scholarly journals Analysis of Barriers and Opportunities for Reclaimed Wastewater Use for Agriculture in Europe

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 2308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrique Mesa-Pérez ◽  
Julio Berbel
Keyword(s):  
Water Reuse ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Reclaimed Wastewater ◽  
Perceptions And Attitudes ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Strategic Role ◽  
Irrigated Crops ◽  
Barriers And Opportunities

This paper presents an analysis of the perception regarding reclaimed wastewater reuse in agriculture conducted in the European Union regions. The analysis is based upon a SWOT framework and applies a cluster analysis to reduce the dimension of the responses enabling an assessment of the different perceptions of water reuse. More than one hundred key actors identified among the regions participated in the evaluation of the relevance of aspects identified. The results indicate some groups of countries according to natural conditions (water scarcity) and the strategic role of agriculture as a key factor to determine agent’s perceptions and attitudes. The results indicate that the forthcoming EU regulation of water reuse should focus in the problems of the perceived high cost of reclaimed water for farmers and the sanitary risk perception for irrigated crops by consumers as the critical points for fostering the use of reclaimed water in agriculture and the need for regional implementation of the global regulatory framework.

Wastewater reuse in Tunisia: assessing a national policy

1996 ◽  
Vol 33 (10-11) ◽  
pp. 87-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akissa Bahri ◽  
Francois Brissaud
Keyword(s):  
Water Reuse ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Irrigation Season ◽  
Golf Courses ◽  
Reclaimed Wastewater ◽  
Secondary Effluents ◽  
Irrigated Crops ◽  
Green Belts

An ambitious national wastewater reuse policy was launched at the beginning of the eighties in Tunisia. The area currently equipped for irrigation with reclaimed wastewater, mainly secondary effluents, is 6,500 hectares. It is planned to expand this area to more than 20,000 ha in the next years. The rate of reclaimed water reuse, 15% of the available water, is still low compared to the potential. Irrigation is practiced only six months per year; reclaimed water is not stored during the non irrigation season. Shifting from rainfed to wastewater irrigated crops is a progressive process. Irrigated schemes surveys point out that wastewater reuse development is hampered by crop restrictions more than by supply drawbacks. As a result, disinfecting secondary effluents in order to remove restrictions on water reuse is contemplated. Storing reclaimed water, in reservoirs or aquifers, would lead to more reliable supplies, water quality improvement and an increase in the rate of reuse. Developing the irrigation of golf courses, green belts and hotel gardens should be a convenient policy in tourist areas.

scholarly journals Public Perceptions On Water Reuse Options: The Case Of Sulaibiya Wastewater Treatment Plant In Kuwait

2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jasem M. Alhumoud ◽  
David Madzikanda
Keyword(s):  
Water Reuse ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Sample Population ◽  
Reclaimed Wastewater ◽  
Recycled Water ◽  
Reuse Options ◽  
Willingness To Use

The main sources of water in Kuwait are seawater desalination and groundwater. Reclaimed wastewater effluent could be an additional water source. Its use would reduce the volumes of recycled water being disposed of to the environment and it could reduce the demand for fresh water supplies. The results of a questionnaire survey of more than 1,500 random households residing in 64 districts in Metropolitan Kuwait are presented. The frequency distribution of the education level, knowledge of wastewater reuse, age, nationality and gender of the sample population are presented. In addition, we have presented the results of a survey of attitudes amongst residents of their willingness to use reclaimed water for a variety of purposes. The research analyzes the costs and benefits of using reclaimed water. The study concludes with useful recommendations for both the authorities and the citizens of Kuwait.

Wastewater Reuse for River Recovery in Semi-Arid Israel

1999 ◽  
Vol 40 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 43-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelo Juanico ◽  
Eran Friedler
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Quality Management ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Water Quality Management ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Reclaimed Wastewater ◽  
Pollution Impacts ◽  
Semi Arid

Most of the water has been captured in the rivers of Israel and they have turned into dry river-beds which deliver only sporadic winter floods. In a semi-arid country where literally every drop of water is used, reclaimed wastewater is the most feasible water source for river recovery. Two topics are addressed in this paper: water quality management in rivers where most of the flowing water is treated wastewater, and the allocations of reclaimed wastewater required for the recovery of rivers and streams. Water quality management must consider that the main source of water to the river has a pollution loading which reduces its capability to absorb other pollution impacts. The allocation of treated wastewater for the revival of rivers may not affect negatively the water balance of the region; it may eventually improve it. An upstream bruto allocation of 122 MCM/year of wastewater for the recovery of 14 rivers in Israel may favor downstream reuse of this wastewater, resulting in a small neto allocation and in an increase of the water resources available to the country. The discharge of effluents upstream to revive the river followed by their re-capture downstream for irrigation, implies a further stage in the intensification of water reuse.

scholarly journals Wastewater Treatment and Water Reuse in Spain. Current Situation and Perspectives

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1551 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Jodar-Abellan ◽  
María Inmaculada López-Ortiz ◽  
Joaquín Melgarejo-Moreno
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
European Union ◽  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Water Planning ◽  
Structural Problem ◽  
The World ◽  
Access To Water

The issues of wastewater treatment and the reuse of water are of great importance, especially in areas where the shortage of conventional resources is a structural problem, as it is in the case of Spain. Wastewater reuse is a valid mechanism to avoid problems derived from droughts and water scarcity. It allows access to water resources in areas with water restrictions and to prevent futures scenarios, due to it being expected that water consumption will double by 2050 over the world. Thus, the likelihood that this unconventional, strategic resource would become scarce is unquestionable, particularly in cases where water planning and exploitation systems prioritize the preservation, protection, and improvement of water quality, as well as the sustainable and efficient use of natural resources. This paper shows how wastewater treatment and reuse are linked, as the reuse of wastewater is associated with a previous regeneration, and both of them are essential tools for maximizing environmental outcomes, as called for in the European Union Directives.

Economic considerations and decision support tool for wastewater reuse scheme planning

2007 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 175-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Hochstrat ◽  
D. Joksimovic ◽  
T. Wintgens ◽  
T. Melin ◽  
D. Savic
Keyword(s):  
Water Reuse ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Decision Support Tool ◽  
Critical Issue ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Support Tool ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Economic Considerations

The reuse of upgraded wastewater for beneficial uses is increasingly adopted and accepted as a tool in water management. However, funding of schemes is still a critical issue. The focus of this paper is on economic considerations of water reuse planning. A survey of pricing mechanisms for reclaimed water revealed that most schemes are subsidised to a great extent. In order to minimise these state contributions to the implementation and operation of reuse projects, their planning should identify a least cost design option. This also has to take into account the established pricing structure for conventional water resources and the possibility of gaining revenues from reclaimed water pricing. The paper presents a case study which takes into account these aspects. It evaluates different scheme designs with regard to their Net Present Value (NPV). It could be demonstrated that for the same charging level, quite different amounts of reclaimed water can be delivered while still producing an overall positive NPV. Moreover, the economic feasibility and competitiveness of a reuse scheme is highly determined by the cost structure of the conventional water market.

Research on wastewater reuse planning in Beijing central region

2005 ◽  
Vol 51 (10) ◽  
pp. 195-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Jia ◽  
R. Guo ◽  
K. Xin ◽  
J. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Large System ◽  
Urban Region ◽  
Pipe System ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Industrial Reuse

The need to implement wastewater reuse in Beijing is discussed. Based on the investigation of the built wastewater reuse projects in Beijing, the differences between small wastewater reuse system and large systems were analyzed according to the technical, economical and social issues. The advantages and disadvantages of the small system and the large system were then given. In wastewater reuse planning in Beijing urban region, the large system was adopted. The rations of reclaimed water for difference land use type, including industrial reuse, municipal reuse, grass irrigation, and scenes water reuse were determined. Then according to the land use information in every block in central Beijing, using GIS techniques, the amounts of the reclaimed water needed in every block were calculated, and the main pipe system of reclaimed water was planned.

Evaluation of appropriate system for reclaimed wastewater reuse in each area of Tokyo using GIS-based water balance model

2001 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 301-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Aramaki ◽  
R. Sugimoto ◽  
K. Hanaki ◽  
T. Matsuo
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Reclaimed Wastewater ◽  
Intermediate Point ◽  
Onsite Wastewater ◽  
Onsite Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Reuse System

The appropriate type of reclaimed wastewater reuse system in each area of Tokyo was evaluated from the aspect of economic efficiency, using a GIS-based water balances model. The following four reclaimed wastewater reuse systems and conventional waterworks and sewerage system were evaluated; “Rain water storage and use system”, “Onsite wastewater treatment and reuse system”, “Sewage treatment and reuse at an intermediate point on the sewer pipe” and “Treated water supply system in sewage treatment plant”. In the case that we install them to office and residential buildings, the supplied volume by reclaimed wastewater reuse systems is 693 thousands m3/d, this corresponds to 15% of total water demand in the area. Furthermore, the effects of the following scenarios brought about by technological innovation in water treatment were investigated; the case that flush water in toilet and wastewater from kitchen are also available as source in a “onsite wastewater treatment and reuse system” and the casethat reclaimed water is used for laundering in residential buildings. When reclaimed water is used for laundering in residential buildings, the supplied volume by these systems increases to 814 thousand m3/d in the case that these systems are installed to office and residential buildings.

Reclaimed wastewater quality enhancement by oxygen injection during transportation

2011 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 641-648 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. E. Rodríguez-Gómez ◽  
M. Álvarez ◽  
J. Rodríguez-Sevilla ◽  
M. C. Marrero ◽  
A. Hernández
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Injection System ◽  
Nitrite Accumulation ◽  
Reclaimed Wastewater ◽  
Oxygen Injection

In-sewer treatments have been studied in sewer systems, but few have been carried out on reclaimed wastewater systems. A study of oxygen injection has been performed in a completely filled gravity pipe, 0.6 m in diameter and 62 km long, in cast iron with concrete inside coating, which is part of the reclaimed wastewater reuse scheme of Tenerife (Spain). A high pressure oxygen injection system was installed at 16.0 km from pipe inlet and a constant dosage of 30 mg/L O2 has been injected during six months, under three different operational modes (low COD, 63 mg/L; high COD, 91 mg/L; and partially nitrified water). Oxygen has been consumed in nitrification and organic matter reduction. Generally, nitrification is clearly favored instead of the organic matter oxidation. Nitrification occurs, in general, with nitrite accumulation due to the presence of free ammonia above 1 mg/L. Denitrification is in all cases incomplete due to a limitation of easily biodegradable organic matter content, inhibiting the appearance of anaerobic conditions and sulfide generation. A notable reduction of organic matter parameters is achieved (TSS below 10 mg/L), which is significantly higher than that observed under the ordinary transport conditions without oxygen. This leads to a final cost reduction, and the oxygen injection system helps water reuse managers to maintain a final good water quality in the case of a treatment plant malfunction.

scholarly journals Water reuse system in Xi'an Municipality of China

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 407-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rong Chen ◽  
Xiaochang Wang ◽  
Yanzheng Liu
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Central City ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Implementation Strategies ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Reuse System

A water reuse system was formulated for the Xi'an International Metropolitan Urban Planning Project, with the aim of mitigating water stress in the central city of Xi'an, China in 2020. The main reuse purposes of the reclaimed water were agriculture, industry, municipal, ecological, and indoor uses. A wastewater reuse potential capacity of 427.2 × 106 m3/yr was deduced by analyzing the water demand for the different reuse purposes. This reuse capacity makes significant contribution to increasing the total urban water supply capacity and mitigating the water shortage problems imposed by the process of urbanization. A supply scheme for the reclaimed water was configured, which comprised the reclaimed water sources, water supply service areas, and the main reuse purposes. As a result, a wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs)-centered reclaimed water supply system was formed, and the main reuse purposes of the 15 WWTPs and their service districts were defined. Through an economic analysis, the feasibility and benefits of the water reuse system were ascertained. Overall, this study provided the theoretical basis and implementation strategies for a system configuration of water reuse in Xi'an City and also contributed to solving the water-deficiency problems associated with the rapidly developing urban areas in China.

Reclaimed municipal wastewater - a potential water resource in China

2001 ◽  
Vol 43 (10) ◽  
pp. 51-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
He Pinjing ◽  
L. Phan ◽  
Gu Guowei ◽  
G. Hervouet
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Resource ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
Industrial Use ◽  
Resource Shortage

Due to water resource shortage and socio-economic development within twenty years, China faces serious problems of water supply and water pollution. Several criteria and suitable reclamation processes related to water reuse have been created in China, which are helpful to improve the situation of water scarcity. In the future, reclaimed municipal wastewater reuse will mainly be developed for urban and industrial use. Potential supply quantity of reclaimed water, quality of reclaimed water, and reclamation cost are favorable to potential reuses. Based on further public environmental education, on a relevant development of national and local standards for reclaimed water quality, and on an increase of sanitary rate, more and more planned reclaimed water reuse projects would be expected in China.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document