scholarly journals Rethinking Manure Application: Increase in Multidrug-Resistant Enterococcus spp. in Agricultural Soil Following Chicken Litter Application

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 885
Author(s):  
Dorcas Oladayo Fatoba ◽  
Akebe Luther King Abia ◽  
Daniel G. Amoako ◽  
Sabiha Y. Essack
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Agricultural Soil ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Manure Application ◽  
Unamended Soil ◽  
Enterococcus Spp ◽  
Chicken Litter ◽  
Amended Soil

The current study investigated the impact of chicken litter application on the abundance of multidrug-resistant Enterococcus spp. in agricultural soil. Soil samples were collected from five different strategic places on a sugarcane farm before and after manure application for four months. Chicken litter samples were also collected. Enterococci were enumerated using the Enterolert®/Quanti-Tray 2000® system and confirm and differentiated into species using real-time PCR. The antibiotic susceptibility profile of the isolates was determined using the disk diffusion method following the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) guidelines. The overall mean bacterial count was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in manure-amended soil (3.87 × 107 MPN/g) than unamended soil (2.89 × 107 MPN/g). Eight hundred and thirty-five enterococci (680 from soil and 155 from litter) were isolated, with E. casseliflavus being the most prevalent species (469; 56.2%) and E. gallinarum being the least (16; 1.2%). Approximately 56% of all the isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic tested, with the highest resistance observed against tetracycline (33%) and the lowest against chloramphenicol (0.1%); 17% of E. faecium were resistant to quinupristin-dalfopristin. Additionally, 27.9% (130/466) of the isolates were multidrug-resistant, with litter-amended soil harbouring more multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates (67.7%; 88/130) than unamended soil (10.0%; 13/130). All isolates were susceptible to tigecycline, linezolid and gentamicin. About 7% of the isolates had a multiple antimicrobial resistance index > 0.2, indicative of high antibiotic exposure. Although organic fertilizers are regarded as eco-friendly compared to chemical fertilizers for improving soil fertility, the application of untreated animal manure could promote the accumulation of antibiotics and their residues and antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the soil, creating an environmental reservoir of antimicrobial resistance, with potential human and environmental health risks.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Resistance Phenotypic Profile of Isolates from Clinical Infections in Dogs

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 8
Author(s):  
Ricardo Antonio Pilegi Sfaciotte ◽  
Lincoln Garcia Coronel ◽  
Alessandra Snak ◽  
Jéssica Tainá Bordin ◽  
Paula Wildemann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Veterinary Medicine ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agent ◽  
Companion Animals ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Enterococcus Spp ◽  
Staphylococcus Spp

Background: Antimicrobial resistance is described as a condition in which a micro-organism is able to survive when exposed to an antimicrobial agent. The resistance rates to antimicrobials in companion animals have risen considerably. Studies of local antimicrobial susceptibility profiles are needed as well as education and warning about the use of tests for the identification and susceptibility of pathogenic bacterial strains. The aim of this study was to identify the main antimicrobial resistance in clinical samples of dogs, and to detect multidrug-resistant strains of importance to public health.Materials, Methods & Results: Bacterial pathogens of 77 dog infections were isolated and their sensitivity profile to antimicrobials was determined. One hundred bacterial isolates were identified. Of these, 61 were Gram-positive (55 Staphylococcus spp., 4 Enterococcus spp. and 2 Streptococcus spp.) and 39 Gram-negative (36 fermenters and 3 non-fermenters). Seventy-nine isolates were considered multiresistant following individual assessment of drugs, and 85 following the evaluation of classes. Only 3 were sensitive to all drugs. Four isolates were resistant to all classes and only sensitive to some antibiotics. Of the 55 samples of Staphylococcus spp., 36 (65.45%) were identified as phenotypically MRS. Two isolates of Enterococcus spp. were resistant to vancomycin (VRE). Also 66.67% (26/39) of the samples were positive for the presumptive test for ESBL. For the MRS-positive isolates detected in this study, chloramphenicol was the antimicrobial that showed superior sensitivity in 74.29% of the cases (27/36); therefore it is considered the most appropriate for treatment of this type of micro-organism. In case of aminoglycosides, when their resistance was checked in MRS isolates, all resistance percentages increased, implying a limited use of this class for such a type of multi-resistant micro-organism. Contrarily, in case of ESBL, a superior sensitivity was observed towards MRS isolates, thus making them a prime treatment choice for the infection caused by these micro-organisms.Discussion: Literature have reported a gradual increase in multidrug resistance towards antimicrobial agents in veterinary medicine over the past decades. In this study, 64% of multiresistant strains were considered of significant importance, notably MRS (36), VRE (2) and ESBL (26). The early identification of pathogens in animals has become an important step in order to minimize the transmission of antibacterial resistance. The increase in the number of multidrug-resistant bacteria in animals and humans demonstrates the need to develop and implement measures in order to monitor and control the spread of this resistance. It is possible that the increased drug resistance is linked to the constant exposure to these drugs and the subsequent selective pressure, causing the transfer of resistant genes between strains. Carbapenems and glycopeptides should be used with caution in veterinary medicine in order to prevent such processes of selection that develop resistance in micro-organisms to these two classes, which can result in cross-resistance between animals and humans and create obstacles in the treatment of patients, especially for the two drugs mentioned, since they are important for the treatment of nosocomial infections in humans. The resistance percentage towards fluoroquinolones was identified to be higher in Gram-positive isolates, particularly in MRS, which showed 75% resistance against this class (according to the CLSI, resistance to one fluoroquinolone antimicrobial agent provides resistance to other antimicrobials of this class). For ESBL isolates, the resistance was shown to be 50%. The resistance towards the fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides class can be associated with the expression of the genes that produce ESBL.

scholarly journals Microbial Contamination of Chicken Litter Manure and Antimicrobial Resistance Threat in an Urban Area Setting in Cameroon

Antibiotics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 20
Author(s):  
Marie Paule Ngogang ◽  
Tambo Ernest ◽  
Jennifer Kariuki ◽  
Mohamed Moctar Mouliom Mouiche ◽  
Jeanne Ngogang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Chicken Litter ◽  
Convenience Sampling ◽  
And Control ◽  
Broth Dilution

We conducted a pilot study to assess microbiological safety of chicken litter, an affordable organic and main fertilizer used in Cameroon and worldwide. A convenience sampling of 26 farms was done and a questionnaire was administered. Samples of litter were aseptically collected. E. coli and Salmonella spp. were isolated using CLSI standards. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using the disc diffusion method and a micro broth dilution method for colistin. In broiler farms, 90% of participating farmers gave antibiotic prophylaxis. The prevalence of E. coli and Salmonella spp. was 59.1% and 15.5%, respectively. All E. coli isolates were multidrug resistant as well as 36.4% for Salmonella spp. No resistance was found against cefepime and imipenem. All Salmonella spp. tested were found sensitive to colistin while 26.7% of E. coli spp. were colistin resistant. Contamination of chicken litter may be an underestimated source of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) transmission towards animals, humans and the environment with multidrug resistant E. coli and Salmonella spp. This shows the need and opportunity for a One Health approach in AMR surveillance and control in Cameroon. Continued surveillance in chicken litter would enable monitoring of AMR risks and trends.

scholarly journals Phenotypic and Molecular Characterization of Plasmid-Mediated Virulence and Antimicrobial Resistance Traits among Multidrug Resistant Enterococcus spp. in Egypt

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 1649-1661
Author(s):  
Mahmoud M. Tawfick ◽  
Nagwan G. El Menofy ◽  
Maha E. Omran ◽  
Omnia A. Alsharony ◽  
Maha A. Abo-Shady
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Broth Microdilution Method ◽  
Enterococcus Spp

Enterococcus spp. are remarkable multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria that are causing serious healthcare-associated infections. The current study investigated the frequency of Enterococcus spp., antimicrobial susceptibility, biofilm formation and the presence of some plasmid-mediated virulence characters and antimicrobial resistance determinants in enterococcal isolates from Egyptian hospitals in Cairo. Enterococcus bacterial isolates were recovered from different clinical specimens and identified using biochemical testing and KB005A HiStrep™ identification kit. Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method and/or broth microdilution method were used to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. Phenotypic assays were performed to study biofilm formation and cytolysin and gelatinase production. PCR assays targeting the plasmid-carried genes aac(6’)-aph(2’), aph(3)-IIIa, vanA, agg and cylA were performed. In this study, 50 isolates of diverse Enterococcus spp. were identified with E. faecium was the most frequently isolated one. High resistance profiles were determined against tested antimicrobials and all isolates were MDR. Moderate biofilm formation was detected in 20% of isolates, 18% showed complete blood hemolysis and 12% produced gelatinase. All isolates carried the tested aminoglycosides resistance genes, while vanA was found only in 4 isolates (8%). The virulence genes agg and cylA were detected in 4% and 32% of isolates, respectively. In conclusion, E. faecium was the most prevalent species. The entire isolates set were MDR and the plasmid-carried aminoglycoside resistance genes were extensively disseminated among MDR isolates. Thus, regular surveillance studies, from the area of study or other geographical regions in Egypt, and strict infection control measures are required to monitor the emerging MDR enterococci.

Antimicrobial Resistance in Enterococcus spp. Strains Isolated from Organic Chicken, Conventional Chicken, and Turkey Meat: A Comparative Survey

2007 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 1021-1024 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. MIRANDA ◽  
M. GUARDDON ◽  
A. MONDRAGÓN ◽  
B. I. VÁZQUEZ ◽  
C. A. FENTE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Chicken Meat ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Turkey Meat ◽  
Enterococcus Spp ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Resistance Data

The mean counts of Enterococcus spp. were determined for 30 samples each of organic chicken meat, conventional chicken meat, and turkey meat, and differences for Enterococcus contamination in meat were determined. Two enterococci strains from each sample were isolated to obtain a total of 180 strains, and resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, doxycycline, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, gentamicin, nitrofurantoin, and vancomycin was determined by a disk diffusion method. Average counts obtained showed that Enterococcus mean counts from organic chicken meat (3.18 log CFU/g) were significantly higher than those obtained from conventional chicken meat (2.06 log CFU/g) or conventional turkey meat (1.23 log CFU/g). However, the resistance data obtained showed that isolates from organic chicken meat were less resistant than enterococci isolates from conventional chicken meat to ampicillin (P = 0.0067), chloramphenicol (P = 0.0154), doxycycline (P = 0.0277), ciprofloxacin (P = 0.0024), erythromycin (P = 0.0028), and vancomycin (P = 0.0241). In addition, isolates from organic chicken were less resistant than conventional turkey meat isolates to ciprofloxacin (P = 0.001) and erythromycin (P = 0.0137). Multidrug-resistant isolates were found in every group tested, but rates of multidrug-resistant strains were significantly higher in conventional chicken and turkey than those obtained from organic chicken meat. Enterococcus faecalis was the most common species isolated from organic chicken (36.67%), whereas Enterococcus durans was the most common species isolated from conventional chicken (58.33%) and turkey (56.67%). The rates obtained for antimicrobial resistance suggest that although organic chicken meat may have higher numbers of Enterococcus, these bacteria present a lower level of antimicrobial resistance.

scholarly journals 169. Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria Are Common Cause of Neutropenic Fever and Increase Mortality Among Patients with Hematologic Malignancies in Uganda

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. S108-S109
Author(s):  
Margaret Lubwama ◽  
Scott Adams ◽  
Catherine Muwonge ◽  
Freddie Bwanga ◽  
David Kateete ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Lymphocytic Leukemia ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Multidrug Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Hematologic Cancer

Abstract Background Cancer patients are at risk of developing severe infections. Empiric management of infections is complicated by emerging antimicrobial resistance and changing local epidemiology of organisms. We sought to determine predominant species causing bacteremia, their antimicrobial resistance profiles, and their contribution to mortality among hematologic cancer patients with febrile neutropenia at the Uganda Cancer Institute. Methods Blood drawn from participants during a febrile neutropenic episode (FNE; fever ≥37.5°C and neutrophil count ≤1,000 cells/µL) was cultured in the BACTEC 9120 blood culture system. Bacteria from positive cultures were identified biochemically. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed with the disc diffusion method. Logistic regression and proportional hazards regression were applied to estimate associations between participant characteristics and FNE, bacteremia, and mortality. Results Of 246 participants, 74 (30%) had an FNE. During the first FNE, 6/21 (29%) participants with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) developed bacteremia compared with 16/31 (52%) with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) (OR 2.22 (0.65, 7.4)). AML patients were specifically at higher risk of Gram-negative bacteremia (OR 4.59 (1.09, 19.3). Of the 41 aerobic bacteria isolated, 32 (78%) were Gram-negative, the most common being Klebsiella pneumoniae (11; 34%). Seventeen (53%) of the Gram-negative bacteria displayed the extended spectrum β lactamase phenotype and 5 (16%) were resistant to carbapenems. One of the eight Enterococcus species was vancomycin resistant. Overall survival among patients with FNE was 54% at 30 days and 19% at 100 days. Bacteremia was associated with higher mortality within 30 days (HR 2.1 (0.99, 4.45)) and 100 days (31% vs.10%; HR 2.23 (1.09, 4.59)). Conclusion Multidrug-resistant bacteria are the main cause of bacteremia and increase mortality in febrile neutropenic hematologic cancer patients at the UCI. Enhanced microbial surveillance, infection control and antimicrobial stewardship programs are needed to guide therapy and address emerging antimicrobial resistance at our institution. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

scholarly journals Investigation of antimicrobial resistance in pigeons (Columba livia domestica) using indicator bacteria

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 2095
Author(s):  
Ö ASLANTAŞ ◽  
N. GÖVCE
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Columba Livia ◽  
Cloacal Swab ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Specific Pcr ◽  
Enterococcus Spp

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of antibiotic resistance as well as presence of resistance-associated genes in Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. strains isolated from pigeons. One hundred and fifty cloacal swabs were collected from apparently healthy pigeons in Hatay, Turkey, between March 2014 and June 2014. Antimicrobial susceptibilities of the isolates were tested with disc diffusion method, and resistance genes were investigated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). E. coli were isolated from 94.7% (142) of the examined cloacal swab samples. E. coli isolates revealed higher resistance rates to tetracycline (51.4%) and ampicillin (50%), followed bynalidixic acid (19.7%), streptomycin (12.7%), amoxycillin-clavulanic acid (15.5%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (10.6%), cephalothin (7.0%), ciprofloxacin (6.3%), kanamycin (4.9%), gentamicin (4.2%), tobramycin (4.2%), ceftazidime (4.2%), cefotaxime (4.2%), chloramphenicol (2.8%), aztreonam (2.8%), and cefoxitin (0.7%), respectively. Twentyeight (%19.7) E. coli isolates were susceptible to all tested antimicrobials. A total of 136 (90.7%) Enterococcus spp. were isolated and species distribution of the isolates was determined by species-specific PCR. The isolates were identified as 64 (47.1%) E. hirae, 17 (12.5%) E. faecium, 8 (5.9%) E. faecalis, 4 (2.9%) E. columbea, and 2 (1.5%) E. durans. The rest of the isolates (30.1%) were identified as Enterococcus spp. with the used primers. Enterococcus spp. were resistant to tetracycline (67.6%), erythromycin (23.5%), rifampicin (17.6%), chloramphenicol (6.6%) and ciprofloxacin (5.9%). By contrast, 38 (27.9%) Enterococcus spp. were sensitive to all tested antimicrobials. The data obtained in the study showed that pigeons were carriers of antimicrobial resistant E. coli and Enterococcus spp. in their intestinal microbiota, and may pose public health risk due to not only transmission of these resistant bacteria to humans but also contamination of the environment. The current status of antimicrobial resistance in different animal species should be continuosly monitored and control measures should also be taken.

scholarly journals Animal source food eating habits of outpatients with antimicrobial resistance in Bukavu, D.R. Congo

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghislain Bilamirwa Ngaruka ◽  
Brigitte Bora Neema ◽  
Theophile Kashosi Mitima ◽  
Antoine Sadiki Kishabongo ◽  
Olivier Basole Kashongwe
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Eating Habits ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Animal Source ◽  
Drinking Milk ◽  
Animal Source Food

Abstract Background Antibiotic resistance is a public health concern in Democratic Republic Congo and worldwide. It is usually caused by antibiotic over prescription or dispensing practices. The consumption of animal source food (ASF) could be another source of antibiotic resistance but is rarely studied. The objective of the study was to evaluate the eating habits of ASF by outpatients with antimicrobial resistance through an analysis of (i) the association of their antimicrobial resistance with ASF consumption; (ii) the influence of the types of ASF on their antimicrobial resistance. Methods This is a retrospective analytical study conducted at three major Hospitals in Bukavu City (D. R. Congo). A total number of 210 patients, whose samples (mainly faeces and urine) had been subjected to bacterial examination, was included in this study. Morphological, biochemical and antibiotic susceptibility (using disc diffusion method) tests were performed on the samples. This served to isolate and identify resistant bacteria. Afterwards, patients responded to questions about the types and quantity of ASF eaten in the last week. We analysed data using descriptive statistics, logistic regression and non-parametric ranking tests. Results Escherichia coli (37.1%), Klebsiella pneumonae (14.7%), and Staphylococcus aureus (13.8%) were the most prevalent bacteria. E. coli (68.4%) and K. pneumonae (87.5%) were multidrug resistant (MDR), while S. aureus (7.7%) was minor. Low beef (O.R. 0.737, C.I. 0.542–1.002) and pork (O.R. 0.743, C.I. 0.560 – 0.985) consumption led to significantly (p < 0.05) lower risks of resistance to ciprofloxacin. Patients eating three different ASF per week had the highest resistance score (20.67) and high consumption rates of goat meat, pork and milk (41.5%). Conclusion The findings of this study suggest a contribution of human nutrition to antimicrobial resistance frequency. Our results show the existence of a high prevalence of multi-drug resistant bacteria in patients for which eating beef, pork and drinking milk are major risk factors. Therefore, a stricter control of antibiotic usage in livestock production and of their presence in ASF is recommended.

scholarly journals Animal Source Food Eating Habits of Outpatients With Antimicrobial Resistance in Bukavu, D.R. Congo

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivier Basole Kashongwe ◽  
Bilamirwa Reagan Ngaruka ◽  
Sarcelles Bora Brigitte Neema ◽  
Theophile Kashosi Mitima ◽  
Antoine Sadiki Kishabongo
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Eating Habits ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Animal Source ◽  
Drug Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Animal Source Food

Abstract Background: Antibiotic resistance is a public health concern in Democratic Republic Congo and worldwide. It is usually caused by antibiotic over prescription or dispensing practices. The consumption of animal source food (ASF) could be another source of antibiotic resistance but is rarely studied. The objective of the study was to evaluate the eating habits of ASF by outpatients with antimicrobial resistance through an analysis of (i) the association of their antimicrobial resistance with ASF consumption; (ii) the influence of the types of ASF on their antimicrobial resistance.Methods: This is a retrospective analytical study conducted at three major Hospitals in Bukavu City (D. R. Congo). A total number of 210 patients, whose samples (mainly faeces and urine) had been subjected to bacterial examination, was included in this study. Morphological, biochemical and antibiotic susceptibility (using disc diffusion method) tests were performed on the samples. This served to isolate and identify resistant bacteria. Afterwards, patients responded to questions about the types and quantity of ASF eaten in the last week. We analysed data using descriptive statistics, logistic regression and non-parametric ranking tests.Results: Escherichia coli (37.1%), Klebsiella pneumonae (14.7%), and Staphylococcus aureus (13.8%) were the most prevalent bacteria. E. coli (68.4%) and K. pneumonae (87.5%) were multidrug resistant (MDR), while S. aureus (7.7%) was minor. Low beef (O.R. 0.737, C.I. 0.542-1.002) and pork (O.R. 0.743, C.I. 0.560 – 0.985) consumption led to significantly (p<0.05) lower risks of resistance to ciprofloxacin. Patients eating three different ASF per week had the highest resistance score (20.67) and high consumption rates of goat meat, pork and milk (41.5%). Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest a contribution of human nutrition to antimicrobial resistance frequency. Our results show the existence of a high prevalence of multi-drug resistant bacteria in patients frequently consuming ASF in Bukavu. Therefore, a stricter control of antibiotic usage in livestock production and of their presence in ASF is recommended.

scholarly journals Liposomes as Antibiotic Delivery Systems: A Promising Nanotechnological Strategy against Antimicrobial Resistance

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (7) ◽  
pp. 2047
Author(s):  
Magda Ferreira ◽  
Maria Ogren ◽  
Joana N. R. Dias ◽  
Marta Silva ◽  
Solange Gil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Private Investment ◽  
Therapeutic Index ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Antimicrobial Drugs

Antimicrobial drugs are key tools to prevent and treat bacterial infections. Despite the early success of antibiotics, the current treatment of bacterial infections faces serious challenges due to the emergence and spread of resistant bacteria. Moreover, the decline of research and private investment in new antibiotics further aggravates this antibiotic crisis era. Overcoming the complexity of antimicrobial resistance must go beyond the search of new classes of antibiotics and include the development of alternative solutions. The evolution of nanomedicine has allowed the design of new drug delivery systems with improved therapeutic index for the incorporated compounds. One of the most promising strategies is their association to lipid-based delivery (nano)systems. A drug’s encapsulation in liposomes has been demonstrated to increase its accumulation at the infection site, minimizing drug toxicity and protecting the antibiotic from peripheral degradation. In addition, liposomes may be designed to fuse with bacterial cells, holding the potential to overcome antimicrobial resistance and biofilm formation and constituting a promising solution for the treatment of potential fatal multidrug-resistant bacterial infections, such as methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. In this review, we aim to address the applicability of antibiotic encapsulated liposomes as an effective therapeutic strategy for bacterial infections.

scholarly journals Phenotypic Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Escherichia coli from Raw Meats, Ready-to-Eat Meats, and Their Related Samples in One Health Context

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 326
Author(s):  
Frederick Adzitey ◽  
Nurul Huda ◽  
Amir Husni Mohd Shariff
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Resistance Index ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
E Coli ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Raw Meats

Meat is an important food source that can provide a significant amount of protein for human development. The occurrence of bacteria that are resistant to antimicrobials in meat poses a public health risk. This study evaluated the occurrence and antimicrobial resistance of E. coli (Escherichia coli) isolated from raw meats, ready-to-eat (RTE) meats and their related samples in Ghana. E. coli was isolated using the USA-FDA Bacteriological Analytical Manual and phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed by the disk diffusion method. Of the 200 examined meats and their related samples, 38% were positive for E. coli. Notably, E. coli was highest in raw beef (80%) and lowest in RTE pork (0%). The 45 E. coli isolates were resistant ≥ 50% to amoxicillin, trimethoprim and tetracycline. They were susceptible to azithromycin (87.1%), chloramphenicol (81.3%), imipenem (74.8%), gentamicin (72.0%) and ciprofloxacin (69.5%). A relatively high intermediate resistance of 33.0% was observed for ceftriaxone. E. coli from raw meats, RTE meats, hands of meat sellers and working tools showed some differences and similarities in their phenotypic antimicrobial resistance patterns. Half (51.1%) of the E. coli isolates exhibited multidrug resistance. The E. coli isolates showed twenty-two different resistant patterns, with a multiple antibiotic resistance index of 0.0 to 0.7. The resistant pattern amoxicillin (A, n = 6 isolates) and amoxicillin-trimethoprim (A-TM, n = 6 isolates) were the most common. This study documents that raw meats, RTE meats and their related samples in Ghana are potential sources of antimicrobial-resistant E. coli and pose a risk for the transfer of resistant bacteria to the food chain, environment and humans.

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