scholarly journals Evolution of Salinity and Water Table Level of the Phreatic Coastal Aquifer of the Emilia Romagna Region (Italy)

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 372
Author(s):  
Beatrice Maria Sole Giambastiani ◽  
Assaye Kidanemariam ◽  
Addisu Dagnew ◽  
Marco Antonellini
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Table ◽  
Coastal Aquifer ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Aquifer Recharge ◽  
Po River ◽  
Entire Study ◽  
Water Table Level ◽  
Emilia Romagna Region

The coastal aquifers of the Mediterranean region are highly susceptible to seawater intrusion due to a combination of challenges such as land subsidence, high aquifer permeability, urbanization, drainage, and an unsustainable use of water during the dry summer months. The present study is focused on a statistical analysis of groundwater data to evaluate the spatial changes of water level and electrical conductivity in the coastal phreatic aquifer of the Emilia-Romagna (Northeast Italy) for the period from 2009 to 2018. Data from 35 wells distributed across the entire regional coastal area are used to establish a temporal trend, as well as correlations between salinity, water table level, and rainfall. Water table and salinity distribution maps for the entire study area are discussed regarding surface geology and water management. Most of the wells are in the beach wedge sand unit, which allows for easy connectivity between groundwater and surface water. Surface water and groundwater salinization are enhanced along the surface water bodies connected to the sea. The lowest water table level occurs in the western and northern parts of the study area, because of the semiconfined behavior of the aquifer. Only in the northernmost, close to the Po River, and in the southernmost parts of the study area does the groundwater remain fresh for the whole period considered due to river aquifer recharge. In the rest of the region, the thickness of freshwater lenses, where present, is less than 4.5 m. The existence of a water table level below sea level and high saline water at the bottom of the aquifer in most of the study area suggest that the aquifer is in unstable hydrodynamic conditions and groundwater quality is not fit for human consumption or for irrigation. This study is the first to provide a regional overview of the state of groundwater level and salinization within the coastal aquifer of the Emilia-Romagna Region; it also suggests that, overall, the salinization trend has slightly decreased from 2009 to 2018.

Water Quality Factor Identification by the “Principal Components” Statistical Method

1991 ◽  
Vol 24 (11) ◽  
pp. 41-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Melloul ◽  
M. Collin
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Statistical Method ◽  
Water Table ◽  
Principal Components ◽  
Coastal Aquifer ◽  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Major Ions ◽  
Metropolitan Region ◽  
Physical Factors ◽  
Aquifer Recharge

This paper proposes the means of using the “Principal Components” statistical method for identifying relevant groups of water and the factors that bring about a change in their quality. The major advantage of this method lies in its suitability for simultaneous analysis of a great number of variables and observations.It is here being applied for the investigation of Dan metropolitan region of Israel's Coastal Plain. The various parameters involved include major ions as well as the physical factors of depth to the water table, distance from the sea, and aquifer recharge. Results include:–the identification of two major groups of water: low salinity, calcium bicarbonate water occurring in the phreatic portion of the Coastal aquifer; and more saline, sodium chloride water characterizing the neighboring Cenomanian aquifer and the confined portions of the Coastal aquifer;–influence by distance from the sea, depth to water table, and aquifer lithology on the major water input sources, such as rain, injection water, waste water, irrigation, etc.–affect by such lithological factors as clay lenses which contribute to water quality changes as indicated by disequilibrium in several ionic ratios upon water resource management; and–clear visualization on the same graph of evolutionary alteration in specific ion content with time.

The biology of two species of Engaeus (Decapoda : Parastacidae) in Tasmania. III. Habitat, food, associated fauna and distribution

1977 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 95 ◽  
Author(s):  
PJ Suter ◽  
AMM Richardson
Keyword(s):  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Water Table ◽  
Freshwater Crayfish ◽  
Associated Fauna ◽  
Water Table Level ◽  
Burrow Structure ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
North Western ◽  
Temperature Water

The habitats of two apparently sympatric freshwater crayfish, Engaeus cisternarius and E. fossor, in north-western Tasmania were compared. At two study sites data on rainfall, temperature, water table level, dissolved oxygen and pH were collected. E. fossor occupies regions below the water table, whilst E. cisternarius occupies drier areas above the water table. The burrow structure, burrow fauna, ectofauna and food were compared. The geographical distribution of each species is discussed.

scholarly journals Searching for the effects of the May-June 2012 Emilia seismic sequence (northern Italy): medium-depth deformation structures at the periphery of the epicentral area

2012 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Borgatti ◽  
Antonio Edoardo Bracci ◽  
Stefano Cremonini ◽  
Giovanni Martinelli
Keyword(s):  
Ground Level ◽  
Northern Italy ◽  
Seismic Sequence ◽  
Surface Phenomena ◽  
Po River ◽  
Epicentral Area ◽  
Ground Fissures ◽  
Groundwater Levels ◽  
Geological Surveys ◽  
Emilia Romagna Region

<p>In 2012, a seismic sequence occurred in the lowlands of the Emilia-Romagna Region (northern Italy), between the borders of the Modena, Ferrara and Bologna Provinces. It consisted of seven mainshocks (5.9 &gt; Ml &gt; 5) that were recorded between May 20 and 29, 2012 [INGV 2012a] and 2,200 minor earthquakes [INGV 2012b]. An interferometric analysis [Bignami et al. 2012, Salvi et al. 2012, this volume] highlighted three main deformation areas, each of which was 12 km wide (from S to N) and 10 km to 20 km long in an ESE-WNW to E-W direction, thus affecting an area of about 600 km2 (Figure 1). Field and aerial geological surveys recorded numerous surficial effects, such as: (i) sediment liquefaction [Crespellani et al. 2012]; (ii) localized ground fissures resembling surficial faulting [Fioravante and Giretti 2012] (Figure 2); (iii) groundwater levels rising up to 400 cm above the local ground level in phreatic wells during the mainshocks (lower values were observed in confined aquifers); and (iv) dormancy of previously known sinkholes [Borgatti et al. 2010, Cremonini 2010a, and references therein]. Some of the observed surface phenomena were previously recorded as coseismic effects during the earthquakes of Ferrara (1570) and Argenta (1624) [Boschi et al. 1995, Galli 2000], together with the early rising of the water level of the Po River in the Stellata section. […]</p>

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