scholarly journals Regenerative Braking Strategy of a Formula SAE Electric Race Car Using Energetic Macroscopic Representation

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 45
Author(s):  
Andrés Camilo Henao-Muñoz ◽  
Paulo Pereirinha ◽  
Alain Bouscayrol
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Energy Recovery ◽  
Regenerative Braking ◽  
Vehicle Stability ◽  
Strategy Analysis ◽  
Vehicle Performance ◽  
Formula Sae ◽  
Race Car ◽  
Driving Range ◽  
Simulation Results

This paper presents a braking strategy analysis for a Formula SAE electric race car. The proposed braking strategy aims to increase the recovery energy by a relevant distribution of the braking forces between the rear and front wheels. A mathematical model of the car is presented, and a simulation is performed in Matlab-Simulink. The model is organized using the energetic macroscopic representation graphical formalism. A real racetrack driving cycle is considered. Three braking strategies are compared considering the energy recovery and the vehicle stability. The simulation results show that the proposed strategy enables higher energy recovery while avoiding locking on both rear and front wheels. As in such a race the driving range is fixed, the reduction in energy consumption can be used to reduce the battery size. The battery weight can thus be decreased to improve the vehicle performance during competition.

Design of Powertrain of Electric Vehicle with Requirement of Performance Indexes

2012 ◽  
Vol 512-515 ◽  
pp. 2629-2632
Author(s):  
Jun Wei Li ◽  
Jing Chen ◽  
Yu Hai Wang
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Electric Motor ◽  
Performance Parameters ◽  
Vehicle Dynamic ◽  
Design Requirement ◽  
Vehicle Performance ◽  
Performance Indexes ◽  
Driving Range ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Vehicle Dynamic Model

Based on the vehicle dynamic model and it’s parameters, the drive train arrangement is chosen composed of power batteries, an electric motor and transmission, and the components’ performance parameters are determined according to the design requirement of performance indexes. The model of the electric vehicle is built, and the simulation and analysis of vehicle performance indexes, such as the ability to accelerate, top speed, climbing performance and the driving range, are conducted. The simulation results show that the performance index of the electric vehicle can fully meet the design requirement.

Analysis of Hydraulic Regenerative Braking System for Electric Vehicle

2012 ◽  
Vol 490-495 ◽  
pp. 195-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao Bing Ning ◽  
Yao Ting Xu ◽  
Qiu Cheng Wang ◽  
Jue Jiang Chen
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Pid Control ◽  
Energy Recovery ◽  
Dynamic Performance ◽  
Regenerative Braking ◽  
Energy Recovery System ◽  
Braking System ◽  
Recovery System ◽  
Driving Range ◽  
Braking Energy Recovery

In order to increase the regenerative braking energy recovery and the dynamic performance of vehicle start and acceleration in the stage of brake, the hydraulic braking energy recovery system was used with the storage battery braking energy recovery system after comparing kinds of regenerative braking recovery plan and energy storage method. The system was used to do simulation and analysis in vehicle dynamic performance and energy recovery efficiency under the PID control and ECE-15 cycle. The system simulation and analysis results show that using hydraulic regenerative braking system in pure electric vehicle can significantly improve the ability of vehicle’s start-acceleration and the increase in vehicle driving range of around 28%.

Analysis of Braking Energy Recovery in EV with EHB

2014 ◽  
Vol 986-987 ◽  
pp. 1183-1186
Author(s):  
Liang Zhou ◽  
Meng Yang Zhao ◽  
Xin Yu Wang ◽  
Xi Chao Li
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Recovery Rate ◽  
Energy Flow ◽  
Energy Recovery ◽  
Regenerative Braking ◽  
Hydraulic Pump ◽  
Braking Performance ◽  
Hydraulic Brake ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Braking Energy Recovery

The battery ability of recovering electricity plays a significant role in improving the regenerative braking performance. In this paper, a control for recovery of braking energy in Electric Vehicles (EVs) with electro hydraulic brake (EHB) is proposed, which makes the recovery transfer to the electric hydraulic pump of EHB directly, rather than being stored statically in the battery. An energy flow strategy was designed for the maximum braking energy recovery based on this control. The simulation results show higher energy recovery rate in comparison to the general recycling control.

scholarly journals Development and Evaluation of Energy-Saving Electro-Hydraulic Actuator

Actuators ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 302
Author(s):  
Triet Hung Ho ◽  
Thanh Danh Le
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Saving ◽  
Energy Recovery ◽  
Hydraulic Systems ◽  
Hydraulic Actuator ◽  
High Effectiveness ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
The Mathematical Model ◽  
Insight Into

This paper will develop a novel electro-hydraulic actuator with energy saving characteristics. This system is able to work in differential configurations through the shifting algorithm of the valves, meaning that this developed system can be adjusted flexibly to obtain the desirable working requirements including the high effectiveness of energy recovery from the load, high velocity or torque. Instead of establishing the mathematical model for the purpose of the dynamic analysis, a model of the developed actuator is built in AMESim software. The simulation results reveal that the system is able to save approximately 20% energy consumption compared with a traditional without energy recovery EHA. Furthermore, to evaluate the accuracy of the model, experiments will be performed that prove strongly that the experimental results are well matched to the results attained from the simulation model. This work also offers a useful insight into designing and analyzing hydraulic systems without experiments.

An Optimal Energy Management System for Electric Vehicles Hybridized With Supercapacitor

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parisa Golchoubian ◽  
Nasser L. Azad
Keyword(s):  
Energy Management ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Management System ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Control Law ◽  
Energy Management System ◽  
Vehicle Performance ◽  
Optimal Energy Management ◽  
Driving Range ◽  
Simulation Results

In this study, the potential merits of integrating a supercapacitor into an electric vehicle (EV), namely a Toyota RAV4 EV, is investigated. In particular, the impacts of energy management system (EMS) with a buffer scheme and a dynamic programming (DP)-based control law on the vehicle performance characteristics are examined and compared to the vehicle with no supercapacitor in use. While the simulation results show improvements in the vehicle’s driving range and heat loss for the both considered EMSs, the DP-based controller significantly outperforms the buffer policy. The investigations also demonstrate promising results regarding the use of supercapacitors in EVs, intriguing interest for further studies on online control strategies for these systems.

scholarly journals Improving Energy Recovery Rate of the Regenerative Braking System by Optimization of Influencing Factors

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (18) ◽  
pp. 3807
Author(s):  
Lei Xu ◽  
Xiaohui He ◽  
Xinmin Shen
Keyword(s):  
Influencing Factors ◽  
Recovery Rate ◽  
Energy Recovery ◽  
Hybrid Vehicle ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Regenerative Braking ◽  
Braking System ◽  
Hydraulic Hybrid ◽  
Hydraulic Hybrid Vehicle ◽  
Simulation Results

The braking energy can be recovered and recycled by the regenerative braking system, which is significant to improve economics and environmental effect of the hydraulic hybrid vehicle. Influencing factors for the energy recovery rate of regenerative braking system in hydraulic hybrid vehicle were investigated in this study. Based on the theoretical analysis of accumulator and energy recovery rate, modeling of the regenerative braking system and its energy management strategy was conducted in the simulation platform of LMS Imagine Lab AMESim. The simulation results indicated that the influencing factors included braking intensity, initial pressure of the accumulator, and initial braking speed, and the optimal energy recovery rate of 87.61% was achieved when the parameters were 0.4, 19 MPa, and 300 rpm, respectively. Experimental bench was constructed and a series of experiments on energy recovery rate with different parameters were conducted, which aimed to validate the simulation results. It could be found, that with the optimal parameters obtained in the simulation process, the actual energy recovery rate achieved in the experiment was 83.33%, which was almost consistent with the simulation result. The obtained high energy recovery rate would promote the application of regenerative braking system in the hydraulic hybrid vehicle.

Transmission Ratio Optimization of Electric Vehicle Powertrain

2013 ◽  
Vol 397-400 ◽  
pp. 987-992 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Ming Wang ◽  
Chang Qing Du ◽  
Xia Nan Li ◽  
Fu Wu Yan
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Transmission System ◽  
Transmission Ratio ◽  
Reduction Gear ◽  
Vehicle Performance ◽  
Driving Range ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Ratio Optimization

Improving the driving range and driving performance are critical for pure electric vehicles (EV). Transmission ratios directly affects drivability and economy of EV. This paper analyzed the impact of various transmission ratios on the performance of EV, verified the vehicle performance with different transmission ratios by simulation with models built with GT-drive software, and based on EV performance requests, optimized the EV transmission ratios, presents single reduction gear and multi-speed transmission ratio scheme respectively, compared the EV performance with these two transmission schemes respectively, simulation results show that multi-speed transmission system can improve the performance of electric vehicle on dynamic and economy.

Performance evaluation of regenerative braking systems

2017 ◽  
Vol 232 (10) ◽  
pp. 1414-1427 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guido Wager ◽  
Jonathan Whale ◽  
Thomas Braunl
Keyword(s):  
Energy Recovery ◽  
Regenerative Braking ◽  
Brake Pad ◽  
Chassis Dynamometer ◽  
Drive Cycle ◽  
Efficient Operation ◽  
Braking System ◽  
Driving Range ◽  
Pad Wear ◽  
Good Agreement

This research evaluates the energy gain from a regenerative braking system (RBS) in a commercial electric vehicle (EV), the OEM Mitsubishi i-MiEV. Measurements were conducted in a controlled environment on a commercial chassis dynamometer using international drive cycle standards. The energy recovery of the vehicle was modelled and the output of the model was compared with results from the chassis dynamometer driving. The experiments were original as they coupled changes in energy recovered and driving range due to the RBS settings with investigations into the time of use of the friction brake. Performance tests used two different drive cycle speed profiles and various RBS settings to compare energy recovery performance for a broad range of driving styles. The results show that due to reduced energy consumption, the RBS increased the driving range by 11–22% depending on RBS settings and the drive cycle settings on the dynamometer. The results further showed that driving an EV with a RBS uses the friction brakes more efficiently, which will reduce brake pad wear. This has the potential to improve air quality due to reduced brake pad dust and reduces the maintenance costs of the vehicle. The findings were significant since they showed that friction time of use, a parameter neglected in RBS testing, plays an important part in the efficient operation of an EV. The overall results from the vehicle energy recovery modelling showed good agreement with the data from drive cycle testing and the model has potential to be further developed to gain greater insight into vehicle RBS braking behaviour for EVs in general.

scholarly journals A Pressure-Coordinated Control for Vehicle Electro-Hydraulic Braking Systems

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 2336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Yang ◽  
Guangzheng Li ◽  
Quanrang Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Control Strategy ◽  
Energy Recovery ◽  
Functional Limitations ◽  
Coordinated Control ◽  
Pressure Control ◽  
Regenerative Braking ◽  
Recovery Rates ◽  
Efficient Energy ◽  
Simulation Results

The characteristics of electro-hydraulic braking systems have a direct influence on the fuel consumption, emissions, brake safety, and ride comfort of hybrid electric vehicles. In order to realize efficient energy recovery for ensuring braking safety and considering that the existing electro-hydraulic braking pressure control systems have control complexity disadvantages and functional limitations, this study considers the front and rear dual-motor-driven hybrid electric vehicle as the prototype and based on antilock brake system (ABS) hardware, proposes a new braking pressure coordinated control system with electro-hydraulic braking function and developed a corresponding control strategy in order to realize efficient energy recovery and ensure braking safety, while considering the disadvantages of control complexity and functional limitations of existing electro-hydraulic system. The system satisfies the pressure coordinated control requirements of conventional braking, regenerative braking, and ABS braking. The vehicle dynamics model based on braking control strategy and pressure coordinated control system is established, and thereafter, the performance simulation of the vehicle-based pressure coordinated control system under typical braking conditions is carried out to validate the performance of the proposed system and control strategy. The simulation results show that the braking energy recovery rates under three different conditions—variable braking intensity, constant braking intensity and integrated braking model—are 66%, 55% and 47%. The battery state of charge (SOC) recovery rates are 0.37%, 0.31% and 0.36%. This proves that the motor can recover the reduced energy of the vehicle during braking and provide an appropriate braking force. It realizes the ABS control function and has good dynamic response and braking pressure control accuracy. The simulation results illustrate the effectiveness and feasibility of the program which lays the foundation for further design and optimization of the new regenerative braking system.

Research on Variable Current Regenerative Braking Control Strategy Based on Radial Basis Function Neural Network Tuning PID Control

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 468-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chaofeng Pan ◽  
Rui Zhang ◽  
Liao Chen ◽  
Shaohua Wang ◽  
Fengyan Yi
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Radial Basis Function ◽  
Control Strategy ◽  
Pid Control ◽  
Basis Function ◽  
Energy Recovery ◽  
Regenerative Braking ◽  
Radial Basis ◽  
Driving Range ◽  
Braking Control

Nowadays, regenerative braking is one of the most prevalent and important technology applied in EV (electric vehicle). It can extend the driving range of EV by transforming part of kinetic energy into electric energy during the braking process of EV. The research object of this paper is one certain EV with the hybrid electric power which includes lithium ion battery and ultra-capacitor. This paper establishes the circuit mathematical model of RBS (regenerative braking system) and analyzes the system comprehensively. Based on that, this paper designs a braking force distribution method between the front-axle and rear-axle. Under the premise of braking safety, this paper puts forward a variable current regenerative braking control strategy based on RBF (radial basis function) neural network tuning PID control with the aim of maximum energy recovery. In order to prove the validity of the model and the control strategy, this paper contrasts the variable current regenerative braking control strategy with the traditional constant current braking control strategy by bench test and simulation under NEDC driving cycle. The result shows that the variable current regenerative braking control strategy is effective, improving the energy recovery efficiency, extending the driving range of EV.

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