scholarly journals Numerical Rainfall Simulation of Different WRF Parameterization Schemes with Different Spatiotemporal Rainfall Evenness Levels in the Ili Region

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 2569
Author(s):  
Zhenxia Mu ◽  
Yulin Zhou ◽  
Liang Peng ◽  
Ying He
Keyword(s):  
Wrf Model ◽  
Rainfall Simulation ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Type I ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Parameterization Schemes ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Precipitation Simulation ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Simulation Results

To obtain high-precision precipitation simulation results, different types of rainfall events in the Ili Region are simulated by using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model with different physical parameterization schemes. According to the spatiotemporal distribution of rainfall evenness, six rainfall events in the Ili Region are divided into four types. Six microphysical parameterization (MP) schemes, five planetary boundary layer (PBL) schemes, and five cumulus (CU) schemes are combined into 14 parameterization members to simulate the rainfall events. It is worth noting that the simulation result sequence of the WRF model (from best to worst) is as follows: type I (events 3 and 5) > type II (events 1 and 6) > type III (event 2) > type IV (event 4). This finding would imply that the WRF model has the best performance for rainfall events with even spatiotemporal distributions, while it is hard to achieve good simulation results for rainfall events with highly uneven spatial and temporal distributions. The results suggest that no single combination of parameterization members provides the best performance for all rainfall events. According to the overall scheme rankings, d, n, and j are the optimal parameterization combination members that accurately describe the spatiotemporal characteristics of the six rainfall events. The study provides guidance for the selection of the physical parameters for the accurate simulation of different types of rainfall events in the arid region of northwestern China.

scholarly journals Impact of Different Reanalysis Data and Parameterization Schemes on WRF Dynamic Downscaling in the Ili Region

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1729 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yulin Zhou ◽  
Zhenxia Mu
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Wrf Model ◽  
Final Analysis ◽  
Reanalysis Data ◽  
Cold Bias ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory ◽  
Parameterization Schemes ◽  
Precipitation Simulation ◽  
Pbl Scheme

Different reanalysis data and physical parameterization schemes for the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model are considered in this paper to evaluate their performance in meteorological simulations in the Ili Region. A 72-hour experiment was performed with two domains at the resolution of 27 km with one-way nesting of 9 km. (1) Final Analysis (FNL) and Global Forecast System (GFS) reanalysis data (hereafter, WRF-FNL experiment and WRF-GFS experiment, respectively) were used in the WRF model. For the simulation of accumulated precipitation, both the WRF-FNL (mean bias of 0.79 mm) and WRF-GFS (mean bias of 0.31 mm) simulations can display the main features of the general temporal pattern and geographical distribution of the observed precipitation. For the simulation of the 2-m temperature, the simulation of the WRF-GFS experiment (mean warm bias of 1.81 °C and correlation coefficient of 0.83) was generally better than that of the WRF-FNL experiment (mean cold bias of 1.79 °C and correlation coefficient of 0.27). (2) Thirty-six physical combination schemes were proposed, each with a unique set of physical parameters. Member 33 (with the smallest mean-metric of 0.53) performed best for the precipitation simulation, and member 29 (with the smallest mean-metric of 0.64) performed best for the 2-m temperature simulation. However, member 29 and 33 cannot be distinguished from the other members according to their parameterizations. For this domain, ensemble members that contain the Mellor–Yamada–Janjic (MYJ) boundary layer (PBL) scheme and the Grell–Devenyi (GD) cumulus (CU) scheme are recommended for the precipitation simulation. The Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) radiation (RA) scheme and the MYJ PBL scheme are recommended for the 2-m temperature simulation.

scholarly journals Comparative Characteristics of Sensorimotor Reactions of Highly Qualified Athletes with Different Types of Heart Rate Regulation

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 456-464
Author(s):  
A. P. Romanchuk ◽  
◽  
O. V. Guzii ◽  
A. V. Maglyovanyi ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
Type I ◽  
Sensorimotor Function ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Highly Qualified ◽  
Rate Regulation ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Heart Rate Regulation ◽  
Different Types

The purpose of the study was a comparative analysis of sensorimotor reactions in highly trained athletes with different types of heart rate regulation. Materials and methods. 202 highly trained male athletes aged 22.6±2.8 years, who are engaged in acyclic sports – martial arts (karate, taekwondo, kickboxing, boxing, freestyle wrestling, Greco-Roman wrestling, judo, sambo) and games (water polo, soccer) were examined. The experience in sports was 10.3±3.1 years. All studies were conducted in the pre-competition period in the morning. Based on the study of heart rate variability in athletes, the type of heart rate regulation was determined. The basis for determining the types of regulation is the classification of heart rate variability indicators, taking into account their inclusion in certain limits. Heart rate variability indicators that reflect the dual-circuit model of heart rate regulation and are used for diagnosis include: total heart rate variability – total power (ms2), very low frequency (ms2), and stress-index (e.u.), which reflect the various chains of regulatory effects on heart rate. According to certain data types, 4 groups were formed. 1 group (type I) consisted of 42 athletes, 2 (type II) – 28 athletes, 3 (type III) – 88 athletes, 4 (type IV) – 44 athletes. The study of sensorimotor function was performed using the device KMM-3. Results and discussion. It is shown that the most balanced sensorimotor reactions are in athletes with type III regulation of heart rate. The most strain sensorimotor reactions are observed in type II regulation of heart rate, which is reflected in the pronounced central asymmetry of movement control with acceleration to the left against the background of deteriorating accuracy of right (due to flexors) and left (due to extensors) limbs, and the right-hand predominance. Sensorimotor reactions are quite strain in type IV of heart rate regulation, which is characterized by slow reactions at the synaptic and peripheral levels. In type I of heart rate regulation, the disorders observed at the central level of regulation relate to the asymmetry of short-term motor memory processes, which are significantly reduced in the left hemisphere. Conclusion. The study shows that the differences in the regulatory support of heart rate in highly qualified athletes are accompanied by characteristic differences in sensorimotor function. The latter can be useful for the diagnosis and further correction of conditions associated with the development of overexertion and overtraining

Histological Investigation of the Palatine Bone in Prenatal Trisomy 21

2001 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 492-497 ◽  
Author(s):  
Halfdan Lauridsen ◽  
Birgit Fischer Hansen ◽  
Ingermarie Reintoft ◽  
Jean W. Keeling ◽  
Inger Kjær
Keyword(s):  
Trisomy 21 ◽  
Type I ◽  
Histological Investigation ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Human Fetuses ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Horizontal Part ◽  
Palatine Bone

Objective: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the horizontal part of the palatine bone in palates from human fetuses with trisomy 21 to improve the phenotypic classification of the genotypic anomaly. Methods: Material from 23 human trisomy 21 fetuses was included in the study. The crown rump lengths of the fetuses ranged from 80 mm to 190 mm, corresponding to about 12 to 21 weeks of gestational age. The material was examined histologically. Results and Conclusions: Histological examination demonstrated four different palatal phenotypes on the basis of the development of the horizontal part of the palatine bone: type I, palatine bone complete; type II, the mesial region of the horizontal part of the palatine bone is lacking; type III, complete absence of the horizontal part of the palatine bone; and type IV, auxiliary bones in the region of the transpalatine suture. This finding shows that different types of malformations may occur in the horizontal part of the palatine bone in human trisomy 21 fetuses.

scholarly journals Antibiotic Hypersensitivity Mechanisms

Pharmacy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenana H. Maker ◽  
Cassandra M. Stroup ◽  
Vanthida Huang ◽  
Stephanie F. James
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Type I ◽  
Hypersensitivity Reactions ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Ige Mediated ◽  
Antibiotic Reactions ◽  
Immune Complex Formation

Antibiotics are commonly prescribed to treat a variety of bacterial infections. As with all medications, hypersensitivity reactions may occur and clinicians should be able to recognize them accurately and recommend appropriate management. Antibiotic related hypersensitivity reactions may be one of four different types: Type I reactions, which are IgE mediated and may lead to anaphylaxis; Type II reactions that are antibody-mediated and may result in thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, or hemolytic anemia; Type III reaction that involves an immune complex formation such as vasculitis; and Type IV reactions that consist of four subtypes and typically include a rash of varying level of severity with or without systemic signs and symptoms. Herein, we describe the mechanisms of different types of allergic reactions to commonly prescribed antibiotics and offer recommendations for management. Further, we briefly refer to antibiotic reactions that mimic hypersensitivity reactions but are not immune mediated, such as pseudoallergies and serum sickness-like reactions.

scholarly journals Clinically significant subjective features of highly qualified athletes with different types of cardiac rhythm regulation

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-92
Author(s):  
O. V. Guzii ◽  
A. V. Mahlovanyi ◽  
V. M. Trach
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Rhythm ◽  
Subjective Assessment ◽  
Type I ◽  
Highly Qualified ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Heart Work ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Clinically Significant ◽  
Survey Protocol

The aim of the study is to identify the characteristic subjective features of highly qualified athletes with different types of cardiac rhythm regulation. Materials and methods. 202 highly qualified male athletes aged 22.6 ± 2.8 years and engaged in acyclic sports were examined. According to the designed survey protocol, all athletes were interviewed using a specifically designed questionnaire, which included 4 questions pools, each of them characterized certain components of athletes’ subjective assessment of their condition and attitude to it during the previous week, as well as studies using spiroarteriocardiorhythmography (SACR). Results. The SACR study allowed to divide athletes, taking into account heart rate variability (HRV) parameters, into 4 groups according to the types of their cardiac rhythm regulation. Subjective signs that might have clinical significance in the development of cardiovascular overexertion were uncomfortable sensations in the heart, feeling of interruption in the heart work, perspiration at rest, headache after sleep, perspiration at low loads, feeling of fatigue after sleep and night perspiration. Uncomfortable sensations in the heart occurred frequently in 1 % of cases and periodically in 15.3 % of cases, and feeling of interruption in the heart work occurred frequently in 0.5 % of cases and periodically in 14.9 % of cases. These indications were typical of people with cardiac rhythm regulations type I and II. In type III the least number of clinically significant features was noted. In type IV the number of significant features was less than in types I and II; however, this is nonsignificant. Probable differences in the features of perspiration at rest were noticed in athletes with type IV in comparison with type III. Conclusions. Subjective indications can be employed to verify the regulatory features of the cardiovascular system, which are associated with the centralization of effects. Questionnaires can be useful in differentiating states of overexertion according to parasympathetic type and a state of high training level in type IV cardiac rhythm regulation.

scholarly journals Heavy Rainfall Simulation over Sinai Peninsula Using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gamal El Afandi ◽  
Mostafa Morsy ◽  
Fathy El Hussieny
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Rainfall ◽  
Flash Flood ◽  
Wrf Model ◽  
Rain Gauge ◽  
Rainfall Simulation ◽  
Weather Research And Forecasting ◽  
Sinai Peninsula ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Heavy Rainfall Events ◽  
Weather Research

Heavy rainfall is one of major severe weather over Sinai Peninsula and causes many flash floods over the region. The good forecasting of rainfall is very much necessary for providing early warning before the flash flood events to avoid or minimize disasters. In the present study using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model, heavy rainfall events that occurred over Sinai Peninsula and caused flash flood have been investigated. The flash flood that occurred on January 18, 2010, over different parts of Sinai Peninsula has been predicted and analyzed using the Advanced Weather Research and Forecast (WRF-ARW) Model. The predicted rainfall in four dimensions (space and time) has been calibrated with the measurements recorded at rain gauge stations. The results show that the WRF model was able to capture the heavy rainfall events over different regions of Sinai. It is also observed that WRF model was able to predict rainfall in a significant consistency with real measurements. In this study, several synoptic characteristics of the depressions that developed during the course of study have been investigated. Also, several dynamic characteristics during the evolution of the depressions were studied: relative vorticity, thermal advection, and geopotential height.

scholarly journals THE EFFICACY OF OZONE THERAPY ON DIFFERENT TYPES OF LUMBAR DISC HERNIATION: PROPOSAL FOR GUIDANCE UPDATES

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaofeng He
Keyword(s):  
Pain Relief ◽  
Intervertebral Disc ◽  
Nucleus Pulposus ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Ozone Therapy ◽  
Lumbar Intervertebral Disc ◽  
Disc Protrusion ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Different Types

Objective: To explore the possible mechanisms of pain relief by ozone therapy in patients with different types of lumbar intervertebral disc protrusion. Methods: The medical records of a total of 250 patients with protrusion of lumbar intervertebral disc (159 males, 91 females, aged 14–85 years) admitted in the South Hospital from January 2009 to June 2014 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients with protrusion of lumbar intervertebral disc were divided into four groups according to T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging and digital subtraction angiography findings during ozone injection: type I, fibrous ring rupture without nucleus pulposus protrusion; type II, fibrous ring rupture with nucleus pulposus protrusion; type III, non-ruptured fibrous ring without nucleus pulposus protrusion; and type IV, non-ruptured fibrous ring with nucleus pulposus protrusion. Visual analogue scale (VAS) pain scores were used to evaluate treatment efficacy among patients with different types of lumbar intervertebral disc protrusion before surgery, and at 1 week, 1 month, 6 months, and 12 months after surgery. Results: Atrophy of the nucleus pulposus was observed in 63% of type II and IV patients within 1 year after surgery. The VAS scores at 1 week, 1 month, 6 months, and 12 months after surgery decreased by an average of 4.47, 4.41, 4.77, and 4.85 for type I to IV disease, respectively. More specifically, scores of type I patients were decreased by 4.57, 4.72, 4.98, and 4.93, respectively, during the follow-up period. Scores of type II patients were decreased by 4.78, 461, 5.08, and 5; type III cases by 3.72, 377, 3.97, and 4.84, respectively; and type IV cases by 4.24, 4.10, 4.45, and 4.41, respectively. In addition, the postoperative VAS score of 94.4%, 91.6%, 89.6% and 90.8% of patients were decreased by > 25%, i.e., the pain was alleviated, with type I patients demonstrating a pain relief rate of 96.3% during the entire follow-up period, along with 93.5% and 89.8%, and 89.8%, respectively for type II patients, 76.9%, 84.6%, 76.9%, and 87.2%, respectively for type III patients, and 77.6%, 79.6%, 79.6%, and 79.6%, respectively for type IV patients. Conclusion: Ozone therapy is an effective pain-relief therapy for lumbar intervertebral disc protrusion. The degree of pain relief was closely related to rupture of the fibrous ring and protrusion of the nucleus pulposus. Pain relief efficacy was improved in patients with fibrous ring rupture and nucleus pulposus, while the pain relief effects in patients without fibrous ring rupture or nucleus pulposus protrusion were poor.

Sensitivity of Rainfall to Cumulus Parameterization Schemes from a WRF Model over the City of Douala in Cameroon

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roméo S. Tanessong ◽  
A. J. Komkoua Mbienda ◽  
G. M. Guenang ◽  
S. Kaissassou ◽  
Lucie A. Tchotchou Djiotang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Rainfall ◽  
Wrf Model ◽  
Early Warning Systems ◽  
Cumulus Parameterization ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Parameterization Schemes ◽  
K Index ◽  
Cumulus Parameterization Schemes ◽  
The City ◽  
Heavy Rainfall Events

With the recurrence of extreme weather events in Central Africa, it becomes imperative to provide high-resolution forecasts for better decision-making by the Early warning systems. This study assesses the performance of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to simulate heavy rainfall that affected the city of Douala in Cameroon during 19–21 August 2020. The WRF model is configured with two domains with horizontal resolutions of 15 and 5[Formula: see text]km, 33 vertical levels using eight cumulus parameterization schemes (CPSs). The WRF model performance is assessed by investigating the agreement between simulations and observations. Categorical and deterministic statistics are used, which include the probability of detection (POD), the success ratio (SR), the equitable threat score (ETS), the pattern correlation coefficient (PCC), the root mean square error (RMSE), the mean absolute error (MAE), and the BIAS. K-index is finally used to assess the capacity of the WRF model to predict the instability of the atmosphere in Douala during the above-mentioned period. It is found that (1) The POD, SR and ETS decrease when the threshold increases, showing the difficulty of the WRF model to predict and locate heavy rainfall events; (2) There are important differences in the rainfall area simulated by the eight CPSs; (3) The BIAS is negative for the eight CPSs, implying that all of the CPSs tested underestimate the rainfall over the study area; (4) Some of the CPSs have good agreement with observations, especially the new modifed Tiedtke and the Betts–Miller–Janjic schemes; (5) The K-index, an atmospheric instability index, is well predicted by the eight CPSs tested in this work. Overall, the WRF model exhibits a strong ability for rainfall simulation in the study area. The results point out that heavy rainfall events in tropical areas are very sensitive to CPSs and study domain. Therefore, sensitivity tests studies should be multiplied in order to identify most suitable CPSs for a given area.

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