scholarly journals Environmental Antimicrobial Resistance in a Small Urban Mediterranean River: A Focus on Endemic Beta-Lactamases in Clinically Relevant Bacteria

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 2010
Author(s):  
Fabien Aujoulat ◽  
Rose Ragot ◽  
Mylène Toubiana ◽  
Chrystelle Bancon-Montigny ◽  
Patrick Monfort ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Running Waters ◽  
Beta Lactamases ◽  
Molecular Approaches ◽  
Infectious Risk ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
The City ◽  
Encoding Genes

Aquatic ecosystems subjected to anthropic pressures are likely hotspots for emergence or dissemination of antimicrobial resistant bacteria. The city of Montpellier is located on a Mediterranean climate watershed that undergoes strong demographic pressures. The aim of the study is to explore antimicrobial resistance, particularly those of clinical concern, in urban rivers flowing in this urban area. The method developed herein to explore antimicrobial resistance is based on cultural and molecular approaches completed by hydrological, hydrogeological, climatic, and physico-chemical data. Hospital vicinity and urbanization density significantly increase cultivable bacterial community, fecal bacteria from human origin, and prevalence of β-lactamases and extended-spectrum β-lactamases encoding-genes without an increase in 16S rDNA gene abundance. A total of 22 multidrug Enterobacterales have been isolated. All Escherichia coli (n = 10) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 6) isolated on a made-house media carried β-lactamases genes, blaCTX-M being the most prevalent (87%), followed by blaTEM (56%) and blaSHV (37%), 56% of these strains carrying two or three of these genes. In urban settings, water quality and infectious risk are generally linked to wastewater treatment plants effluents. This study shows that running waters in urbanized area contribute to the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance, making these environments a reservoir for resistant bacteria with important consideration.

scholarly journals Detection of Multidrug-resistant Extended-spectrum Beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteria from Community Infections in the city of Reynosa, Tamaulipas Mexico

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Cruz-González ◽  
Esther Ramírez-Moreno ◽  
Jessica Ortega-Balleza ◽  
Itzel Heredia-Mireles ◽  
Imelda Ramirez-Puente ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Esbl Production ◽  
Genetic Transmission ◽  
Beta Lactamases ◽  
Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase ◽  
Extended Spectrum ◽  
Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamases ◽  
The City

Abstract Production of extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) is one of the main problems related to antimicrobial resistance worldwide, with the CTX-M, TEM and SHV types standing out as the most prevalent. These enzymes are usually related to plasmids which facilitates their horizontal genetic transmission. In the northeast region of Tamaulipas their clinical prevalence is unknown. Therefore, the aim of this work was to define the molecular epidemiology of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae in clinical strains collected in Reynosa Tamaulipas, Mexico. A selection of 123 Enterobacteriaceae strains from different clinical patients were collected from August 2018 to December 2019. These strains were phenotypically identified by double disk synergy tests (DDST) and subsequently subjected to polymerase chain reaction for the detection and amplification of the blaTEM, blaSHV, blaCTX−M−1, blaCTX−M−2, blaCTX−M−9 and blaCTX−M−8/25 genes. Lastly, antimicrobial resistance profiles were determined by plate diffusion method and their capacity to transfer this sort of resistance by conjugation was assessed. Our results showed a prevalence of 48.78% (60/123) of ESBL-producing enterobacteria, with the blaTEM and blaCTX−M−1 genes most commonly detected in 76.67% (46/60) and 58.33% (35/60), respectively. Additionally, a 68.33% (41/60) of these ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae were multidrug-resistant, while 51.67% (31/60) were able to transfer some genes related to ESBL production, being blaCTX−M−1 the most common. This is the first study in the region that evaluates ESBL production in clinical Enterobacteriaceae strains, as well as the content of genes related to this phenotype and the ability to transfer this type of antimicrobial resistance.

scholarly journals 1289. The Challenge of Treating Community-Associated Enterobacterales Infections in a Middle-Income Country: Data from SMART 2018-2019

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S733-S734
Author(s):  
João Paulo Telles ◽  
Lavinia Arend ◽  
Larissa Bail ◽  
Carmen Ito ◽  
Felipe Tuon
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Stewardship ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Beta Lactamases ◽  
Hospital Acquired Infections ◽  
Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations ◽  
Microdilution Method ◽  
Broth Microdilution Method ◽  
Hospital Acquired

Abstract Background Antimicrobial stewardship programs have been used widely in hospital settings due to the rise of resistant bacteria, antibiotic toxicities, and costs. Nevertheless, few efforts are done to prevent the rising antimicrobial resistance in community settings. The aim of our study was to evaluate the antimicrobial resistance from Enterobacterales community- and hospital-acquired infections in Southern Brazil. Methods A total of 272 Enterobacterales isolates (i.e., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Citrobacter spp., Enterobacter spp., Serratia spp., Proteus spp., and Providencia) were collected from 2018 and 2019. Broth microdilution method was used to determine minimum inhibitory concentrations for ceftriaxone, cefepime, levofloxacin, amikacin and ertapenem. Molecular evaluation of beta-lactamases (ESBLs, AmpC, and KPC) was also performed. Results Ninety-three, and a hundred and seventy-nine isolates were from community- and hospital-acquired infections, respectively. Similar MIC distribution was found between community and hospital settings (Table 1). Levofloxacin MIC of 8mg/L occurred in 38.7% (n=36) and 30.7% (n=55) of isolates from community- and hospital-acquired infections, respectively (Figure 1). Ceftriaxone MIC of 16mg/L occurred in 39.7%(n=37) and 39.1% (n=70) of isolates from community- and hospital-acquired infections, respectively (Figure 1). At last, cefepime MIC of 32mg/L occurred in 22% (n=21) and 25% (n=46) of isolates from community- and hospital-acquired infections, respectively. The following beta-lactamases were found in isolates from community-acquired group, ACT-MIR, CTX-M, SHV and TEM; while beta-lactamases from the hospital-acquired group were ACT-MIR, CMY II, KPC-2, CTX-M, SHV and TEM. Table 1. Enterobacterales ceftriaxone, cefepime, levofloxacin, amikacin and ertapenem minimum inhibitory concentrations (mg/L) distribution from community- and hospital-settings. Figure 1. Enterobacterales ceftriaxone and levofloxacin minimum inhibitory concentrations (mg/L) distribution from community- and hospital-settings. Conclusion Similar antimicrobials resistances were found in Enterobacterales from community- and hospital-acquired infections. New anti-infective agents are needed urgently to treat pathogens from the community-acquired infections and hospitals that have resistance to the first line regimen. Additionally, community antimicrobial stewardship programs are required. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

scholarly journals The Aquatic Ecosystem, a Good Environment for the Horizontal Transfer of Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence-Associated Factors Among Extended Spectrum β-lactamases Producing E. coli

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 568 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lara Pérez-Etayo ◽  
David González ◽  
Ana Isabel Vitas
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Hospital Environment ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Extended Spectrum ◽  
Surveillance Programs ◽  
Reported Data ◽  
Good Environment

One of the main public health problems nowadays is the increase of antimicrobial resistance, both in the hospital environment and outside it (animal environment, food and aquatic ecosystems, among others). It is necessary to investigate the virulence-associated factors and the ability of horizontal gene transfer among bacteria for a better understanding of the pathogenicity and the mechanisms of dissemination of resistant bacteria. Therefore, the objective of this work was to detect several virulence factors genes (fimA, papC, papG III, cnf1, hlyA and aer) and to determine the conjugative capacity in a wide collection of extended-spectrum β-lactamases-producing E. coli isolated from different sources (human, food, farms, rivers, and wastewater treatment plants). Regarding virulence genes, fimA, papC, and aer were distributed throughout all the studied environments, papG III was mostly related to clinical strains and wastewater is a route of dissemination for cnf1 and hlyA. Strains isolated from aquatic environments showed an average conjugation frequencies of 1.15 × 10−1 ± 5 × 10−1, being significantly higher than those observed in strains isolated from farms and food (p < 0.05), with frequencies of 1.53 × 10−4 ± 2.85 × 10−4 and 9.61 × 10−4 ± 1.96 × 10−3, respectively. The reported data suggest the importance that the aquatic environment (especially WWTPs) acquires for the exchange of genes and the dispersion of resistance. Therefore, specific surveillance programs of AMR indicators in wastewaters from animal or human origin are needed, in order to apply sanitation measures to reduce the burden of resistant bacteria arriving to risky environments as WWTPs.

scholarly journals Treatment Processes for Microbial Resistance Mitigation: The Technological Contribution to Tackle the Problem of Antibiotic Resistance

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (23) ◽  
pp. 8866
Author(s):  
Gabriela Bairán ◽  
Georgette Rebollar-Pérez ◽  
Edith Chávez-Bravo ◽  
Eduardo Torres
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Treatment Technologies ◽  
High Doses

Advances generated in medicine, science, and technology have contributed to a better quality of life in recent years; however, antimicrobial resistance has also benefited from these advances, creating various environmental and health problems. Several determinants may explain the problem of antimicrobial resistance, such as wastewater treatment plants that represent a powerful agent for the promotion of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARG), and are an important factor in mitigating the problem. This article focuses on reviewing current technologies for ARB and ARG removal treatments, which include disinfection, constructed wetlands, advanced oxidation processes (AOP), anaerobic, aerobic, or combined treatments, and nanomaterial-based treatments. Some of these technologies are highly intensive, such as AOP; however, other technologies require long treatment times or high doses of oxidizing agents. From this review, it can be concluded that treatment technologies must be significantly enhanced before the environmental and heath problems associated with antimicrobial resistance can be effectively solved. In either case, it is necessary to achieve total removal of bacteria and genes to avoid the possibility of regrowth given by the favorable environmental conditions at treatment plant facilities.

scholarly journals Quantification and Multidrug Resistance Profiles of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci Isolated from Two Wastewater Treatment Plants in the Same Municipality

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 626 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haley Sanderson ◽  
Rodrigo Ortega-Polo ◽  
Kevin McDermott ◽  
Geoffrey Hall ◽  
Rahat Zaheer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Conventional Activated Sludge ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Surrounding Environment ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant ◽  
Aerated Filter

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are points of control for the environmental dissemination of antimicrobial resistant bacteria. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) were used as indicators of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in two WWTPs (biologically aerated filter (BAF) and conventional activated sludge (CAS)) in the same municipality. The removal and abundance of enterococci and VRE as well as the species and antimicrobial resistance profiles of VRE were assessed. Enterococci and VRE from the primary and final effluents were enumerated. Results were assessed from an ecological context. VRE was not selected for by either WWTP but the BAF system outperformed the CAS system for the removal of enterococci/VRE. Enterococcus faecalis (n = 151), E. faecium (n = 94) and E. casseliflavus/E. gallinarum (n = 59) were the dominant VRE species isolated. A decrease in levofloxacin resistance in enterococci was observed in the BAF WWTP. An increase in nitrofurantoin resistant (p < 0.001) and a decrease in quinupristin/dalfopristin (p = 0.003) and streptomycin (p = 0.022) resistant enterococci were observed in the CAS WWTP, corresponding to a shift of VRE from E. faecalis to E. faecium. Wastewater treatment processes can be managed to limit the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance determinants into the surrounding environment.

Inhibition of Bacterial Biofilm Formation by Phytotherapeutics with Focus on Overcoming Antimicrobial Resistance

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (24) ◽  
pp. 2807-2816 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yun Su Jang ◽  
Tímea Mosolygó
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Bacterial Biofilm ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Scientific Attention

: Bacteria within biofilms are more resistant to antibiotics and chemical agents than planktonic bacteria in suspension. Treatment of biofilm-associated infections inevitably involves high dosages and prolonged courses of antimicrobial agents; therefore, there is a potential risk of the development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Due to the high prevalence of AMR and its association with biofilm formation, investigation of more effective anti-biofilm agents is required. : From ancient times, herbs and spices have been used to preserve foods, and their antimicrobial, anti-biofilm and anti-quorum sensing properties are well known. Moreover, phytochemicals exert their anti-biofilm properties at sub-inhibitory concentrations without providing the opportunity for the emergence of resistant bacteria or harming the host microbiota. : With increasing scientific attention to natural phytotherapeutic agents, numerous experimental investigations have been conducted in recent years. The present paper aims to review the articles published in the last decade in order to summarize a) our current understanding of AMR in correlation with biofilm formation and b) the evidence of phytotherapeutic agents against bacterial biofilms and their mechanisms of action. The main focus has been put on herbal anti-biofilm compounds tested to date in association with Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and food-borne pathogens (Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp., Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli).

scholarly journals The Role of Aquatic Ecosystems (River Tua, Portugal) as Reservoirs of Multidrug-Resistant Aeromonas spp.

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 698
Author(s):  
Sónia Gomes ◽  
Conceição Fernandes ◽  
Sandra Monteiro ◽  
Edna Cabecinha ◽  
Amílcar Teixeira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Aquatic Ecosystems ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Anthropogenic Pressures ◽  
Resistance Rates

The inappropriate use of antibiotics, one of the causes of the high incidence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria isolated from aquatic ecosystems, represents a risk for aquatic organisms and the welfare of humans. This study aimed to determine the antimicrobial resistance rates among riverine Aeromonas spp., taken as representative of the autochthonous microbiota, to evaluate the level of antibacterial resistance in the Tua River (Douro basin). The prevalence and degree of antibiotic resistance was examined using motile aeromonads as a potential indicator of antimicrobial susceptibility for the aquatic environment. Water samples were collected from the middle sector of the river, which is most impacted area by several anthropogenic pressures. Water samples were plated on an Aeromonas-selective agar, with and without antibiotics. The activity of 19 antibiotics was studied against 30 isolates of Aeromonas spp. using the standard agar dilution susceptibility test. Antibiotic resistance rates were fosfomycin (FOS) 83.33%, nalidixic acid (NA) 60%, cefotaxime (CTX) 40%, gentamicin (CN) 26.67%, tobramycin (TOB) 26.67%, cotrimoxazole (SXT) 26.67%, chloramphenicol (C) 16.67%, and tetracycline (TE) 13.33%. Some of the nalidixic acid-resistant strains were susceptible to fluoroquinolones. Multiple resistance was also observed (83.33%). The environmental ubiquity, the natural susceptibility to antimicrobials and the zoonotic potential of Aeromonas spp. make them optimal candidates for studying antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in aquatic ecosystems. Aquatic environments may provide an ideal setting for the acquisition and dissemination of antibiotic resistance because anthropogenic activities frequently impact them. The potential risk of multi- and pan-resistant bacteria transmission between animals and humans should be considered in a “One Health—One World” concept.

scholarly journals Rethinking Manure Application: Increase in Multidrug-Resistant Enterococcus spp. in Agricultural Soil Following Chicken Litter Application

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 885
Author(s):  
Dorcas Oladayo Fatoba ◽  
Akebe Luther King Abia ◽  
Daniel G. Amoako ◽  
Sabiha Y. Essack
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Agricultural Soil ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Manure Application ◽  
Unamended Soil ◽  
Enterococcus Spp ◽  
Chicken Litter ◽  
Amended Soil

The current study investigated the impact of chicken litter application on the abundance of multidrug-resistant Enterococcus spp. in agricultural soil. Soil samples were collected from five different strategic places on a sugarcane farm before and after manure application for four months. Chicken litter samples were also collected. Enterococci were enumerated using the Enterolert®/Quanti-Tray 2000® system and confirm and differentiated into species using real-time PCR. The antibiotic susceptibility profile of the isolates was determined using the disk diffusion method following the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) guidelines. The overall mean bacterial count was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in manure-amended soil (3.87 × 107 MPN/g) than unamended soil (2.89 × 107 MPN/g). Eight hundred and thirty-five enterococci (680 from soil and 155 from litter) were isolated, with E. casseliflavus being the most prevalent species (469; 56.2%) and E. gallinarum being the least (16; 1.2%). Approximately 56% of all the isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic tested, with the highest resistance observed against tetracycline (33%) and the lowest against chloramphenicol (0.1%); 17% of E. faecium were resistant to quinupristin-dalfopristin. Additionally, 27.9% (130/466) of the isolates were multidrug-resistant, with litter-amended soil harbouring more multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates (67.7%; 88/130) than unamended soil (10.0%; 13/130). All isolates were susceptible to tigecycline, linezolid and gentamicin. About 7% of the isolates had a multiple antimicrobial resistance index > 0.2, indicative of high antibiotic exposure. Although organic fertilizers are regarded as eco-friendly compared to chemical fertilizers for improving soil fertility, the application of untreated animal manure could promote the accumulation of antibiotics and their residues and antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the soil, creating an environmental reservoir of antimicrobial resistance, with potential human and environmental health risks.

scholarly journals Liposomes as Antibiotic Delivery Systems: A Promising Nanotechnological Strategy against Antimicrobial Resistance

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (7) ◽  
pp. 2047
Author(s):  
Magda Ferreira ◽  
Maria Ogren ◽  
Joana N. R. Dias ◽  
Marta Silva ◽  
Solange Gil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Private Investment ◽  
Therapeutic Index ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Antimicrobial Drugs

Antimicrobial drugs are key tools to prevent and treat bacterial infections. Despite the early success of antibiotics, the current treatment of bacterial infections faces serious challenges due to the emergence and spread of resistant bacteria. Moreover, the decline of research and private investment in new antibiotics further aggravates this antibiotic crisis era. Overcoming the complexity of antimicrobial resistance must go beyond the search of new classes of antibiotics and include the development of alternative solutions. The evolution of nanomedicine has allowed the design of new drug delivery systems with improved therapeutic index for the incorporated compounds. One of the most promising strategies is their association to lipid-based delivery (nano)systems. A drug’s encapsulation in liposomes has been demonstrated to increase its accumulation at the infection site, minimizing drug toxicity and protecting the antibiotic from peripheral degradation. In addition, liposomes may be designed to fuse with bacterial cells, holding the potential to overcome antimicrobial resistance and biofilm formation and constituting a promising solution for the treatment of potential fatal multidrug-resistant bacterial infections, such as methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. In this review, we aim to address the applicability of antibiotic encapsulated liposomes as an effective therapeutic strategy for bacterial infections.

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