scholarly journals Mesocosm– and Field–Scale Evaluation of Lignocellulose– Amended Soil Treatment Areas for Removal of Nitrogen from Wastewater

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 2137
Author(s):  
Sara Wigginton ◽  
Jose Amador ◽  
Brian Baumgaertel ◽  
George Loomis ◽  
George Heufelder
Keyword(s):  
Deep Layer ◽  
Soil Treatment ◽  
Septic Tank ◽  
Total N ◽  
Onsite Wastewater Treatment Systems ◽  
N Removal ◽  
Regulatory Standards ◽  
Septic Tank Effluent ◽  
Receiving Waters ◽  
Amended Soil

Non–proprietary N–removal onsite wastewater treatment systems are less costly than proprietary systems, increasing the likelihood of adoption to lower N inputs to receiving waters. We assessed the capacity of non–proprietary lignocellulose–amended soil treatment areas (LCSTAs)—a 45–cm–deep layer of sand above a 45–cm–deep layer of sand and sawdust—to lower the concentration of total N (TN) in septic tank effluent (STE) at mesocosm and field scales. The mesocosm received wastewater for two years and had a median effluent TN concentration of 3.1 mg/L and TN removal of 60–100%, meeting regulatory standards of 19 mg/L or 50% removal. Removal varied inversely with temperature, and was lower below 10oC. Removal was higher in the mesocosm than in five field sites monitored for 12–42 months. Median effluent TN concentration and removal met the standard in three continuously–occupied homes but not for two seasonally–occupied homes. Sites differed in temporal pattern of TN removal, and in four of five sites TN removal was greater—and effluent TN concentration lower—in the LCSTA than in a control STA containing only sand. The performance of non–proprietary LCSTAs was comparable to that for proprietary systems, suggesting that these may be a viable, more affordable alternative for lowering N inputs to receiving waters.

Efficiency of Subsurface Sewage Disposal Systems in Removal of Contaminants From Domestic Sewage

1976 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
M. Brandes
Keyword(s):  
Ground Water ◽  
Faecal Coliform ◽  
Septic Tank ◽  
Considerable Part ◽  
Radioactive Phosphorus ◽  
Clayey Silt ◽  
Septic Tank Effluent ◽  
Receiving Waters ◽  
Removal Of Contaminants ◽  
St Lawrence River

Abstract In order to determine the efficiency of subsurface disposal systems in removal of contaminants, fifteen systems located on three lakes and on the St. Lawrence River in Ontario, were under study for about two years. Tritium (3H) , radioactive phosphorus (32p) and fluorescein were used for tracing the subsurface movement of the septic tank effluent and for determining the time taken by the effluent to reach the receiving waters. It was observed that a considerable part (89 to 98%) of the phosphorus from the effluent was fixed in the soil when the soil contained more than 67% silt and clay. When clayey silt was the filtering medium the concentration of the phosphorus in the ground water dropped to a level of less than 0.2 mg/l (as P) in a distance of 17 meters from the disposal systems. A satisfactory removal of faecal coliform organisms by the same uniform undisturbed clayey silt was also observed. The removal of phosphorus and of faecal coliform organisms by disposal systems built on sandy fill was less efficient. The concentration of nitrates, free ammonia and chlorides in the ground water close to receiving waters was lower than concentrations permissible in public surface water supplies.

Effects of intermittent loading on nitrogen removal in horizontal subsurface flow wetlands

2010 ◽  
Vol 62 (8) ◽  
pp. 1865-1871 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret G. Forbes ◽  
Joe C. Yelderman ◽  
Tina Potterton ◽  
Robert D. Doyle
Keyword(s):  
Control Cell ◽  
Subsurface Flow ◽  
Ammonia Removal ◽  
Septic Tank ◽  
N Removal ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Septic Tank Effluent ◽  
Horizontal Subsurface Flow ◽  
Expanded Shale ◽  
Wetland Cell

Removal of CBOD5 and nitrogen from septic tank effluent was evaluated in four horizontal subsurface flow (HSSF) wetlands. An intermittently loaded cell was compared to a continuously loaded control cell, with both treatments receiving the same weekly volume. The intermittent cell was rapidly drained and “rested” for 24-hr, then refilled in steps, twice weekly. Two media with different particle sizes but similar porosities were also compared. The two media, light weight expanded shale and gravel, were both continuously loaded. As hypothesized, the wetland cell that was intermittently loaded had higher dissolved oxygen, greater ammonia removal, and greater nitrate production than the continuously loaded cells. Areal NH3-N removal for the intermittently loaded cell was 0.90 g m−2 d−1 compared to 0.47 g m−2 d−1 for the control. Ammonia removal was also higher in continuously loaded gravel cells than in cells with expanded shale. Ammonia-N removal was an order of magnitude lower in a similar SSF wetland that had been in operation for 3 years. However, CBOD5, total suspended solids, and total nitrogen did not vary substantially among the treatments.

scholarly journals Performance evaluation of anoxic–oxic–anoxic processes in illuminated biofilm reactor (AOA-IBR) treating septic tank effluent

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 874-884
Author(s):  
Sittikorn Kamngam ◽  
Thammarat Koottatep ◽  
Nawatch Surinkul ◽  
Chawalit Chaiwong ◽  
Chongrak Polprasert
Keyword(s):  
Light Emitting Diode ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Biofilm Reactor ◽  
Bacterial Biofilm ◽  
Septic Tank ◽  
Treatment Performance ◽  
N Removal ◽  
Septic Tank Effluent

Abstract This study was conducted to evaluate the treatment performance of the anoxic–oxic–anoxic processes in illuminated biofilm reactor (AOA-IBR) in removing organics and nitrogen contained in septic tank effluent. The 27 L of the AOA-IBR was illuminated with red light-emitting diode (LED) lamps (peak wavelength of 635 nm, intensity of 100 μmol/(m2s)). Three types of biofilm media, namely ball ring®, plastic sheets and zeolite beads, were placed in the anoxic, oxic and anoxic zones, respectively, of the reactor to support the growth of microalgal–bacterial biofilm. The AOA-IBR was continuously fed with septic tank effluent and operated at hydraulic retention times (HRTs) of 24, 48 and 72 h. The experimental results found the increases in chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN) and ammonia nitrogen (NH4-N) removal efficiencies with increasing HRTs in which the HRT of 72 h resulted in 78.6, 72.8 and 90.6% removals of COD, TN and NH4-N, respectively. The effluent quality of the AOA-IBR could meet the ISO 30500 effluent standards for Non-Sewered Sanitation Systems. The predominant microalgal biofilm species was observed to be Oscillatoria sp., while Proteobacteria was the predominant bacterial phylum found in the biofilm growing in the reactor. The above results suggested the applicability of the AOA-IBR in improving septic tank treatment performance which should result in better water pollution control.

Impact of Nitrogen Management Practices on Total Nitrogen in the Fruits of High Productive Hamlin Orange Trees

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 498e-498
Author(s):  
S. Paramasivam ◽  
A.K. Alva
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Perennial Crop ◽  
Total N ◽  
N Removal ◽  
Leaf N Concentration ◽  
N Rates ◽  
Orange Trees

For perennial crop production conditions, major portion of nutrient removal from the soil-tree system is that in harvested fruits. Nitrogen in the fruits was calculated for 22-year-old `Hamlin' orange (Citrus sinensis) trees on Cleopatra mandarin (Citrus reticulata) rootstock, grown in a Tavares fine sand (hyperthermic, uncoated, Typic Quartzipsamments) that received various N rates (112, 168, 224, and 280 kg N/ha per year) as either i) broadcast of dry granular form (DGF; four applications/year), or ii) fertigation (FRT; 15 applications/year). Total N in the fruits (mean across 4 years) varied from 82 to 110 and 89 to 111 kg N/ha per year for the DGF and FRT sources, respectively. Proportion of N in the fruits in relation to N applied decreased from 74% to 39% for the DGF and from 80% to 40% for the FRT treatments. High percentage of N removal in the fruits in relation to total N applied at low N rates indicate that trees may be depleting the tree reserve for maintaining fruit production. This was evident, to some extent, by the low leaf N concentration at the low N treatments. Furthermore, canopy density was also lower in the low N trees compared to those that received higher N rates.

Agricultural practices and diffuse nitrogen pollution in Denmark: empirical leaching and catchment models

1999 ◽  
Vol 39 (12) ◽  
pp. 257-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans E. Andersen ◽  
Brian Kronvang ◽  
Søren E. Larsen
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Animal Manure ◽  
Annual Runoff ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
N Loss ◽  
Total N ◽  
Model Calculations ◽  
N Removal

An empirical leaching model was applied to data on agricultural practices at the field level within 6 small Danish agricultural catchments in order to document any changes in nitrogen (N) leaching from the root zone during the period 1989-96. The model calculations performed at normal climate revealed an average reduction in N-leaching that amounted to 30% in the loamy catchments and 9% in the sandy catchments. The reductions in N leaching could be ascribed to several improvements in agricultural practices during the study period: (i) regulations on livestock density; (ii) regulations on the utilisation of animal manure; (iii) regulations concerning application practices for manure. The average annual total N-loss from agricultural areas to surface water constituted only 54% of the annual average N leached from the root zone in the three loamy catchments and 17% in the three sandy catchments. Thus, subsurface N-removal processes are capable of removing large amounts of N leached from agricultural land. An empirical model for the annual diffuse N-loss to streams from small catchments is presented. The model predicts annual N-loss as a function of the average annual use of mineral fertiliser and manure in the catchment and the total annual runoff from the unsaturated zone.

scholarly journals Woven-Fiber Microfiltration (WFMF) and Ultraviolet Light Emitting Diodes (UV LEDs) for Treating Wastewater and Septic Tank Effluent

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 1564
Author(s):  
Sara Beck ◽  
Poonyanooch Suwan ◽  
Thusitha Rathnayeke ◽  
Thi Nguyen ◽  
Victor Huanambal-Sovero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Light Emitting Diodes ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Septic Tank ◽  
Uv Disinfection ◽  
Small Community ◽  
Photochemical Process ◽  
Light Emitting ◽  
Decentralized Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Septic Tank Effluent

Decentralized wastewater treatment systems enable wastewater to be treated at the source for cleaner discharge into the environment, protecting public health while allowing for reuse for agricultural and other purposes. This study, conducted in Thailand, investigated a decentralized wastewater treatment system incorporating a physical and photochemical process. Domestic wastewater from a university campus and conventional septic tank effluent from a small community were filtered through a woven-fiber microfiltration (WFMF) membrane as pretreatment for ultraviolet (UV) disinfection. In domestic wastewater, WFMF reduced TSS (by 79.8%), turbidity (76.5%), COD (38.5%), and NO3 (41.4%), meeting Thailand irrigation standards for every parameter except BOD. In septic tank effluent, it did not meet Thailand irrigation standards, but reduced TSS (by 77.9%), COD (37.6%), and TKN (13.5%). Bacteria (total coliform and Escherichia coli) and viruses (MS2 bacteriophage) passing through the membrane were disinfected by flow-through UV reactors containing either a low-pressure mercury lamp or light-emitting diodes (LEDs) emitting an average peak wavelength of 276 nm. Despite challenging and variable water quality conditions (2% < UVT < 88%), disinfection was predictable across water types and flow rates for both UV sources using combined variable modeling, which enabled us to estimate log inactivation of other microorganisms. Following UV disinfection, wastewater quality met the WHO standards for unrestricted irrigation.

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