scholarly journals Ecological and Public Health Implications of the Discharge of Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria and Physicochemical Contaminants from Treated Wastewater Effluents in the Eastern Cape, South Africa

Water ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 562 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martins Adefisoye ◽  
Anthony Okoh
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Eastern Cape ◽  
Multidrug Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Health Implications ◽  
Wastewater Effluents

Polymicrobial multidrug-resistant bacteria isolated from street vended fresh fruit juices in Pakistan

2018 ◽  
Vol 120 (6) ◽  
pp. 1358-1365
Author(s):  
Muhammad Hussnain Siddique ◽  
Muhammad Usman Qamar ◽  
Sumreen Hayat ◽  
Bilal Aslam ◽  
Habibullah Nadeem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Fruit Juices ◽  
Fresh Fruit ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Local Market ◽  
Multidrug Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Preliminary Identification ◽  
Surface Spread

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the prevalence and antibiograms of bacteria isolated from various fresh fruit juices at a local market in Faisalabad. Design/methodology/approach Fresh fruit juice samples (n=125) were randomly collected using aseptic technique. Each sample (10 mL) was serially diluted with 90 mL of sterile peptone water, from 1×10−1 to 1×10−5. Each dilution was then used to inoculate nutrient agar by surface spread plating. Aerobic colony counts (ACCs) were determined by colony counting. The isolates were sub-cultured on blood and MacConkey agar. Preliminary identification was achieved on the basis of colony morphology and culture characteristic, and confirmed by API® 20E, 20NE, and API® Staph testing. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion assay, per CLSI 2015 guidelines. Findings The mean ACC ranged from 2.0×106 CFU/mL to 4.93×106 CFU/mL, with the highest ACC determined for orange juice. Overall, 153 polymicrobial were identified in 125 samples; 103 of these were Gram-negative rods (GNR) and 28 were Gram-positive cocci (GPC). Escherichia coli (n=38), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=32) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n=24) were the predominant GNR; Staphylococcus aureus (n=28) was the predominant GPC. Antibiogram analysis revealed that all GNR were resistant to ampicillin. However, most E. coli isolates were resistant to ceftazidime (72.4 percent of isolates), and ceftriaxone and cefepime (68.9 percent), while most K. pneumoniae isolates were resistant to cefepime (72 percent) and ceftriaxone (64 percent). All S. aureus isolates were resistant to penicillin, while most (64 percent) were resistant to piperacillin; the most effective drugs against bacteria were vancomycin and imipenem. Practical implications The findings suggest that the local government regulatory food and public health authorities should take immediate emergency measures. Appropriate surveillance studies and periodic monitoring of food items should be regularly performed to safeguard public health. Originality/value The current study revealed the prevalence of multidrug-resistant bacteria in freshly prepared fruit juices sold by local street vendors.

Hospital liquid waste contaminated with multidrug-resistant bacteria raises a public health hazard alert in Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 193 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Leila Lúcia Dias ◽  
Rafael Nakamura-Silva ◽  
Gilberto André Teles de Oliveira Junior ◽  
Ivan Orlando Gonzales Mego ◽  
Guilherme Silva Mendonça ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
Liquid Waste ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Multidrug Resistant Bacteria

scholarly journals Harnessing the Intriguing Properties of Magnetic Nanoparticles to Detect and Treat Bacterial Infections

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 112
Author(s):  
Lingchao Xiang ◽  
Ozioma Udochukwu Akakuru ◽  
Chen Xu ◽  
Aiguo Wu
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Multidrug Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Detection ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Further Development

Infections caused by pathogenic bacteria, especially multidrug-resistant bacteria, have become a serious worldwide public health problem. Early diagnosis and treatment can effectively prevent the adverse effects of such infections. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop effective methods for the early detection, prevention, and treatment of diseases that are caused by bacterial infections. So far, magnetic material nanoparticles (MNPs) have been widely used in the detection and treatment of bacterial infections as detection agents and therapeutics. Therefore, this review describes the recent research on MNPs in bacterial detection and treatment. Finally, a brief discussion of challenges and perspectives in this field is provided, which is expected to guide the further development of MNPs for bacterial detection and treatment.

scholarly journals Molecular Detection of Antibiotic-Resistant Genes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Nonclinical Environment: Public Health Implications in Mthatha, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Mojisola Clara Hosu ◽  
Sandeep Vasaikar ◽  
Grace Emily Okuthe ◽  
Teke Apalata
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Eastern Cape ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Health Implications ◽  
Resistant Genes ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes ◽  
Mar Index ◽  
Abattoir Wastewater

Evaluation of resistant profiles and detection of antimicrobial-resistant genes of bacterial pathogens in the nonclinical milieu is imperative to assess the probable risk of dissemination of resistant genes in the environment. This paper sought to identify antibiotic-resistant genes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa from nonclinical sources in Mthatha, Eastern Cape, and evaluate its public health implications. Samples collected from abattoir wastewater and aquatic environment were processed by membrane filtration and cultured on CHROMagarTM Pseudomonas medium. Species identification was performed by autoSCAN-4 (Dade Behring Inc., IL). Molecular characterization of the isolates was confirmed using real-time polymerase chain reaction (rPCR) and selected isolates were further screened for the possibility of harboring antimicrobial resistance genes. Fifty-one Pseudomonas species were recovered from abattoir wastewater and surface water samples, out of which thirty-six strains were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (70.6%). The P. aeruginosa isolates demonstrated resistance to aztreonam (86.1%), ceftazidime (63.9%), piperacillin (58.3%), cefepime (55.6%), imipenem (50%), piperacillin/tazobactam (47.2%), meropenem (41.7%), and levofloxacin (30.6%). Twenty out of thirty-six P. aeruginosa displayed multidrug resistance profiles and were classified as multidrug-resistant (MDR) (55.6%). Most of the bacterial isolates exhibited a high Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) Index ranging from 0.08 to 0.69 with a mean MAR index of 0.38. In the rPCR analysis of fifteen P. aeruginosa isolates, 14 isolates (93.3%) were detected harboring blaSHV, six isolates (40%) harbored blaTEM, and three isolates (20%) harbored blaCTX-M, being the least occurring ESBL. Results of the current study revealed that P. aeruginosa isolates recovered from nonclinical milieu are resistant to frontline clinically relevant antipseudomonal drugs. This is concerning as it poses a risk to the environment and constitutes a public health threat. Given the public health relevance, the paper recommends monitoring of multidrug-resistant pathogens in effluent environments.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Potentially Pathogenic Antibiotic-Resistant Aeromonas spp. in Treated Urban Wastewater Effluents versus Recipient Riverine Populations: a 3-Year Comparative Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Troy Skwor ◽  
Sarah Stringer ◽  
Jason Haggerty ◽  
Jenilee Johnson ◽  
Sarah Duhr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Aquatic Environments ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Wastewater Effluents

ABSTRACT Antibiotic resistance continues to be an emerging threat both in clinical and environmental settings. Among the many causes, the impact of postchlorinated human wastewater on antibiotic resistance has not been well studied. Our study compared antibiotic susceptibility among Aeromonas spp. in postchlorinated effluents to that of the recipient riverine populations for three consecutive years against 12 antibiotics. Aeromonas veronii and Aeromonas hydrophila predominated among both aquatic environments, although greater species diversity was evident in treated wastewater. Overall, treated wastewater contained a higher prevalence of nalidixic acid-, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (SXT)-, and tetracycline-resistant isolates, as well as multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates compared to upstream surface water. After selecting for tetracycline-resistant strains, 34.8% of wastewater isolates compared to 8.3% of surface water isolates were multidrug resistant, with nalidixic acid, streptomycin, and SXT being the most common. Among tetracycline-resistant isolates, efflux pump genes tetE and tetA were the most prevalent, though stronger resistance correlated with tetA. Over 50% of river and treated wastewater isolates exhibited cytotoxicity that was significantly correlated with serine protease activity, suggesting many MDR strains from effluent have the potential to be pathogenic. These findings highlight that conventionally treated wastewater remains a reservoir of resistant, potentially pathogenic bacterial populations being introduced into aquatic systems that could pose a threat to both the environment and public health. IMPORTANCE Aeromonads are Gram-negative, asporogenous rod-shaped bacteria that are autochthonous in fresh and brackish waters. Their pathogenic nature in poikilotherms and mammals, including humans, pose serious environmental and public health concerns especially with rising levels of antibiotic resistance. Wastewater treatment facilities serve as major reservoirs for the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and resistant bacterial populations and are, thus, a potential major contributor to resistant populations in aquatic ecosystems. However, few longitudinal studies exist analyzing resistance among human wastewater effluents and their recipient aquatic environments. In this study, considering their ubiquitous nature in aquatic environments, we used Aeromonas spp. as bacterial indicators of environmental antimicrobial resistance, comparing it to that in postchlorinated wastewater effluents over 3 years. Furthermore, we assessed the potential of these resistant populations to be pathogenic, thus elaborating on their potential public health threat.

Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella Isolates from Swine in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa

2016 ◽  
Vol 79 (7) ◽  
pp. 1234-1239 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHINWE JULIANA IWU ◽  
BENSON CHUKS IWERIEBOR ◽  
LARRY CHIKWELU OBI ◽  
ALBERTUS KOTZE BASSON ◽  
ANTHONY IFEANYI OKOH
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Growth Promotion ◽  
Resistance Index ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Eastern Cape ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Genes Encoding

ABSTRACT The exposure of farm animals to antimicrobials for treatment, prophylaxis, or growth promotion can select for resistant bacteria that can be transmitted to humans, and Salmonella as an important zoonotic pathogen can act as a potential reservoir of antimicrobial resistance determinants. We assessed the antibiogram profiles of Salmonella species isolated from pig herds in two commercial farms in South Africa. Two hundred fifty-eight presumptive Salmonella isolates were recovered from the fecal samples of 500 adult pigs. Specific primers targeting Salmonella serogroups A, B, C1, C2, and D were used to determine the prevalence of different serogroups. Only serogroup A (n =48) was detected, while others were not. Antimicrobial susceptibility of the confirmed Salmonella serogroup A isolates was performed by using the disk diffusion method against a panel of 18 antibiotics. All the 48 isolates were resistant to tetracycline and oxytetracycline, while 75% were resistant to ampicillin, sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim, nalidixic acid, and streptomycin. All the isolates exhibited multidrug resistance, with the predominant phenotype being against 11 antibiotics, and multiple antibiotic resistance index ranged between 0.3 and 0.6. The incidence of genes encoding resistance against ampicillin (ampC), tetracycline (tetA), and streptomycin (strA) were 54, 61, and 44%, respectively. We conclude that healthy pigs are potential reservoirs of multidrug-resistant Salmonella that could be transmitted to humans through the food chain and, hence, a significant public health threat.

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