scholarly journals Biosand Filter as a Point-of-Use Water Treatment Technology: Influence of Turbidity on Microorganism Removal Efficiency

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 2302
Author(s):  
Daniela A. Duran Romero ◽  
Maria Cristina de Almeida Silva ◽  
Beni J. M. Chaúque ◽  
Antônio D. Benetti
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Water Safety ◽  
Treatment Technology ◽  
Water Turbidity ◽  
Biosand Filter ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
Microorganism Removal

The number of people living without access to clean water can be reduced by the implementation of point-of-use (POU) water treatment. Among POU treatment systems, the domestic biosand filter (BSF) stands out as a viable technology. However, the performance of the BSF varies with the inflow water quality characteristics, especially turbidity. In some locations, people have no choice but to treat raw water that has turbidity above recommended levels for the technology. This study aimed to measure the efficiency with which the BSF removes microorganisms from well water and from fecal-contaminated water with turbidity levels of 3, 25, and 50 NTU. Turbidity was controlled by the addition of kaolin to water. Turbidity removal varied from 88% to 99%. Reductions in total coliform (TC) and Escherichia coli ranged from 0.54–2.01 and 1.2–2.2 log removal values (LRV), respectively. The BSF that received water with a higher level of turbidity showed the greatest reduction in the concentration of microorganisms. Additional testing with water contaminated with four bacterial pure cultures showed reductions between 2.7 and 3.6 LRV. A higher reduction in microorganisms was achieved after 30–35 days in operation. Despite the filter’s high efficiency, the filtrates still had some microorganisms, and a disinfection POU treatment could be added to increase water safety.

scholarly journals Use of ceramic pot filter (CPF) technology under pressure in an in-line pumping system

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 843-852
Author(s):  
Travis D. Gardner ◽  
Joe D. Guggenberger
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Water Production ◽  
Pumping System ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Logarithmic Reduction

Abstract Ceramic pot filters (CPFs) are an effective point of use water treatment device in developing nations due to their low cost and effectiveness. CPFs are gravity fed, typically making water production a major limiting factor to a CPF's lifetime and acceptability. Directly connecting CPFs to in-line pumping systems or systems with an elevated storage tank would allow filter usage for constant water treatment at increased pressures, increasing the quantity of treated water. Ceramic disks were manufactured for testing in a specially designed housing apparatus. Filters of varying thicknesses and clay to sawdust mass ratios were manufactured to fit tightly. Flowrate and microbiological removal efficacy (logarithmic reduction value (LRV)) were determined over the testing period at various pressures. Flowrate values ranged from 2.44 to 9.04 L per hour, significantly higher than traditional CPF technology. LRVs ranged from 1.1 to 2.0, lower than traditional CPF technology but still effective at removing most Escherichia coli and total coliform bacteria. Filters proved effective at removing total and fecal coliforms at pressures less than 70 kilopascals. The optimum filter had a thickness of 3.2 cm and clay to sawdust ratio of 6:1 by mass. Filters proved to be ineffective if flowrates were above 5 L/h.

scholarly journals Assessing the Sustainability and Acceptance Rate of Cost-Effective Household Water Treatment Systems in Rural Communities of Makwane Village, South Africa

Crystals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 872
Author(s):  
Resoketswe Charlotte Moropeng ◽  
Maggy Ndombo Benteke Momba
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Acceptance Rate ◽  
Target Area ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Biosand Filter ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Household Water

The current study investigated the acceptance rate and long-term effectiveness of cost-effective household water treatment systems deployed in Makwane Village. A structured questionnaire was used prior to implementation to collect information such as level of education, level of employment, and knowledge about point-of-use water treatment systems in the target area. The long-term effectiveness was determined by factors such as the Escherichia coli removal efficiency, turbidity reduction, silver leached, and flow rate of the household water treatment devices. The results of the survey prior to deployment revealed that only 4.3% of the community had a tertiary qualification. Moreover, 54.3% of the community were unemployed. The results further revealed that 65.9% of the community were knowledgeable about other point-of-use water treatment methods. The acceptance rate, which was found to be initially higher (100%), reduced after three months of implantation (biosand filter with zeolite-silver clay granular—82.9%; silver-impregnated porous pot filters—97.1%). Moreover, the long-term effectiveness was determined, taking into consideration the adoption rate, and it was found that silver-impregnated porous pot filters have a long life compared to biosand filter with zeolite-silver clay granular. Although household water treatment systems can effectively reduce the burden of waterborne diseases in impoverished communities, the success of adoption is dependent on the targeted group. This study highlights the significance of involving community members when making the decision to scale up household water treatment devices in rural areas for successful adoption.

Biosand Filter as a Household Water Treatment Technology in Ghana and its Ecobusiness Potential: An Assessment Using a Lifecycle Approach

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 343-353
Author(s):  
Jonathan N. Hogarh ◽  
Fatai A. Sowunmi ◽  
Agbola P. Oluwafemi ◽  
Philip Antwi-Agyei ◽  
Daniel Nukpezah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Treatment Technology ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Biosand Filter ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Water Treatment Technology

scholarly journals THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY FOR THE KVASS PRODUCTION

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Dulka ◽  
V. Prybylskyi ◽  
S. Oliynyk ◽  
A. Kuts ◽  
O. Kovalenko
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
Technological Parameters ◽  
Treatment Technology ◽  
Rock Crystal ◽  
Natural Minerals ◽  
Water Conditioning ◽  
Active Coal ◽  
Physical And Chemical

The composition of water significantly affect the flow of the process and the main indicators of the finished drink. The article presents the results of theoretical and experimental researches on improvement of the technology of preparation of drinking water for the production of non-alcoholic fermented beverages, in particular, bread kvass. The high efficiency of the application of natural minerals – clinoptilolite, rock crystal and activated carbon with combined treatment of water in the technology of bread kvass is proven. The quality and usefulness of the product depend on the content of its impurities. The integrated action of investigated materials with adsorption, ion exchange and redox properties provides water conditioning and achievement of the intensification of the technological process and high organoleptic qualities of the finished product. The work presents the physical-mechanical characteristics of the investigated materials, technological parameters of treatment, the influence of filter materials on the organoleptic and physical and chemical parameters of water and finished product. The article also gives a taste-aroma profile of bread kvass, made from the use of prepared water. The materials of the conducted research testify to the expediency of water treatment for the production of bread kvass in the sequence of clinoptilolite, active coal, rock crystal with a filtration rate of 8–15 m / h. In this case, the total iron content is reduced by 5 times, the total stiffness decreases by 75%, permanganate oxidation is 9 times. It has been established that such processing allows for high organoleptic qualities of prepared water and end product and increases the tasting score of bread kvass by 7 times, with no unpleasant taste and aroma that is characteristic of chlorinated water and decreases the turbidity of the beverage as a result of a decrease in the overall rigidity of water.

Bacterial adaptation and performance of household biosand water filters in differing temperatures

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 794-801 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Arnold ◽  
A. Archer ◽  
B. Barkdoll
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Performance Difference ◽  
Biosand Filter ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Significant Performance ◽  
Freezing Temperatures ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Water Filters ◽  
Microbial Removal

The household biosand filter (BSF) is a highly utilized point-of-use water treatment tool. The effect of ambient temperature on the ability of the BSF to remove microbes from water is unclear. Model filters were distributed among different temperature-controlled laboratories and dosed daily with surface water amended with sewage. Comparison of the total coliform and Escherichia coli counts in the influent versus effluent revealed an immediate drop in the removal efficiencies of filters held in colder rooms. This performance difference, however, became less pronounced over the course of the experiment until no significant performance difference was detected between filters regardless of their ambient temperature, perhaps due to microbial adaptation within the BSFs. Subsequently, two-thirds of the filters were exposed to freezing temperatures, thawed, and re-tested for microbial removal. All filters exposed to freezing temperatures showed significant drops in microbial removal compared to control filters. Filters exposed to the most extreme temperatures showed the greatest drop in performance.

scholarly journals Field Investigation and Economic Benefit of a Novel Method of Silver Application to Ceramic Water Filters for Point-Of-Use Water Treatment in Low-Income Settings

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 285
Author(s):  
Nkosinobubelo Ndebele ◽  
Joshua N. Edokpayi ◽  
John O. Odiyo ◽  
James A. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Silver Nitrate ◽  
Silver Nanoparticle ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Ceramic Water Filters ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Water Filters

In this study, we report on field testing of ceramic water filters (CWFs) fabricated using a new method of silver application (using silver nitrate as a raw material) compared to conventionally manufactured CWFs (fabricated with silver nanoparticles). Both types of filters were manufactured at the PureMadi ceramic filter production facility in Dertig, South Africa. Thirty households received filters fabricated with silver nitrate (AgNO3), and ten of those households were given an extra filter fabricated with silver nanoparticles. Filter performance was quantified by measurement of total coliform and Escherichia coli (E. coli) removal and silver residual concentration in the effluent. Silver-nitrate CWFs had removal efficiencies for total coliforms and E. coli of 95% and 99%, respectively. A comparison of the performance of silver-nitrate and silver-nanoparticle filters showed that the different filters had similar levels of total coliform and E. coli removal, although the silver nitrate filters produced the highest average removal of 97% while silver nanoparticles filters recorded an average removal of 85%. Average effluent silver levels were below 10 ppb for the silver-nitrate and silver-nanoparticle filters, which was significantly below the Environmental Protection Agencies of the United States (EPA) and World Health Organization (WHO) secondary guidelines of 100 ppb. Silver-nitrate filters resulted in the lowest effluent silver concentrations, which could potentially increase the effective life span of the filter. A cost analysis shows that it is more economical to produce CWFs using silver nitrate due to a reduction in raw-material costs and reduced labor costs for production. Furthermore, the production of silver-nitrate filters reduces inhalation exposure of silver by workers. The results obtained from this study will be applied to improve the ceramic filtration technology as a point-of-use (POU) water treatment device and hence reduce health problems associated with microbial contamination of water stored at the household level.

Characterisation of the biosand filter for E. coli reductions from household drinking water under controlled laboratory and field use conditions

2006 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.E. Stauber ◽  
M.A. Elliott ◽  
F. Koksal ◽  
G.M. Ortiz ◽  
F.A. DiGiano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Field Analysis ◽  
Treatment Technology ◽  
Sand Filters ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Biosand Filter ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Slow Sand Filter

More than a billion people in the developing world lack access to safe and reliable sources of drinking water. Point of use (POU) household water treatment technology allows people to improve the quality of their water by treating it in the home. One emerging POU technology is the biosand filter (BSF), a household-scale, intermittently operated slow sand filter. Laboratory and field studies examined Escherichia coli reductions achieved by the BSF. During two laboratory studies, mean E. coli reductions were 94% and they improved over the period of filter use, reaching a maximum of 99%. Field analysis conducted on 55 household filters near Bonao, Dominican Republic averaged E. coli reductions of 93%. E. coli reductions by the BSF in laboratory and field studies were less than those typically observed for traditional slow sand filters (SSFs), although as for SSFs microbial reductions improved over the period of filter use. Further study is needed to determine the factors contributing to microbial reductions in BSFs and why reductions are lower than those of conventional SSFs.

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