scholarly journals Socio-Hydrological Modelling to Assess Reliability of an Urban Water System under Formal-Informal Supply Dynamics

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 2795
Author(s):  
Rakhshinda Bano ◽  
Mehdi Khiadani ◽  
Steven Burian
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water System ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Monthly Basis ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Fund Balance ◽  
Urban Water System ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Supply Systems

Increasing water scarcity in developing world cities combined with poor performance of water supply systems has led to an increasing reliance on informal water supply systems. Although the availability of informal supply provides a coping mechanism that enables water consumers to be resilient to failures in water supply, the longer-term effects on formal water supply systems (FWSS) are uncertain, with a potential reduction of tariff recovery (RT), and in turn a service provider’s financial sustainability. This motivates an analysis of the coevolving dynamics and feedbacks involved in water systems where formal and informal components co-exist. Investigating Hyderabad, Pakistan as a case study, a dynamic socio-hydrologic system model is built, comprised of a formal system’s water and fund balance, consumer behaviour and infrastructure conditions. Simulations are executed on a monthly basis at a household level and for a 100-year period (2007–2107) using data available from years 2007–2017. Demand shift to informal is observed to be weakly associated with lower recovery rates, with household income as a major predictor. The FWSS’s financial balance, predominantly driven by infrastructure condition, appears to be less sensitive to recovery of a tariff to generate sufficient revenue.

scholarly journals Mobile crowd participation to root small-scale piped water supply systems in India and Bangladesh

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Mink ◽  
B. A. Hoque ◽  
S. Khanam ◽  
D. Van Halem
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water System ◽  
Internet Access ◽  
Water Quality Monitoring ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Smartphone Applications ◽  
Piped Water ◽  
Supply Systems ◽  
Mobile Crowd

Abstract In the arsenic-contaminated Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna Delta in India and Bangladesh, small-scale piped water supply seems a promising way to provide safe drinking water to households in the region. The use of smartphone applications can support monitoring of the system and enhance local engagement and empowerment. In this paper the scope for mobile crowd participation as a research and monitoring tool for piped water supply systems in Bihar, India and in Khulna and Chittagong, Bangladesh is investigated. In these areas, the use of smartphones and internet access are growing rapidly and smartphone applications would enable real-time water quality monitoring, payment of water bills, awareness creation, and a dialogue between the end-user and the water supplier. To identify the relevance and acceptability of piped water supply and smartphone monitoring, four surveys with potential end-users were conducted. Based on these surveys we conclude that in the investigated areas there is a desire for piped water systems, that households already own smartphones with internet access, and that there is an interest in smartphone monitoring. The enabling environment to deploy mobile crowd participation for piped water system monitoring stimulates further research towards an investigation of potential functionalities and the actual development of such an application.

scholarly journals Assessing Sustainability in Rural Water Supply Systems in Developing Countries Using a Novel Tool Based on Multi-Criteria Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (19) ◽  
pp. 5363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Domínguez ◽  
Oviedo-Ocaña ◽  
Hurtado ◽  
Barón ◽  
Hall
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Rural Water Supply ◽  
Rural Water ◽  
Multi Criteria Analysis ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Supply Systems

Rural water supply systems (RWSS) in developing countries typically have deficiencies that threaten their sustainability. This research used Multi-Criteria Analysis and the Analytical Hierarchy Process to identify indicators that can be used to assess the sustainability of RWSS. The assessment tool developed is composed of 17 attributes with 95 quantifiable indicators. The tool enables the assessment of the sustainability of RWSS, using data collected through semi-structured interviews, social cartography, technical inspection, household surveys, and water monitoring. The tool was applied in a case study of a RWSS in the Andean region of Colombia, illustrating a participatory, holistic, and structured assessment that provided a single sustainability measure for the system (3.0/5.0). The tool’s completeness is represented by its extensive attributes and indicators that deliver a robust baseline on the state of a system, help identify improvement strategies, and monitor system performance over time that can assists rural community organizations with RWSS management.

Outbreak of Legionellosis in a tourist complex in Lanzarote concomitant with a treatment of the water system with megadoses of polyphosphates

1997 ◽  
Vol 35 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 307-309
Author(s):  
S. Crespí ◽  
J. Ferra
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water System ◽  
Drinking Water Supply ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Chemical Agents ◽  
High Doses ◽  
Supply Systems ◽  
Very High

Polyphosphates are the most universally used chemical agents in anticorrosion treatment of drinking water supply systems, as their addition is generally permitted by law because they lack toxicity at the recommended doses. In this work, we describe an outbreak of Legionellosis in a hotel in Lanzarote in 1993 where the water system had been treated with very high doses of polyphosphates.

scholarly journals Cyber-Physical Systems for Water Supply Network Management: Basics, Challenges, and Roadmap

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (22) ◽  
pp. 9555
Author(s):  
Kazeem B. Adedeji ◽  
Yskandar Hamam
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water System ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Water Supply System ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
System Monitoring ◽  
Physical Systems ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
And Control ◽  
Supply Systems

Water supply systems are dynamic in nature, owing to the effect of climate change and consumer demand uncertainties. The operation of such a system must be managed effectively to meet up with the uncertainties, thus posing a key challenge. Unfortunately, previous information and communication technology (ICT) solutions could not provide the necessary support for applications to deal with the dynamics of the changing physical environment. Nevertheless, tremendous growth in technology offers better possibilities to enhance water supply systems’ operations. As a result, development in technology in sensing and instrumentation, communication and networking, computing and control is now jointly integrated with water supply system infrastructures to enhance the water system operations. One such technological paradigm shift is the cyber-physical system (CPS). In this paper, we present the concept of the CPS in the water system context and investigate the CPS applications to water supply system monitoring. Also, the various applications of CPSs and the application domain requirements are outlined. More importantly, research studies on its application to water system monitoring are scrutinized. As such, key challenges sounding the applications in WSSs are identified. We then outline the areas of improvement for further studies.

scholarly journals An IoT-Based Framework for Smart Water Supply Systems Management

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 114
Author(s):  
Rosiberto Gonçalves ◽  
Jesse J. M. Soares ◽  
Ricardo M. F. Lima
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Business Processes ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Water System ◽  
Large Data ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Smart Water ◽  
Flexible Architecture ◽  
Supply Systems

The world’s population growth and climate changes increase the demand for high-quality water. This fact forces humankind to create new water management strategies. Smart cities have successfully applied the Internet of Things (IoT) technology in many sectors. Moreover, Complex Event Processing (CEP) can analyze and process large data sets produced by IoT sensors in real-time. Traditional business processes are too rigid in expressing the dynamic behavior of water supply systems. Every execution path must be explicitly specified. On the other hand, declarative business processes allow execution paths that are not prohibited by the rules, providing more flexibility for water supply managers. This paper joins together IoT, CEP, and declarative processes to create a powerful, efficient, and flexible architecture (REFlex Water) to manage water supply systems. To the knowledge of the authors, REFlex Water is the first solution to combine these technologies in the context of water supply systems. The paper describes the REFlex Water architecture and demonstrates its application to a real water system from a Brazilian municipality. Results are promising, and the managers from the Brazilian water company are expanding the use of REFlex Water to other sectors of their water supply system.

Small Turbine Unit Replacing Reducing Valve in Water Supply Systems of Hydropower Plants

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuan Zheng ◽  
Fei Zhang ◽  
Dakai Liu
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Turbine Unit ◽  
Water Pressure ◽  
Water System ◽  
Hydropower Plant ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Pump System ◽  
Hydropower Plants ◽  
High Head ◽  
Supply Systems

This paper is on the selection of the type of a small turbine unit, which can replace the reducer and stabilize the operation in water supply systems of hydropower plants. In high-head large-sized plants, a small turbine unit can be adopted as pressure relief installation, converting the energy of water into electric power. At the same time, a stable water pressure can be achieved for the water system at the exit. In this paper, a hydropower plant is taken as an example. This scheme is suitable for the main water supply system and its operation is simpler than the pump system. The present study is of practical value to many high-head plants.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Design Flow Rate of Water Supply Systems with Low Flow Showering Appliances

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Zhou ◽  
Kwok-wai Mui ◽  
Ling-tim Wong
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Water System ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Water Supply System ◽  
Design Flow ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Supply Systems ◽  
Design Flow Rate

The installation of water efficient appliances is an efficient demand-side water management measure favored by policymakers and water providers nowadays. The adoption of low flow showerheads in large and complex plumbing systems will not only contribute to a great reduction of shower water use in the whole water system, but also further influence the water supply system design. Hence, it is necessary to justify the redesign of existing water supply systems (such as the pipe size, storage tank volume, pumping arrangement etc.) in terms of the use of low flow showerheads. This study uses Monte Carlo simulations to evaluate the design flow rate for a typical high-rise roof tank water supply system in Hong Kong with the installation of low flow showerheads. The simulation results indicate that a full installation of low flow showerheads can decrease the design flow rate by 15%, corresponding to an energy efficiency improvement of 1.5%. The potential for water savings and associated energy savings can be significantly higher when all installed appliances in homes are water efficient (e.g., showerheads, water taps, washing machines). Further work is required to evaluate the redesign of existing water supply systems for a sustainable future.

Life cycle assessment of three water supply systems: importation, reclamation and desalination

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 439-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Lyons ◽  
P. Zhang ◽  
T. Benn ◽  
F. Sharif ◽  
K. Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Water System ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Seawater Desalination ◽  
Future Demands ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Supply Systems

The issues of water supply and management will become more and more critical as the global population increases. In order to meet future demands, water supply systems must be developed to maximize the use of locally available water. It is also important to minimize the impact of water system developments on the environment. In this study, the overall environmental impacts were compared for water importation, reclamation and seawater desalination to address the water scarcity in areas where local supplies are not sufficient. The city of Scottsdale, Arizona was chosen for this study. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was performed and it suggests that seawater desalination has the highest impact whereas reclamation shows a relatively lower impact. However, Importation and reclamation systems have comparable results for several damage categories. The impacts of facility operations are significantly higher than the construction phase even when the life-span of infrastructure reduces from 50 year to 10 year. Due to the high impacts associated with the energy use during plant operations, different energy mixes were analyzed for their capabilities to lower the environmental burden.

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