mortgage lending companies, including Sun Life's David B. Mansur, played a central role in defining housing policy into the early 1950s. Together they successfully protected the status quo from alternative policy options. Starting with the DHA, Canadian housing policy has, as a result, a long history of focusing more on "market welfare" than on "social welfare" approaches to housing problems.

How the City Survey’s Redlining Maps Were Made: A Closer Look at HOLC’s Mortgagee Rehabilitation Division

2021 ◽  
pp. 153851322110133
Author(s):  
Todd M. Michney
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortgage Lending ◽  
Urban Neighborhoods ◽  
Private Industry ◽  
Federal Housing Administration ◽  
Federal Housing ◽  
The City ◽  
Made In

The infamous “security maps” made in the 1930s by the Home Loan Owners’ Corporation (HOLC), rating supposed mortgage lending risk in urban neighborhoods across the United States, have long been considered the quintessential expression of racist redlining policy. However, a number of misunderstandings and unwarranted speculations about how these maps were made and used have proliferated. Using previously unexamined correspondence, this article establishes that HOLC could not have used the maps for loan denials, did share them with the Federal Housing Administration but not with private industry, and highly improvised their production with numerous methodological inconsistencies, including with regard to race.

Elevated level of circulatory sTLT1 induces inflammation through SYK/MEK/ERK signalling in coronary artery disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 133 (22) ◽  
pp. 2283-2299
Author(s):  
Apabrita Ayan Das ◽  
Devasmita Chakravarty ◽  
Debmalya Bhunia ◽  
Surajit Ghosh ◽  
Prakash C. Mandal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Coronary Artery Disease ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Chronic Inflammation ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Artery Disease

Abstract The role of inflammation in all phases of atherosclerotic process is well established and soluble TREM-like transcript 1 (sTLT1) is reported to be associated with chronic inflammation. Yet, no information is available about the involvement of sTLT1 in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Present study was undertaken to determine the pathophysiological significance of sTLT1 in atherosclerosis by employing an observational study on human subjects (n=117) followed by experiments in human macrophages and atherosclerotic apolipoprotein E (apoE)−/− mice. Plasma level of sTLT1 was found to be significantly (P<0.05) higher in clinical (2342 ± 184 pg/ml) and subclinical cases (1773 ± 118 pg/ml) than healthy controls (461 ± 57 pg/ml). Moreover, statistical analyses further indicated that sTLT1 was not only associated with common risk factors for Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) in both clinical and subclinical groups but also strongly correlated with disease severity. Ex vivo studies on macrophages showed that sTLT1 interacts with Fcɣ receptor I (FcɣRI) to activate spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK)-mediated downstream MAP kinase signalling cascade to activate nuclear factor-κ B (NF-kB). Activation of NF-kB induces secretion of tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) from macrophage cells that plays pivotal role in governing the persistence of chronic inflammation. Atherosclerotic apoE−/− mice also showed high levels of sTLT1 and TNF-α in nearly occluded aortic stage indicating the contribution of sTLT1 in inflammation. Our results clearly demonstrate that sTLT1 is clinically related to the risk factors of CAD. We also showed that binding of sTLT1 with macrophage membrane receptor, FcɣR1 initiates inflammatory signals in macrophages suggesting its critical role in thrombus development and atherosclerosis.

The Preschool Stuttering Screen for Health Care Professionals

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-62
Author(s):  
Joseph Donaher ◽  
Christina Deery ◽  
Sarah Vogel
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Preschool Children ◽  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Healthcare Professionals ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Developmental Profile

Healthcare professionals require a thorough understanding of stuttering since they frequently play an important role in the identification and differential diagnosis of stuttering for preschool children. This paper introduces The Preschool Stuttering Screen for Healthcare Professionals (PSSHP) which highlights risk factors identified in the literature as being associated with persistent stuttering. By integrating the results of the checklist with a child’s developmental profile, healthcare professionals can make better-informed, evidence-based decisions for their patients.

Clinical Response to Questions Regarding Outcomes and Therapy Efficacy

2010 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 76-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Donaher ◽  
Tom Gurrister ◽  
Irving Wollman ◽  
Tim Mackesey ◽  
Michelle L. Burnett
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Clinical Response ◽  
Speech Language Pathologists ◽  
Specific Therapy ◽  
Therapy Efficacy ◽  
Therapy Program ◽  
Adults Who Stutter ◽  
Cure Rates

Parents of children who stutter and adults who stutter frequently ask speech-language pathologists to predict whether or not therapy will work. Even though research has explored risk-factors related to persistent stuttering, there remains no way to determine how an individual will react to a specific therapy program. This paper presents various clinicians’answers to the question, “What do you tell parents or adults who stutter when they ask about cure rates, outcomes, and therapy efficacy?”

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