scholarly journals Investigation of Hydraulic Performance Based on Response Surface Methodology for an Agricultural Chemigation Proportional Injector

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 3155
Author(s):  
Pan Tang ◽  
Chao Chen ◽  
Hong Li
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Hydraulic Performance ◽  
Differential Pressure ◽  
Impact Factors ◽  
Injection Flow Rate ◽  
Injection Flow ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Injection Ratio

Injectors are key pieces of equipment for chemigation systems, and their hydraulic performance has a significant effect on chemigation systems and crops. In order to investigate the influence of different working parameters on hydraulic performance for a water-powered proportional injector (PI), three key parameters of inlet and injection flow rate were researched using a one-factor experimental design method. The regression equations between different factors and response variables were established through a response surface method based on one-factor experimental results. Lastly, a mathematical model of the actual injection ratio was established. Some experiments under different, randomly selected parameter combinations were carried out to verify the prediction precision of the mathematical mode. The results showed that the injection flow rate increased first within the differential pressure of 0.05 to 0.10 MPa and then tended towards stability with increasing differential pressure. The injection flow rate decreased by increasing the viscosity and the change in the injection flow rate was small enough when the viscosity was greater than 500 mPa·s. The impact factors, in order of significance, for inlet flow rate were differential pressure, viscosity of injection liquid and setting injection ratio. The impact factors, in order of significance, for injection flow rate were viscosity of injection liquid, setting injection ratio and differential pressure. The regressive model for predicting the actual injection ratio was validated using an experiment and the relative deviation between calculated value and tested value was less than 5.98%, which indicated that the mathematical model had high credibility.

Methodology to Investigate the Hydraulic Characteristics of a Water-Powered Piston-Type Proportional Injector Used for Agricultural Chemigation

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 545-553 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pan Tang ◽  
Hong Li ◽  
Zakaria Issaka ◽  
Chao Chen
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Calculation Model ◽  
Differential Pressure ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Inlet Flow ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Injection Flow Rate ◽  
Injection Flow ◽  
Inlet Flow Rate ◽  
Injection Ratio

Abstract. The proportional injector is commonly used in agricultural chemigation due to its relatively high injection ratio. A major challenge with the proportional injector is related to its dependence on differential pressure, which is significantly influenced by changes in the viscosity, and setting injection ratio. A series of experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of differential pressures, solution viscosities, and setting injection ratios on the inlet and injection flow rates of a D25RE2 proportional injector. A mathematical model was developed to represent the hydraulic performance of this proportional injector. Finally, the mathematical model was verified using four different kinds of chemicals (humic acid, urea ammonium nitrate 32% N, fosthiazate, and colza oil). The inlet flow rate increased significantly with increasing differential pressure and decreased with increasing setting injection ratio. Results showed that the highest operating differential pressure should not be greater than 0.15 MPa for the D25RE2 proportional injector. The inlet flow rate gradually decreased with increasing viscosity, and a quadratic function relationship was derived between the inlet flow rate and the viscosity. The injection flow rate decreased with increasing viscosity. However, the viscosity had a slight influence on the injection flow rate when it was lower than 20 mPa·s. Mathematical models for calculating the inlet and injection flow rates with the influence of viscosity were developed, respectively. The coefficient of determination and the root mean square error (RMSE) for inlet flow rate calculation model were 0.8316 and 143.36 kg h-1, respectively. The coefficient of determination and the RMSE for the injection flow rate calculation model were 0.9706 and 0.9520 kg h-1, respectively. The calculating formula of inlet flow rate had a satisfactory accuracy under low differential pressure and high setting injection ratio. The calculating formula of the injection flow rate had a good accuracy, which is useful for calculating the injection flow rate when injected with different kinds of solutions. The average deviations between calculated and experimental injection flow rates with injection ratios of 0.2%, 1.2%, and 2% were obtained as 4.96%, 4.66%, and 4.1% respectively, which indicated that the average deviations decreased with increasing setting injection ratio. Results from this study are useful for both designers and users to effectively manage agricultural chemigation system with the proportional injector. Keywords: Agriculture, Chemigation, Proportional injector, Hydraulic performance.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the impact of viscosity, injection volume, and injection flow rate on subcutaneous injection tolerance

2015 ◽  
pp. 473 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florence Schwarzenbach ◽  
Cecile Berteau ◽  
Orchidee Filipe-Santos ◽  
Tao Wang ◽  
Humberto Rojas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Subcutaneous Injection ◽  
Injection Volume ◽  
Injection Flow Rate ◽  
Injection Flow ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals A Mathematical Model for Swallowing of Concentrated Fluids in Oesophagus

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 309-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. K. Pandey ◽  
Dharmendra Tripathi
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Plug Flow ◽  
Flow Region ◽  
Mechanical Efficiency ◽  
Casson Fluid ◽  
Local Pressure ◽  
Integral Number ◽  
Tomato Puree ◽  
The Impact

This model investigates particularly the impact of an integral and a non-integral number of waves on the swallowing of food stuff such as jelly, tomato puree, soup, concentrated fruits juices and honey transported peristaltically through the oesophagus. The fluid is considered as a Casson fluid. Emphasis is on the study of the dependence of local pressure distribution on space and time. Mechanical efficiency, reflux limit and trapping are also discussed. The effect of Casson fluid vis-à-vis Newtonian fluid is investigated analytically and numerically too. The result is physically interpreted as that the oesophagus makes more efforts to swallow fluids with higher concentration. It is observed that the pressure is uniformly distributed when an integral number of waves is there in the oesophagus; but it is non-uniform when a non-integral number of waves is present therein. It is further observed that as the plug flow region widens, the pressure difference increases, which indicates that the averaged flow rate will reduce for a Casson fluid. It is also concluded that Casson fluids are more prone to reflux.

scholarly journals Effect of Injection Flow Rate on Product Gas Quality in Underground Coal Gasification (UCG) Based on Laboratory Scale Experiment: Development of Co-Axial UCG System

Energies ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akihiro Hamanaka ◽  
Fa-qiang Su ◽  
Ken-ichi Itakura ◽  
Kazuhiro Takahashi ◽  
Jun-ichi Kodama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Coal Gasification ◽  
Laboratory Scale ◽  
Underground Coal Gasification ◽  
Injection Flow Rate ◽  
Injection Flow ◽  
Product Gas ◽  
Scale Experiment

scholarly journals Characterization of venturi injector using dimensional analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (7) ◽  
pp. 484-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luiz R. Sobenko ◽  
José A. Frizzone ◽  
Antonio P. de Camargo ◽  
Ezequiel Saretta ◽  
Hermes S. da Rocha
Keyword(s):  
Dimensional Analysis ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Injection Rate ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Functional Tests ◽  
Injection Flow Rate ◽  
Injection Flow ◽  
Hydraulic Conditions ◽  
Fluid Properties ◽  
Pi Theorem

ABSTRACT Venturi injectors are commonly employed for fertigation purposes in agriculture, in which they draw fertilizer from a tank into the irrigation pipeline. The knowledge of the amount of liquid injected by this device is used to ensure an adequate fertigation operation and management. The objectives of this research were (1) to carry out functional tests of Venturi injectors following requirements stated by ISO 15873; and (2) to model the injection rate using dimensional analysis by the Buckingham Pi theorem. Four models of Venturi injectors were submitted to functional tests using clean water as motive and injected fluid. A general model for predicting injection flow rate was proposed and validated. In this model, the injection flow rate depends on the fluid properties, operating hydraulic conditions and geometrical characteristics of the Venturi injector. Another model for estimating motive flow rate as a function of inlet pressure and differential pressure was adjusted and validated for each size of Venturi injector. Finally, an example of an application was presented. The Venturi injector size was selected to fulfill the requirements of the application and the operating conditions were estimated using the proposed models.

scholarly journals Influence of mineralization and injection flow rate on flow patterns in three-dimensional porous media

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (27) ◽  
pp. 14605-14611 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Moosavi ◽  
A. Kumar ◽  
A. De Wit ◽  
M. Schröter
Keyword(s):  
Porous Media ◽  
Flow Field ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Flow Patterns ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Injection Flow Rate ◽  
Injection Flow

At low flow rates, the precipitate forming at the miscible interface between two reactive solutions guides the evolution of the flow field.

The Coupling Model of Wellbore Conduit Flow, Throttled Flow and Formation Seepage in Water Injection Wells

2012 ◽  
Vol 594-597 ◽  
pp. 2486-2489
Author(s):  
Bao Jun Liu ◽  
Hai Xia Shi ◽  
Yun Sheng Cai
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Water Injection ◽  
Coupling Model ◽  
Water Flooding ◽  
Finite Radius ◽  
Injection Wells ◽  
Conduit Flow ◽  
Injection Flow Rate ◽  
Injection Flow ◽  
Low Efficiency

Separate layer water flooding is adopted in most oilfields in China and the injection flow rate is controlled by the diameter of water nozzle of each layer. In order to ensure the effect of water injection, applicable water nozzles need to be adjusted to meet the requirements of injection flow rate. The adjustment is commonly realized according to experience, which leads to long adjustment time and low efficiency. To solve this problem, the coupling model of wellbore conduit flow, throttled flow and formation seepage was established based on theoretical analysis, which could provide theoretical basis for water nozzles adjustment. In the model, the Bernoulli Equation was adopted to analyze wellbore conduit flow; indoor experiments were done to research throttled flow; the research object of the seepage was finite radius well in homogeneous infinite formation.

Experimental Analysis of CO2 Injection on Permeability of Vuggy Carbonate Aquifers

2012 ◽  
Vol 135 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibrahim M. Mohamed ◽  
Jia He ◽  
Hisham A. Nasr-El-Din
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Initial Permeability ◽  
Co2 Injection ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
The Core ◽  
Injection Flow Rate ◽  
Injection Flow ◽  
Injection Scheme ◽  
Core Permeability ◽  
Permeability Alteration

Reactions of CO2 with formation rock may lead to an enhancement in the permeability due to rock dissolution, or damage (reduction in the core permeability) because of the precipitation of reaction products. The reaction is affected by aquifer conditions (pressure, temperature, initial porosity, and permeability), and the injection scheme (injection flow rate, CO2:brine volumetric ratio, and the injection time). The effects of temperature, injection flow rate, and injection scheme on the permeability alteration due to CO2 injection into heterogeneous dolomite rock is addressed experimentally in this paper. Twenty coreflood tests were conducted using Silurian dolomite cores. Thirty pore volumes of CO2 and brine were injected in water alternating gas (WAG) scheme under supercritical conditions at temperatures ranging from 21 to 121 °C, and injection rates of 2.0–5.0 cm3/min. Concentrations of Ca++, Mg++, and Na+ were measured in the core effluent samples. Permeability alteration was evaluated by measuring the permeability of the cores before and after the experiment. Two sources of damage in permeability were noted in this study: (1) due to precipitation of calcium carbonate, and (2) due to migration of clay minerals present in the core. Temperature and injection scheme don't have a clear impact on the core permeability. A good correlation between the initial and final core permeability was noted, and the ratio of final permeability to the initial permeability is lower for low permeability cores.

scholarly journals Seismic Response to Injection Well Stimulation in a High-Temperature, High-Permeability Reservoir

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Hopp ◽  
Steven Sewell ◽  
S Mroczek ◽  
Martha Savage ◽  
John Townend
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Compressive Stress ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Matched Filter ◽  
Taupo Volcanic Zone ◽  
Valuable Insight ◽  
High Permeability ◽  
Injection Flow Rate ◽  
Well Stimulation ◽  
Injection Flow

©2019. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved. Fluid injection into the Earth's crust can induce seismic events that cause damage to local infrastructure but also offer valuable insight into seismogenesis. The factors that influence the magnitude, location, and number of induced events remain poorly understood but include injection flow rate and pressure as well as reservoir temperature and permeability. The relationship between injection parameters and injection-induced seismicity in high-temperature, high-permeability reservoirs has not been extensively studied. Here we focus on the Ngatamariki geothermal field in the central Taupō Volcanic Zone, New Zealand, where three stimulation/injection tests have occurred since 2012. We present a catalog of seismicity from 2012 to 2015 created using a matched-filter detection technique. We analyze the stress state in the reservoir during the injection tests from first motion-derived focal mechanisms, yielding an average direction of maximum horizontal compressive stress (SHmax) consistent with the regional NE-SW trend. However, there is significant variation in the direction of maximum compressive stress (σ1), which may reflect geological differences between wells. We use the ratio of injection flow rate to overpressure, referred to as injectivity index, as a proxy for near-well permeability and compare changes in injectivity index to spatiotemporal characteristics of seismicity accompanying each test. Observed increases in injectivity index are generally poorly correlated with seismicity, suggesting that the locations of microearthquakes are not coincident with the zone of stimulation (i.e., increased permeability). Our findings augment a growing body of work suggesting that aseismic opening or slip, rather than seismic shear, is the active process driving well stimulation in many environments.

scholarly journals Effect of the Pumping-injection flow rate on Heat Transfer Characteristic of Borehole Heat Exchangers for Coupling Ground-Source Heat Pump System

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiuchen Ma ◽  
Qian Jiang ◽  
Qiuli Zhang ◽  
Yacheng Xie ◽  
Yahui Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Heat Exchangers ◽  
Transfer Characteristic ◽  
Ground Source Heat Pump ◽  
Pump System ◽  
Heat Pump System ◽  
Injection Flow Rate ◽  
Injection Flow ◽  
Ground Source

Abstract A coupling ground source heat pump system (CGSHP) is established in areas where groundwater is shallow but the seepage velocity is weak, which sets up pumping and injection wells on both sides of borehole heat exchangers (BHEs). A convection-dispersion analytical model of excess temperature in aquifer that considers groundwater forced seepage and axial effects and thermal dispersion effects is proposed. A controllable forced seepage sandbox is built by equation analysis method and similarity criteria. Through indoor test and the proposed analytical model, the correctness and accuracy of the numerical simulation software FEFLOW7.1 is verified. The influence of different pumping-injection flow rate on the heat transfer characteristic of BHEs is studied by numerical simulation. The results show that the average heat efficiency coefficient of BHEs increases and the heat influence range of downstream BHEs expands with the increasing of pumping-injection flow rate. The relation curve between Pe and the increment of heat transfer rate per unit depth of BHEs (Δ`q) is distributed as Gaussian function. The pumping-injection flow rate that makes Darcy velocity reaches 0.6×10-6~1.4×10-6 m∙s-1 in the aquifer is the best reference range for CGSHP system，so 400~600 m3∙d-1 is taken as the best pumping-injection flow rate in this paper.

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