scholarly journals Physiological Activity, Nutritional Composition, and Gene Expression in Apple (Malus domestica Borkh) Influenced by Different ETc Levels of Irrigation at Distinct Development Stages

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 3208
Author(s):  
Rafiya Mushtaq ◽  
Mahinder Kumar Sharma ◽  
Javid Iqbal Mir ◽  
Sheikh Mansoor ◽  
Khalid Mushtaq ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Nutrient Uptake ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Physiological Activity ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
High Density ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Leaf Tissues

Managing irrigation efficiently is paramount given the uncertainty in the future availability of water and rising demand for this resource. Scheduled irrigation significantly influences vegetative growth through improving crop physiology and nutrient uptake and use efficiency. Influence of different irrigation treatments (100%, 75%, and 50% volume of Class A pan evapotranspiration) applied at four different phenological stages (flowering and fruit set (C1), fruit growth stage (C2), pre-harvest stage (C3), and throughout the growing season (C4)) through drip along with a control (rainfed) on leaf physiology, nutrient content, and uptake through gene expression was studied on Super Chief Sandidge variety raised on M9T337 (5 and 6 years old) grown at a spacing of 1.5 × 3 m (2222 plants/ha) under high density condition of Kashmir Himalayan range of India. A comparison of data reveals that drip irrigation at 100% Crop evapotranspiration (ETc) increased leaf area by 60% compared to rainfed conditions. Leaf area significantly increased in plants irrigated throughout the growing season (C4) and during flowering and fruit set stage (C1). Irrigation amount likely does not have any influence on leaf development after the fruit growth stage. Stomatal opening and their size greatly vary from no irrigation to optimum irrigation in these plants. High density apple trees exposed to optimum irrigation levels (100% and 75% ET) had significantly higher concentrations of nutrients (N, P, and K) in their leaf tissues. The concentration of Ca and Mg content in leaf tissues are greatly influenced by the optimum supply of water during the early growth stages of apple growth. The availability of water significantly influences nutrient transporter gene expression and thus nutrient uptake by regulating such transporter genes. It is therefore observed that proper irrigation during C1 and stage C2 stage are the critical growth stages of apple for optimum leaf physiological activity and proper nutrient uptake.

The effect of cotton growth stage on response to a sublethal concentration of 2,4-D

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 321-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
John T. Buol ◽  
Daniel B. Reynolds ◽  
Darrin M. Dodds ◽  
J. Anthony Mills ◽  
Robert L. Nichols ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fiber Length ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Sublethal Concentration ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Visible Injury ◽  
Fiber Properties ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Auxin Herbicides

AbstractRecent commercialization of auxin herbicide–based weed control systems has led to increased off-target exposure of susceptible cotton cultivars to auxin herbicides. Off-target deposition of dilute concentrations of auxin herbicides can occur on cotton at any stage of growth. Field experiments were conducted at two locations in Mississippi from 2014 to 2016 to assess the response of cotton at various growth stages after exposure to a sublethal 2,4-D concentration of 8.3 g ae ha−1. Herbicide applications occurred weekly from 0 to 14 weeks after emergence (WAE). Cotton exposure to 2,4-D at 2 to 9 WAE resulted in up to 64% visible injury, whereas 2,4-D exposure 5 to 6 WAE resulted in machine-harvested yield reductions of 18% to 21%. Cotton maturity was delayed after exposure 2 to 10 WAE, and height was increased from exposure 6 to 9 WAE due to decreased fruit set after exposure. Total hand-harvested yield was reduced from 2,4-D exposure 3, 5 to 8, and 13 WAE. Growth stage at time of exposure influenced the distribution of yield by node and position. Yield on lower and inner fruiting sites generally decreased from exposure, and yield partitioned to vegetative or aborted positions and upper fruiting sites increased. Reductions in gin turnout, micronaire, fiber length, fiber-length uniformity, and fiber elongation were observed after exposure at certain growth stages, but the overall effects on fiber properties were small. These results indicate that cotton is most sensitive to low concentrations of 2,4-D during late vegetative and squaring growth stages.

Relative effectiveness of various sources, methods, times and rates of copper fertilizers in improving grain yield of wheat on a Cu-deficient soil

2005 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. S. Malhi ◽  
L. Cowell ◽  
H. R. Kutcher
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Relative Effectiveness ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Cu Deficiency

A field experiment was conducted to determine the relative effectiveness of various sources, methods, times and rates of Cu fertilizers on grain yield, protein concentration in grain, concentration of Cu in grain and uptake of Cu in grain of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and residual concentration of DTPA-extractable Cu in soil on a Cu-deficient soil near Porcupine Plain in northeastern Saskatchewan. The experiment was conducted from 1999 to 2002 on the same site, but the results for 2002 were not presented because of very low grain yield due to drought in the growing season. The 25 treatments included soil application of four granular Cu fertilizers (Cu lignosulphonate, Cu sulphate, Cu oxysulphate I and Cu oxysulphate II) as soil-incorporated (at 0.5 and 2.0 kg Cu ha-1), seedrow-placed (at 0.25 and 1.0 kg Cu ha-1) and foliar application of four solution Cu fertilizers (Cu chelate-EDTA, Cu sequestered I, Cu sulphate/chelate and Cu sequestered II at 0.25 kg Cu ha-1) at the four-leaf and flag-leaf growth stages, plus a zero-Cu check. Soil was tilled only once to incorporate all designated Cu and blanket fertilizers into the soil a few days prior to seeding. Wheat plants in the zero-Cu treatment exhibited Cu deficiency in all years. For foliar application at the flag-leaf stage, grain yield increased with all four of the Cu fertilizers in 2000 and 2001, and in all but Cu sequestered II in 1999. Foliar application at the four-leaf growth stage of three Cu fertilizers (Cu chelate-EDTA, Cu sequestered I and Cu sulphate/chelate), soil incorporation of all Cu fertilizers at 2 kg Cu ha-1 and two Cu fertilizers (Cu lignosulphonate and Cu sulphate) at 0.5 kg Cu ha-1 rate, and seedrow placement of two Cu fertilizers (Cu lignosulphonate and Cu sulphate) at 1 kg Cu ha-1 increased grain yield of wheat only in 2001. There was no effect of Cu fertilization on protein concentration in grain. The increase in concentration and uptake of Cu in grain from Cu fertilization usually showed a trend similar to grain yield. There was some increase in residual DTPA-extractable Cu in the 0–60 cm soil in Cu lignosulphonate, Cu sulphate and Cu oxysulphate II soil incorporation treatments, particularly at the 2 kg Cu ha-1 rate. In summary, the results indicate that foliar application of Cu fertilizers at the flag-leaf growth stage can be used for immediate correction of Cu deficiency in wheat. Because Cu deficiency in crops often occurs in irregular patches within fields, foliar application may be the most practical and economical way to correct Cu deficiency during the growing season, as lower Cu rates can correct Cu deficiency. Key words: Application time, Cu source, foliar application, granular Cu, growth stage, placement method, rate of Cu, seedrow-placed Cu, soil incorporation

The effect of foliar copper application on grain yield and quality of wheat

2004 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Karamanos ◽  
Q. Pomarenski ◽  
T. B. Goh ◽  
N. A Flore
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Appreciable Effect ◽  
Cu Deficiency ◽  
Seed Placement ◽  
Grain Yield And Quality

Available Cu concentrations in prairie soils (DTPA-extractable Cu) are extremely variable, thus resulting in areas within fields that are Cu deficient. These areas are difficult to characterize by a soil test based on a composite field sample; thus, when they are identified in the growing season, foliar Cu application possibly represents the only method of correcting them. A project, carried out over a period of 8 yr that consisted of four experiments and a total of 22 trials, was designed to ascertain whether foliar Cu applications indeed provide a satisfactory means of correcting Cu deficiency. Experiments included comparison of foliar applications at Feekes growth stages 6 (first node of stem visible at base of shoot) and 6 plus 10 (sheath of last leaf completely grown out) to soil broadcast and incorporation of 4 to 5.5 kg Cu ha-1 as copper sulphate (CuSO4·5H2O) or seed placement of 2 kg Cu ha-1 in three forms (two oxysulphates and one sulphate); foliar application of a variety of products representing different chemistries (chelate, lignin sulphonate, humic acid, oxychloride and citric acid) on a number of wheat cultivars at Feekes growth stage 10 or one cultivar at Feekes growth stages 2 (beginning of tillering), 6, 10 and 2 plus 10. Foliar applications appear to provide a solution to Cu deficiency that is identified during the growing season. However, foliar applications were not always as effective as broadcast and incorporation of at least 4 kg Cu ha-1 in the form of CuSO4·5H2O, which still remains the preferred method to correct a Cu deficiency. Foliar application at Feekes growth stage 2 was ineffective, whereas a single foliar application at Feekes growth stage 10 was not as satisfactory as a single one at Feekes growth stage 6. Thus, the latter stage appears to be preferable; however, maximum grain yield in some cases was obtained by the combination of two foliar Cu applications, one each at Feekes growth stages 6 and 10. Responses of wheat to foliar Cu application were obtained on soils that contained DTPA-extractable Cu concentration of less than 0.4 mg kg-1. Foliar Cu applications did not have an appreciable effect on grain quality parameters, such as hectolitre weight, moisture or protein content. Key words: DTPA-extractable, Feekes growth stage, deficient, marginal, plant tissue

Seasonal biomass accumulation and nutrient uptake of wheat, barley and oat on a Black Chernozem Soil in Saskatchewan

2006 ◽  
Vol 86 (4) ◽  
pp. 1005-1014 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. S. Malhi ◽  
A. M. Johnston ◽  
J. J. Schoenau ◽  
Z. L. Wang ◽  
C. L. Vera
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Uptake ◽  
Uptake Rate ◽  
Accumulation Rate ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Nutrient Accumulation ◽  
Maximum Biomass ◽  
Cereal Species

Dry matter and nutrient accumulation in the growing season are the main factors in the determination of seed yield and nutrient use efficiency. Field experiments were conducted with spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.) in 1998 and 1999 at Melfort, Saskatchewan, Canada, to determine the biomass accumulation and plant nutrient uptake at different growth stages, and their relationship with days after emergence (DAE) and growing degree days (GDD). All crops generally followed a similar pattern of biomass and nutrient accumulation in the growing season, which increased continuously with growing time, with much faster increase at early growth stages than at late growth stages. Maximum biomass accumulation rate and amount usually occurred at late boot stage (46–47 DAE or 443–460 GDD) and ripening stage (89–90 DAE or 948–1050 GDD), respectively. Maximum rate of nutrient uptake occurred at tillering to stem elongation stages (22–36 DAE or 149–318 GDD). Maximum amount of nutrient uptake generally occurred at the beginning of flowering to medium milk stages (61–75 DAE or 612–831 GDD), except for P in 1998 when it occurred at late milk to ripening stages (80–90 DAE or 922–1050 GDD). In general, the maximum nutrient uptake rate and amount, respectively, occurred earlier than maximum biomass accumulation rate and amount. For various cereal species/cultivars, maximum biomass accumulation rate was 204–232 kg ha-1 d-1, and maximum uptake rate of N, P, K and S, respectively, was 3.2–5.7, 0.30–0.60, 3.85–7.05 and 0.45–0.60 kg ha-1 d-1. The findings suggest that a sufficient supply of nutrients from soil and fertilizers at early growth stages is of great importance for optimum crop yield. Key words: Barley, biomass accumulation, cereals, growth stages, nutrient uptake, oat, wheat

scholarly journals Impact of Elevated CO2 and Temperature on Growth, Development and Nutrient Uptake of Tomato

Horticulturae ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 509
Author(s):  
Tejaswini C. Rangaswamy ◽  
Shankarappa Sridhara ◽  
Konapura Nagaraja Manoj ◽  
Pradeep Gopakkali ◽  
Nandini Ramesh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Uptake ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Open Field ◽  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Nutrient Demand

Elevated carbon dioxide (EC) can increase the growth and development of different C3 fruit crops, which may further increase the nutrient demand by the accumulated biomass. In this context, the current investigation was conceptualized to evaluate the growth performance and nutrient uptake by tomato plants under elevated CO2 (EC700 and EC550 ppm) and temperature (+2 °C) in comparison to ambient conditions. Significant improvement in the growth indicating parameters like leaf area, leaf area index, leaf area duration and crop growth rate were measured at EC700 and EC550 at different stages of crop growth. Further, broader and thicker leaves of plants under EC700 and EC550 have intercepted higher radiation by almost 11% more than open field plants. Conversely, elevated temperature (+2 °C) had negative influence on crop growth and intercepted almost 7% lower radiation over plants under ambient conditions. Interestingly, earliness of phenophases viz., branch initiation (3.0 days), flower initiation (4.14 days), fruit initiation (4.07 days) and fruit maturation (7.60 days) were observed at EC700 + 2 °C, but it was statistically on par with EC700 and EC550 + 2 °C. Irrespective of the plant parts and growth stages, plants under EC700 and EC550 have showed significantly higher nutrient uptake due to higher root biomass. At EC700, the tune of increase in total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake was almost 134%, 126% and 135%, respectively compared to open field crop. This indicates higher nutrient demand by the crop under elevated CO2 levels because of higher dry matter accumulation and radiation interception. Thus, nutrient application is needed to be monitored at different growth stages as per the crop needs.

scholarly journals Nitrogen Rate and Timing of Nitrogen Application in Poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. Ex Klotz.)

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (11) ◽  
pp. 1309-1313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Ann Rose ◽  
John W. White
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Floral Induction ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
N Rates

`Celebrate 2' Poinsettias were grown for 8 weeks in a controlled-environment growth room until first signs of bract coloration. In growth stage I (GSI; weeks 1 through 4) low, medium, and high N rates (25, 75, and 125 mg N/liter, respectively) were applied by subirrigation (no leaching). Following floral induction [growth stage II (GSII), weeks 5 to 8], there were nine treatments: all possible combinations of the three N rates in GSI plus three rates (75, 125, and 175 mg N/liter) in GSII. Although >80% of shoot dry weight and >90% of total leaf area developed during growth GSII, reaching an acceptable plant size by week 8 depended on receiving adequate fertilization in growth GSI. In contrast, leaf chlorosis, noted in plants receiving the lowest rate in GSI, was rapidly reversed by increasing the N rate in GSII. Quadratic regression equations fitted to shoot dry weight and leaf area data predicted that using 125 mg N/liter in both growth stages gave maximum responses at week 8. However, using 75 mg N/liter in GSI and 125 mg N/liter in GSII also produced acceptable growth in poinsettias. Our results suggest that some growth restriction imposed by N availability during the first 4 weeks of growth may be acceptable and perhaps desirable to reduce growth regulator use and the environmental impact of overfertilization.

scholarly journals Effect of Zn and B on the Growth and Nutrient Uptake in Groundnut

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Ramprosad Nandi ◽  
Hasim Reja ◽  
Nitin Chatterjee ◽  
Animesh Ghosh Bag ◽  
Gora Chand Hazra
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Uptake ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Flower Initiation

Aims: To investigate the effect of combination between foliar zinc and boron on groundnut growth, yield, nutrient uptake and its accumulation in pods. Study Design:  Completely random design (CRD). Place and Duration of Study: Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Nadia, West Bengal, India during 2016. Methodology: The pot experiment was comprised of three levels of Zn (0, 0.5 and 0.75% Zn), three levels of B (0, 0.3 and 0.45% B) and their combinations. The treatments were replicated thrice. Zn and B were applied through foliar spray twice at vegetative and flower initiation stage. Chlorophyll content, leaf area, root–shoot dry biomass, plant height, nutrient uptake and nutrient concentrations in pods were studied. Results: Foliar spray of Zn and B jointly increased the leaf area to the tune of 55% and 29% at flowering and pod formation stages, respectively. Despite sole application of B and Zn increased the leaf chlorophyll content in groundnut; the combined applications were much more prominent. Moreover, lower level of Zn combined with higher level of B significantly (p<0.05) had higher uptake of N (18.8%), P (11.5%) and K (5.9%) over higher level of sole Zn application. The improved biomass accumulation of groundnut amplified the efficient utilization of primary nutrients and resulted in higher nutrient uptake as well as their concentration in pods. Groundnut when sprayed with elevated doses of Zn and B produced the maximum yield (30.8 g/plant). Conclusion: Spraying of Zn and B increased plant biomass, leaf area, chlorophyll content noticeably and with the increase in concentration of Zn and B in spray, the increment became quite intense. The combined spray of Zn and B at critical growth stages promoted better growth and productivity of groundnut.

scholarly journals Effects of Growth Stage Development on Paddy Rice Leaf Area Index Prediction Models

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Wang ◽  
Qingrui Chang ◽  
Fenling Li ◽  
Lin Yan ◽  
Yong Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Stage ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Multivariate Calibration ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Paddy Rice ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Area Index ◽  
First Derivative ◽  
Derivative Spectra ◽  
Stage Development

A in situ hyperspectral dataset containing multiple growth stages over multiple growing seasons was used to build paddy rice leaf area index (LAI) estimation models with a special focus on the effects of paddy rice growth stage development. The univariate regression method applied to the vegetation index (VI), the traditional multivariate calibration method of partial least squares regression (PLSR), and modern machine learning methods such as support vector regression (SVR), random forests (RF), and artificial neural networks (ANN) based on the original and first-derivative hyperspectral data were evaluated in this study for paddy rice LAI estimation. All the models were built on the whole growing season and on each separate vegetative, reproductive and ripening growth stage of paddy rice separately. To ensure a fair comparison, the models of the whole growing season were also validated on data for each separate growth stage of the standalone validation dataset. Moreover, the optimal band pairs for calculating narrowband difference vegetative index (DVI), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and simple ratio vegetation index (SR) were determined for the whole growing season and for each separate growth stage separately. The results showed that for both the whole growing season and for each single growth stage, the red-edge and near-infrared band pairs are optimal for formulating the narrowband DVI, NDVI and SR. Among the four multivariate calibration methods, SVR and RF yielded more accurate results than the other two methods. The SVR and RF models built on first-derivative spectra provided more accurate results than the corresponding models on the original spectra for both whole growing season models and separate growth stage models. Comparing the prediction accuracy based on the whole growing season revealed that the RF and SVR models showed an advantage over the VI models. However, comparing the prediction accuracy based on each growth stage separately showed that the VI models provided more accurate results for the vegetative growth stages. The SVR and RF models provided more accurate results for the ripening growth stage. However, the whole growing season RF model on first-derivative spectra could provide reasonable accuracy for each single growth stage.

scholarly journals Effects of Controlled Irrigation and Drainage on Nitrogen and Phosphorus Concentrations in Paddy Water

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shi-kai Gao ◽  
Shuang-en Yu ◽  
Guang-cheng Shao ◽  
Dong-li She ◽  
Mei Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Stage Iv ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Paddy Water ◽  
Controlled Irrigation ◽  
Different Growth Stages ◽  
Percolation Water

Controlled irrigation and drainage (CID) has received attention for improving water quality. Under CID condition, water stress is frequently experienced in two contexts: first drought and then flooding (FDTF) and first flooding and then drought (FFTD). This study aimed to investigate the effects of FDTF and FFTD on nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) dynamics in paddy water at different growth stages. The effects of water stress on the migration and transformation of N and P were also investigated. Results showed that CID can decrease N and P concentrations in surface water.NH4+-Nwas the major form of N in surface drainage and percolation water. Mean total phosphorus (TP),NH4+-N, andNO3--Nconcentrations were significantly higher than in FFTD during the growth stage. MeanNH4+-N,NO3--N, and TP concentrations were significantly higher in percolation water under flooding stress than those under drought stress at growth stage, except for mean TP concentrations at milky stage (stage IV). Meanwhile, flooding can sharply increase theNH4+-N,NO3--N, and TP concentrations in percolation water after drought. Thus, without CID, the considerably highNH4+-N,NO3--N, and TP concentrations via runoff and leaching can be responsible for the eutrophication of water bodies in the vicinity of paddy fields during the rice growing season when water stress transforms from drought into flooding.

scholarly journals Fungicide timing for the control of septoria tritici blotch of wheat

2006 ◽  
Vol 59 ◽  
pp. 160-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.V. Marroni ◽  
S.L.H. Viljanen-Rollinson ◽  
R.C. Butler ◽  
Y. Deng
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
Field Trial ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Good Control ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Septoria Tritici Blotch ◽  
Septoria Tritici ◽  
Disease Models ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Progress Curve

A field trial during the 200506 growing season used different fungicides and timing of fungicide applications to manipulate the development of Septoria tritici blotch on artificiallyinoculated wheat (cv Consort) Disease severity was assessed once or twice a week and the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) calculated The fungicide azoxystrobin applied at the prestem extension stage of crop growth had the lowest AUDPC and provided the best level of protection against the disease on the top three leaves Good control of the disease was also obtained from prestem extension and stemextension (growth stage GS32) applications of a mixture of azoxystrobin and epoxiconazole Epoxiconazole applied at the prestem extension stage and azoxystrobin and epoxiconazole mixture applied at growth stages 37 and 39 did not provide adequate control of the disease This work is part of a project aiming to provide information for development of disease models and forecast systems to assist growers with disease control decisions

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