scholarly journals Organic Matter Clogging Results in Undeveloped Hardpan and Soil Mineral Leakage in the Rice Terraces in the Philippine Cordilleras

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 3158
Author(s):  
Tomoyo Kurozumi ◽  
Yasushi Mori ◽  
Hiroaki Somura ◽  
Milagros O-How
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Analysis ◽  
Influencing Factor ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Water Infiltration ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Infiltration Process ◽  
Soil Nutrition

Rice terraces in Cordillera, Philippines, a world cultural heritage site, are threatened by the risk of collapse. It is crucial to manage these rice terraces for their conservation, while simultaneously practicing traditional farming. We examined the soil environment and investigated its effects on rice terrace conservation, by focusing on the hardpan condition; infiltration process, which is related to the collapse of rice terraces; and soil nutrition conditions in these sites. Field survey and soil analysis revealed that in areas where the hardpan was not sufficiently developed and water infiltration was effectively suppressed, organic matter content was significantly high, suggesting organic matter clogging. In these rice terraces, the amounts of P, K, Ca, and Mn were significantly low, showing the mineral leaching under reductive soil conditions. Therefore, hardpan formation, rather than organic matter clogging, is essential for the suppression of infiltration and prevention of potential terrace collapse. Because hardpan formation or organic matter clogging cannot be identified from the surface of flooded rice paddies, it is difficult to identify the influencing factor. Thus, we suggest that the hard soil layer should be checked before the planting season and drainage is allowed after the cropping season in the rainy season.

scholarly journals Impacts of soil moisture level and organic matter content on growth of two Juncus species and Poa pratensis grown under acid soil conditions

Weed Research ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. 490-500
Author(s):  
W Kaczmarek‐Derda ◽  
M Helgheim ◽  
J Netland ◽  
H Riley ◽  
K Wærnhus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Moisture Level ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Soil Moisture Level

scholarly journals Reducción de la carga orgánica de aguas residuales tóxicas de los laboratorios de la unas mediante oxidación avanzada Foto – Fenton

2018 ◽  
pp. 31-41
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Analysis ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Toxic Waste ◽  
Significant Variable ◽  
Total Phenols ◽  
La Selva ◽  
Biodegradable Organic Matter

Reducción de la carga orgánica de aguas residuales tóxicas de los laboratorios de la unas mediante oxidación avanzada Foto – Fenton Gian Marco Castillo Avila, José Antonio Blaz Matienzo Universidad Nacional Agraria de la Selva, Av. Universitaria Km. 1.5 s/n, Tingo María-Perú Resumen Se investigó la reducción de la materia orgánica contenida en aguas residuales tóxicas proveniente de siete laboratorios de la Universidad Nacional Agraria de la Selva (Química General e Inorgánica, Fitoquimica, Análisis de Suelos, Bioquímica, Microscopia y Sanidad Animal) mediante el proceso Foto-Fenton solar. Para optimizar el proceso, se utilizó la metodología de superficie de respuesta, estudiando el efecto de los factores dosis de H2O2 y Fe (II) sobre la variable respuesta porcentaje de remoción de DQO. Previo al tratamiento se caracterizó el agua residual (DQO 10551 mgO2/L, DBO5 850 mgO2/L, fenoles totales 1740mg/L, nitratos 83250 mg/L, sulfatos 104402 mg/L y pH 2.8) cuyas concentraciones superan ampliamente los valores máximos admisibles. La concentración de Fe (II) fue la variable significativa sobre la remoción de la DQO. Con la optimización del proceso, se alcanzó remover un 95.3% de DQO, 67.88% de DBO5, 100% de fenoles totales 91.12% de nitratos y 90.4% de sulfatos, reduciendo la concentración de los parámetros hasta valores de: 495 mgO2/L, 273 mgO2/L, 0.002mg/L, 7312 mg/L y 10031 mg/L, respectivamente, los cuales se encuentran por debajo de los Valores Máximos Admisibles. Se logró incrementar el índice de biodegradabilidad (DBO5/DQO), partiendo de 0.08 de contenido de materia orgánica difícilmente biodegradable, hasta un óptimo de 0.57 de contenido de materia orgánica parcialmente biodegradable. Con lo que se comprueba que el agua residual tratada es menos toxica que el agua residual inicial. Descriptores: Aguas residuales, Foto-Fenton, Valores máximos admisible, biodegradabilidad. Abstract The reduction of the organic matter content in toxic waste water from the seven laboratories at the Universidad Nacional Agraria de la Selva (General Chemistry and Inorganic, Phytochemistry, Soil Analysis, Biochemistry, Microscopy and Animal Health) through the solar photo-Fenton process was researched. To optimize the process, the response surface methods were used, studying the dosing factors of H2O2 and Fe (II) on the variable, percentage of removal response of DQO (acronym in Spanish). Before treatment, the waste water was characterized (DQO 10551 mgO2/L, DBO5 850 mgO2/L, total phenols 1740mg/L, nitrates 83250 mg/L, sulfates 104402 mg/L and pH 2.8); having concentrations which greatly surpassed the maximum allowable values. The concentration of Fe (II) was the significant variable for the removal of the DQO. With the optimization of the process, it was possible to remove a 95.3% of the DQO, 67.88% of the DBO5 (acronym in Spanish), 100% of the total phenols, 91.12% of the nitrates and 90.4% of the sulfates was achieved, reducing the concentration of the parameters to values of: 495 mgO2/L, 273 mgO2/L, 0.002mg/L, 7312 mg/L and 10031 mg/L, respectively, which come in under the maximum allowable values. An increase in the biodegradable index (DBO5/DQO) was achieved, having started with 0.08 difficult biodegradable organic matter content, reaching an optimal 0.57 partially biodegradable organic matter content. With which, it is proven that the treated waste water is less toxic than the initial waste water. Keywords: waste water, Foto-Fenton, Maximum admissible values, biodegradability.

Measuring Soil Loss and Subsequent Nutrient and Organic Matter Loss on Farmland

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vito Ferro ◽  
Vincenzo Bagarello
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Loss ◽  
Soil Structure ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Water Infiltration ◽  
Surface Erosion ◽  
Rill Erosion

Field plots are often used to obtain experimental data (soil loss values corresponding to different climate, soil, topographic, crop, and management conditions) for predicting and evaluating soil erosion and sediment yield. Plots are used to study physical phenomena affecting soil detachment and transport, and their sizes are determined according to the experimental objectives and the type of data to be obtained. Studies on interrill erosion due to rainfall impact and overland flow need small plot width (2–3 m) and length (< 10 m), while studies on rill erosion require plot lengths greater than 6–13 m. Sites must be selected to represent the range of uniform slopes prevailing in the farming area under consideration. Plots equipped to study interrill and rill erosion, like those used for developing the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE), measure erosion from the top of a slope where runoff begins; they must be wide enough to minimize the edge or border effects and long enough to develop downslope rills. Experimental stations generally include bounded runoff plots of known rea, slope steepness, slope length, and soil type, from which both runoff and soil loss can be monitored. Once the boundaries defining the plot area are fixed, a collecting equipment must be used to catch the plot runoff. A conveyance system (H-flume or pipe) carries total runoff to a unit sampling the sediment and a storage system, such as a sequence of tanks, in which sediments are accumulated. Simple methods have been developed for estimating the mean sediment concentration of all runoff stored in a tank by using the vertical concentration profile measured on a side of the tank. When a large number of plots are equipped, the sampling of suspension and consequent oven-drying in the laboratory are highly time-consuming. For this purpose, a sampler that can extract a column of suspension, extending from the free surface to the bottom of the tank, can be used. For large plots, or where runoff volumes are high, a divisor that splits the flow into equal parts and passes one part in a storage tank as a sample can be used. Examples of these devices include the Geib multislot divisor and the Coshocton wheel. Specific equipment and procedures must be employed to detect the soil removed by rill and gully erosion. Because most of the soil organic matter is found close to the soil surface, erosion significantly decreases soil organic matter content. Several studies have demonstrated that the soil removed by erosion is 1.3–5 times richer in organic matter than the remaining soil. Soil organic matter facilitates the formation of soil aggregates, increases soil porosity, and improves soil structure, facilitating water infiltration. The removal of organic matter content can influence soil infiltration, soil structure, and soil erodibility.

Evaluating the Integral Suspension Pressure method for measuring the particle size distribution in soils with high organic matter content

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Contreras ◽  
Sara Acevedo ◽  
Sofía Martínez ◽  
Carlos Bonilla
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Particle Size Distribution ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Soil Analysis ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
New Methodologies ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Standard Techniques

&lt;p&gt;Typical information in soil databases is the soil texture and particle size distribution. These properties are used for soil description or predicting other soil properties such as bulk density or hydraulic conductivity. Measuring particle size distribution with standards methods such as the pipette or hydrometer is time-consuming because of the sample pre-treatment used to remove organic matter or iron and the sample post-treatment. Nowadays, there are new methodologies for determining soil particle size distribution, such as the Integral Suspension Pressure (ISP) method, which measures the silt content in a semi-automatized process. Thus, the main objective of this study was to evaluate the suitability of the ISP method compared to standard techniques used in soil analysis and evaluate the effect of organic matter content in the ISP measurements. The main results showed that the ISP method is equivalent in accuracy to the pipette, especially for soils rich in silt or sand content. Also, the results demonstrate the convenience of removing the soil organic matter when using the ISP for soils with more than 1.5% organic matter.&lt;/p&gt;

The influence of surfactant and organic matter content on wetting pattern of different non-water repellent soils

Soil Research ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (7) ◽  
pp. 880
Author(s):  
Mohammad Reza Chaichi ◽  
Marcus Turcios ◽  
Mina Rostamza
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Water Infiltration ◽  
Water Repellent ◽  
Ionic Surfactant ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Wetted Area ◽  
Wetting Pattern

Non-ionic surfactants have been well researched as a tool to ameliorate water repellent conditions. However, few studies have evaluated the risks and benefits of non-ionic surfactant applications in wettable soil. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of a surfactant in modifying the wetting pattern in soils of different textures and organic matter contents. The experimental treatments consisted of (1) four different soil textures including sandy, sandy loam, sandy clay loam and silt loam, (2) four different organic matter contents (0.2, 0.7, 1.2 and 1.7% by weight), and (3) irrigation water treatments with or without surfactant (IrrigAid Gold). The experiment was carried out in Plexiglas boxes with one drip emitter under the soil surface. The results demonstrated the superiority of surfactant application on increasing water distribution in the soil profile for all soil textural classes. Silt loam texture had the highest side wetted area and wetting depth 45min after the initiation of irrigation. Upward capillary water movement and top wetted area significantly decreased in the surfactant treatment across all soil textures except in sandy soil. As organic matter content increased, top wetted area decreased. These findings clarified the potential ability of surfactant in increasing water infiltration in non-repellent soil in an in vitro system.

scholarly journals Ecohydrological effectiveness of litter crusts in sandy ecosystem

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Liu ◽  
Zeng Cui ◽  
Ze Huang ◽  
Hai-Tao Miao ◽  
Gao-Lin Wu
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Infiltration Rate ◽  
High Water ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Water Infiltration ◽  
Desert Ecosystems ◽  
Positive Effects

Abstract. Litter crusts are integral components of the water budget in terrestrial ecosystems, especially in arid areas. This innovative study is to quantify the ecohydrological effectiveness of litter crusts in desert ecosystems. We focus on the positive effects of litter crusts on soil water holding capacity and water interception capacity compared with biocrusts. Litter crusts significantly increased soil organic matter, which was 2.4 times the content in biocrusts and 3.84 times the content in bare sandy lands. Higher organic matter content resulted in increased soil porosity and decreased soil bulk density. Meanwhile, soil organic matter can help to maintain maximum infiltration rates. Litter crusts significantly increased the water infiltration rate under high water supply. Our results suggested that litter crusts significantly improve soil properties, thereby influencing hydrological processes. Litter crusts play an important role in improving hydrological effectiveness and provide a microhabitat conducive to vegetation restoration in dry sandy ecosystem.

scholarly journals Análisis de poblaciones de micorrizas en maíz (Zea mays) cultivado en suelos ácidos bajo diferentes tratamientos agronómicos

2004 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana María Serralde O. ◽  
María Margarita Ramírez G.
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Am Fungi ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Chicken Manure ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Stepwise Multiple Regression ◽  
Soil Conditions

<p>Mediante el seguimiento de cultivos experimentales en suelos ácidos de los Llanos Orientales, durante un periodo de cinco años consecutivos (1997-2001), se evaluaron las poblaciones nativas de hongos micorrícicos arbusculares (MA) asociados con dos variedades de maíz: ICA- Sikuani V-110 y la variedad regional criolla Clavito, analizando su comportamiento bajo distintos tratamientos con abono orgánico (gallinaza), abono verde (Caupí) y testigo sin aplicación de materiales orgánicos, para un total de seis tratamientos. De 7.924 esporas analizadas se aislaron veinticuatro morfotipos identificados morfológica y molecularmente. Se determinó la relación de las condiciones del suelo (pH, los contenidos de materia orgánica, P, K, Al+++ y % saturación Al) con el comportamiento de las poblaciones de MA. Con la aplicación del Análisis de Regresión Múltiple (Stepwise), se obtuvieron coeficientes significativos (P≤ 0.001 y R2 ≥ 83) para todas las variables y se seleccionaron como variables predictivas principales el pH y la materia orgánica del suelo, que presentaron coeficientes significativos para cinco y cuatro de los siete modelos establecidos, respectivamente. La técnica molecular empleada basada en la Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa (PCR), con el uso de primers específicos, permitió la identificación confirmatoria de las esporas aisladas de los géneros <em>Glomus, Entrophospora </em>y <em>Gigaspora</em>. Además, mediante el uso de esta metodología se logró identificar la presencia del género <em>Glomus</em>en raíces de maíz altamente colonizadas.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Mycorrhiza populations analysis in corn (<em>Zea mays</em>) cultivated in acid soils under different agronomic treatments</strong></p><p>A study was carried out to evaluate the populations of native arbuscular mycorrhizas (AM) fungi on established crops on acid soils of the Colombian Eastern Plains, for a period of five years (1997-2001). Fungi spores were isolated from the crop-fungi association of two maize cultivars: ICASikuani V-110 and the regional cultivar Clavito. The mycorrhizal behavior was evaluated under six different organic fertilization treatments, which included green manure (cowpea), chicken manure and a control treatment (no application). From a total of 7924 spores, 24 different types of mycorrhiza were characterized using morphological and molecular analysis. The relation between soil conditions (pH, organic matter contents, P, K, Al+++ and % Al saturation) and AM fungi populations was analysed using a Stepwise Multiple Regression model. According to the regression coefficients obtained (P≤ 0.001 y R2 ≥ 0.83), soil pH and organic matter content were the independent variables that explained most of the variation observed in AM populations. The molecular methodology was based on the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and the use of specific primers allowed to identify spores from <em>Glomus</em>, <em>Entrophospora </em>and <em>Gigaspora</em>. This methodology also provided the identification of fungi from the <em>Glomus </em>genera in highly colonized maize roots.</p>

scholarly journals Changes in physical properties of sandy soil after long-term compost treatment

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 269-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
József Tibor Aranyos ◽  
Attila Tomócsik ◽  
Marianna Makádi ◽  
József Mészáros ◽  
Lajos Blaskó
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Compost Application

Abstract Studying the long-term effect of composted sewage sludge application on chemical, physical and biological properties of soil, an experiment was established in 2003 at the Research Institute of Nyíregyháza in Hungary. The applied compost was prepared from sewage sludge (40%), straw (25%), bentonite (5%) and rhyolite (30%). The compost was ploughed into the 0-25 cm soil layer every 3rd year in the following amounts: 0, 9, 18 and 27 Mg ha−1 of dry matter. As expected, the compost application improved the structure of sandy soil, which is related with an increase in the organic matter content of soil. The infiltration into soil was improved significantly, reducing the water erosion under simulated high intensity rainfall. The soil compaction level was reduced in the first year after compost re-treatment. In accordance with the decrease in bulk density, the air permeability of soil increased tendentially. However, in the second year the positive effects of compost application were observed only in the plots treated with the highest compost dose because of quick degradation of the organic matter. According to the results, the sewage sludge compost seems to be an effective soil improving material for acidic sandy soils, but the beneficial effect of application lasts only for two years.

Empirical Analysis on the Influence of Different Land Use on Soil Organic Matter

2014 ◽  
Vol 484-485 ◽  
pp. 127-131
Author(s):  
Han Zheng Kong ◽  
Ju Sheng Jiang ◽  
Zong Bo Peng ◽  
Yu Jie Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Secondary Forest ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Rubber Plantation ◽  
Land Use Patterns ◽  
Tillage Method

In this paper, we take secondary forest, orchard, and woodland soils of rubber in different planting years as a research subject and analyze the influence of different land use on soil organic matter. The results show that land use has significant influence on soil organic matter components (p <0.01). We conducted a survey and sampling on 10 age classes of Hainan Dongfang Daguangba (3, 8, 13, 18,23,29,33,35,38,42 years old) rubber plantation plots soil layer (0 cm-20 cm, 20 cm-40 cm), and conducted in-house testing analysis of its organic matter content, and achieved preliminary exploration that soil organic matter content of different land use patterns in Dongfang City in Hainan: secondary forest> orchard> rubber plantation. These differences are mainly due to the litter under different tillage quantity, quality and variety of management measures. While orchards and rubber plantation have used different tillage method, as a plantation by human, it was greatly influenced by human.

scholarly journals Reducción de la carga orgánica de aguas residuales tóxicas de los laboratorios de la unas mediante oxidación avanzada Foto – Fenton

2018 ◽  
pp. 31-41
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Analysis ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Toxic Waste ◽  
Significant Variable ◽  
Total Phenols ◽  
La Selva ◽  
Biodegradable Organic Matter

Reducción de la carga orgánica de aguas residuales tóxicas de los laboratorios de la unas mediante oxidación avanzada Foto – Fenton Gian Marco Castillo Avila, José Antonio Blaz Matienzo Universidad Nacional Agraria de la Selva, Av. Universitaria Km. 1.5 s/n, Tingo María-Perú Resumen Se investigó la reducción de la materia orgánica contenida en aguas residuales tóxicas proveniente de siete laboratorios de la Universidad Nacional Agraria de la Selva (Química General e Inorgánica, Fitoquimica, Análisis de Suelos, Bioquímica, Microscopia y Sanidad Animal) mediante el proceso Foto-Fenton solar. Para optimizar el proceso, se utilizó la metodología de superficie de respuesta, estudiando el efecto de los factores dosis de H2O2 y Fe (II) sobre la variable respuesta porcentaje de remoción de DQO. Previo al tratamiento se caracterizó el agua residual (DQO 10551 mgO2/L, DBO5 850 mgO2/L, fenoles totales 1740mg/L, nitratos 83250 mg/L, sulfatos 104402 mg/L y pH 2.8) cuyas concentraciones superan ampliamente los valores máximos admisibles. La concentración de Fe (II) fue la variable significativa sobre la remoción de la DQO. Con la optimización del proceso, se alcanzó remover un 95.3% de DQO, 67.88% de DBO5, 100% de fenoles totales 91.12% de nitratos y 90.4% de sulfatos, reduciendo la concentración de los parámetros hasta valores de: 495 mgO2/L, 273 mgO2/L, 0.002mg/L, 7312 mg/L y 10031 mg/L, respectivamente, los cuales se encuentran por debajo de los Valores Máximos Admisibles. Se logró incrementar el índice de biodegradabilidad (DBO5/DQO), partiendo de 0.08 de contenido de materia orgánica difícilmente biodegradable, hasta un óptimo de 0.57 de contenido de materia orgánica parcialmente biodegradable. Con lo que se comprueba que el agua residual tratada es menos toxica que el agua residual inicial. Descriptores: Aguas residuales, Foto-Fenton, Valores máximos admisible, biodegradabilidad. Abstract The reduction of the organic matter content in toxic waste water from the seven laboratories at the Universidad Nacional Agraria de la Selva (General Chemistry and Inorganic, Phytochemistry, Soil Analysis, Biochemistry, Microscopy and Animal Health) through the solar photo-Fenton process was researched. To optimize the process, the response surface methods were used, studying the dosing factors of H2O2 and Fe (II) on the variable, percentage of removal response of DQO (acronym in Spanish). Before treatment, the waste water was characterized (DQO 10551 mgO2/L, DBO5 850 mgO2/L, total phenols 1740mg/L, nitrates 83250 mg/L, sulfates 104402 mg/L and pH 2.8); having concentrations which greatly surpassed the maximum allowable values. The concentration of Fe (II) was the significant variable for the removal of the DQO. With the optimization of the process, it was possible to remove a 95.3% of the DQO, 67.88% of the DBO5 (acronym in Spanish), 100% of the total phenols, 91.12% of the nitrates and 90.4% of the sulfates was achieved, reducing the concentration of the parameters to values of: 495 mgO2/L, 273 mgO2/L, 0.002mg/L, 7312 mg/L and 10031 mg/L, respectively, which come in under the maximum allowable values. An increase in the biodegradable index (DBO5/DQO) was achieved, having started with 0.08 difficult biodegradable organic matter content, reaching an optimal 0.57 partially biodegradable organic matter content. With which, it is proven that the treated waste water is less toxic than the initial waste water. Keywords: waste water, Foto-Fenton, Maximum admissible values, biodegradability.

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