scholarly journals Evaluation of Flood Mitigation Effectiveness of Nature-Based Solutions Potential Cases with an Assessment Model for Flood Mitigation

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 3451
Author(s):  
Weicheng Lo ◽  
Chih-Tsung Huang ◽  
Meng-Hsuan Wu ◽  
Dong-Jiing Doong ◽  
Leng-Hsuan Tseng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Steady Flow ◽  
Return Period ◽  
Flow Simulation ◽  
Main Channel ◽  
Assessment Model ◽  
Flood Mitigation ◽  
Disaster Mitigation ◽  
Intergovernmental Panel ◽  
Design Standard

In recent years, climate change has been widely discussed around the world. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) published the Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) in 2021, which stated that with the intensification of global warming, heavy rainfalls are becoming more severe and frequent. Economic development in recent years has also caused the proportion of impervious areas in urban regions to increase with the advancement of urbanization. When the two aforementioned factors are coupled together, the result is faster surface runoff speeds and reduced infiltration rates, which in turn result in worse flooding. Thus, water disaster mitigation is becoming a topic of great importance to developed and developing countries. This study examined five Nature-based Solutions (NbS) cases (A, B C, D, E) for the Nangang river in Taiwan. Case A is to design levees with a 100-year return period flood design standard. Under steady flow conditions, floods can be smoothly discharged downstream without any significant inundation in most situations. Case B and C used gabions with a 10-year return period flood design standard and discontinuous levees with a 25-year return period flood design standard, respectively. Though neither case is as effective in flood mitigation, both cases B and C can still reduce inundation from the flooding disaster relatively well. Case D is to dredge local areas of the main channel, but the steady flow simulation showed little flood mitigation effect. Case E is the implementation of “Room for the River”, and employs main channel dredging and floodplain land grading to increase flood conveyance capacity. Case E provides good flood mitigation.

scholarly journals Probabilistic Risk Assessment of Livestock Snow Disasters in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Ye ◽  
Weihang Liu ◽  
Peijun Shi ◽  
Yijia Li ◽  
Jidong Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Return Period ◽  
Probabilistic Risk Assessment ◽  
Assessment Model ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
Tibet Autonomous Region ◽  
Probabilistic Risk

Abstract. Understanding risk using a quantitative risk assessment offers critical information for risk-informed reduction actions, investing in building resilience, and planning for adaptation. This study develops an event-based probabilistic risk assessment model for livestock snow disasters in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) region and derives risk assessment results based on historical climate conditions (1980–2015) and present-day prevention capacity. In the model a hazard module was developed to identify/simulate individual snow disaster events based on boosted regression trees. Together with a fitted quantitative vulnerability function, and exposure derived from vegetation type and grassland carrying capacity, risk metrics based on livestock mortality and mortality rate were estimated. In our results, high risk regions include the Nyainqêntanglha Range, Tanggula Range, Bayankhar Mountains and the region between the Kailas Range and neighboring Himalayas. In these regions, annual livestock mortality rates were estimated as > 2 % and mortality was estimated as > 2 sheep unit/km2 at a return period of 1/20 a. Prefectures identified with extremely high risk included Yushu in Qinghai Province and Naqu, Shigatse, Linzhi, and Nagri in the Tibet Autonomous Region. In these prefectures, a snow disaster event with return period of 1/20 a or higher can easily claim a total loss of more than 200 000 sheep units. Our results provide a quantitative reference for preparedness and insurance solutions in reducing mortality risk. The methodology developed here can be further adapted to future climate change risk analyses and provide important information for planning climate change adaption in the QTP region.

scholarly journals ASSESSING THE EFFECTS OF THE 2019 FLOOD IN YOBE STATE COMMUNITIES AND POSSIBLE MITIGATION APPROACH

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 656-662
Author(s):  
A. H. Gana ◽  
K. Salisu
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
The State ◽  
Flood Mitigation ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Intergovernmental Panel ◽  
Proactive Approach ◽  
Vulnerability Indicators

Flood is one of the natural disasters that cause serious damage to property, environment and human livelihood. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports over the years have indicated that climate related disasters will more than double between 2000 to 2050 in comparison to their occurrence in the 20th century. It is evident that many communities around the world are becoming vulnerable to flood. Vulnerability is shaped by internal factors which (e.g poverty, age, weakness) these increase the degree of human exposure, and the external factors include (e.g susceptibility to climate change and socio-economic factors). It also depends on the sensitivity and adaptive capacity of a system to natural disasters. This study assessed the impacts of the 2019 flood in Yobe State, where data were obtained through Yobe State Emergency Management Agency (YOSEMA). YOSEMA is among the governmental organisations in the state that provides support and relief to flood victims and affected households. Secondary data was collected from YOSEMA (2019 flood report) to assess affected households and communities in the state. The 2019 flood events have affected over 5,000 households and had caused 4 deaths in the state. In this study, Holistic Flood Mitigation Approach was proposed to improve flood mitigation measures. This approach advocates for shifts from reactive approach (relief) to proactive approach (reduce risk). This can be conducted using the vulnerability indicators for the holistic approach. Further studies will be conducted to assess the level of household vulnerability in order to understand the recovery pace of communities

scholarly journals Building Regional Sustainable Development Scenarios with the SSP Framework

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (20) ◽  
pp. 5712 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuhui Yang ◽  
Xuefeng Cui
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Impact Assessment ◽  
Scenario Analysis ◽  
Model Simulation ◽  
Integrated Assessment Model ◽  
Assessment Model ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Intergovernmental Panel

Climate change is having an increasing effect on human society and ecosystems. The United Nations has established 17 sustainable development goals, one of which is to cope with climate change. How to scientifically explore uncertainties and hazards brought about by climate change in the future is crucial. The new Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has proposed shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs) to project climate change scenarios. SSP has been analyzed globally, but how regions and nations respond to the global climate change and mitigation policies is seldom explored, which do not meet the demand for regional environmental assessment and social sustainable development. Therefore, in this paper, we reviewed and discussed how SSPs were applied to regions, and this can be summarized into four main categories: (1) integrated assessment model (IAM) scenario analysis, (2) SSPs-RCPs-SPAs framework scenario analysis, (3) downscaling global impact assessment model, and (4) regional impact assessment model simulation. The study provides alternative ways to project land use, water resource, energy, and ecosystem service in regions, which can carry out related policies and actions to address climate change in advance and help achieve sustainable development.

scholarly journals Global evidence of constraints and limits to human adaptation

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adelle Thomas ◽  
Emily Theokritoff ◽  
Alexandra Lesnikowski ◽  
Diana Reckien ◽  
Kripa Jagannathan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Behavioral Adaptation ◽  
Human Adaptation ◽  
Small Islands ◽  
Intergovernmental Panel ◽  
Natural Systems ◽  
Adaptation Response ◽  
Cultural Constraints ◽  
Global Evidence

AbstractConstraints and limits to adaptation are critical to understanding the extent to which human and natural systems can successfully adapt to climate change. We conduct a systematic review of 1,682 academic studies on human adaptation responses to identify patterns in constraints and limits to adaptation for different regions, sectors, hazards, adaptation response types, and actors. Using definitions of constraints and limits provided by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), we find that most literature identifies constraints to adaptation but that there is limited literature focused on limits to adaptation. Central and South America and Small Islands generally report greater constraints and both hard and soft limits to adaptation. Technological, infrastructural, and ecosystem-based adaptation suggest more evidence of constraints and hard limits than other types of responses. Individuals and households face economic and socio-cultural constraints which also inhibit behavioral adaptation responses and may lead to limits. Finance, governance, institutional, and policy constraints are most prevalent globally. These findings provide early signposts for boundaries of human adaptation and are of high relevance for guiding proactive adaptation financing and governance from local to global scales.

scholarly journals Hydraulic Evaluation of the Levee System Evolution on the Kurobe Alluvial Fan in the 18th and 19th Centuries

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (15) ◽  
pp. 4406
Author(s):  
Tadaharu Ishikawa ◽  
Hiroshi Senoo
Keyword(s):  
Channel Capacity ◽  
Flood Control ◽  
River Flow ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Flow Simulation ◽  
Japan Sea ◽  
Main Channel ◽  
Alluvial Fan ◽  
Flood Peak ◽  
Levee System

The development process and flood control effects of the open-levee system, which was constructed from the mid-18th to the mid-19th centuries, on the Kurobe Alluvial Fan—a large alluvial fan located on the Japan Sea Coast of Japan’s main island—was evaluated using numerical flow simulation. The topography for the numerical simulation was determined from an old pictorial map in the 18th century and various maps after the 19th century, and the return period of the flood hydrograph was determined to be 10 years judging from the level of civil engineering of those days. The numerical results suggested the followings: The levees at the first stage were made to block the dominant divergent streams to gather the river flows together efficiently; by the completed open-levee system, excess river flow over the main channel capacity was discharged through upstream levee openings to old stream courses which were used as temporary floodways, and after the flood peak, a part of the flooded water returned to the main channel through the downstream levee openings. It is considered that the ideas of civil engineers of those days to control the floods exceeding river channel capacity, embodied in their levee arrangement, will give us hints on how to control the extraordinary floods that we should face in the near future when the scale of storms will increase due to the global climate change.

Collective Risk and Distributional Equity in Climate Change Bargaining

2021 ◽  
pp. 002200272110273
Author(s):  
Aseem Mahajan ◽  
Reuben Kline ◽  
Dustin Tingley
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Characteristic Feature ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Bargaining Model ◽  
Intergovernmental Panel ◽  
Climate Negotiations ◽  
Collective Risk ◽  
International Climate ◽  
Alternating Offers ◽  
International Climate Negotiations

International climate negotiations occur against the backdrop of increasing collective risk: the likelihood of catastrophic economic loss due to climate change will continue to increase unless and until global mitigation efforts are sufficient to prevent it. We introduce a novel alternating-offers bargaining model that incorporates this characteristic feature of climate change. We test the model using an incentivized experiment. We manipulate two important distributional equity principles: capacity to pay for mitigation of climate change and vulnerability to its potentially catastrophic effects. Our results show that less vulnerable parties do not exploit the greater vulnerability of their bargaining partners. They are, rather, more generous. Conversely, parties with greater capacity are less generous in their offers. Both collective risk itself and its importance in light of the recent Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change report make it all the more urgent to better understand this crucial strategic feature of climate change bargaining.

scholarly journals Welcome to Hydrogen—A New International and Interdisciplinary Open Access Journal of Growing Interest in Our Society

Hydrogen ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-92
Author(s):  
George E. Marnellos ◽  
Thomas Klassen
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Open Access ◽  
Open Access Journal ◽  
Intergovernmental Panel ◽  
Ipcc Report

The 2018 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report [...]

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