scholarly journals Modelling Effects of Rainfall Patterns on Runoff Generation and Soil Erosion Processes on Slopes

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 2221
Author(s):  
Qihua Ran ◽  
Feng Wang ◽  
Jihui Gao
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Rainfall Intensity ◽  
Temporal Patterns ◽  
Runoff Generation ◽  
Slope Length ◽  
Erosion Processes ◽  
Total Runoff ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Critical Slope ◽  
Rainfall Patterns

Rainfall patterns and landform characteristics are controlling factors in runoff and soil erosion processes. At a hillslope scale, there is still a lack of understanding of how rainfall temporal patterns affect these processes, especially on slopes with a wide range of gradients and length scales. Using a physically-based distributed hydrological model (InHM), these processes under different rainfall temporal patterns were simulated to illustrate this issue. Five rainfall patterns (constant, increasing, decreasing, rising-falling and falling-rising) were applied to slopes, whose gradients range from 5° to 40° and projective slope lengths range from 25 m to 200 m. The rising-falling rainfall generally had the largest total runoff and soil erosion amount; while the constant rainfall had the lowest ones when the projective slope length was less than 100 m. The critical slope of total runoff was 15°, which was independent of rainfall pattern and slope length. However, the critical slope of soil erosion amount decreased from 35° to 25° with increasing projective slope length. The increasing rainfall had the highest peak discharge and erosion rate just at the end of the peak rainfall intensity. The peak value discharges and erosion rates of decreasing and rising-falling rainfalls were several minutes later than the peak rainfall intensity.

THE PHYSICAL BASIS OF SOIL EROSION: MECHANISM, PATTERNS OF EXPRESSION AND PREDICTION

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valeriy Demidov ◽  
Oleg Makarov
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Soil Cover ◽  
Physical Basis ◽  
Soil Science ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Soil Protection ◽  
Erosion Mechanism ◽  
The Past ◽  
Erosion Processes ◽  
Wide Range

The monograph summarizes the information over the past 20 years on the currently widely used. The textbook is intended for students of higher educational institutions, studying in the specialty of soil science, as well as specializing in erosion and soil protection. The textbook describes the physical basis and mechanism of erosion processes, based on some sections of hydraulics, hydrology, hydro-and aeromechanics, knowledge of which is necessary to understand the mechanism of water, wind and irrigation soil erosion. The main mathematical models and principles of forecasting the values of soil losses as a result of erosion processes are considered. The textbook will be useful not only for students and postgraduates studying in the specialty of soil science, but also for geographers, ecologists and a wide range of specialists interested in the problems of soil cover conservation and environmental protection.

Regulation and Critical Threshold of Grass Cover on Slope Runoff in LoessHilly Gully Region under Artificial

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiufen Zhang ◽  
Xizhi Lv ◽  
Rongxin Chen ◽  
Yongxin Ni ◽  
Li Ma
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Rainfall Intensity ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Vegetation Coverage ◽  
Critical Threshold ◽  
Runoff Generation ◽  
Grassland Vegetation ◽  
Slope Flow ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Slope Runoff

<p>The slope runoff caused by rainstorm is the main cause of serious soil and water loss in the loess hilly area, the grassland vegetation has a good inhibitory effect on the slope runoff, it is of great significance to reveal the role of grassland vegetation in the process of runoff generation and control mechanism for controlling soil erosion in this area. In this study, typical grassland slopes in hilly and gully regions of the loess plateau were taken as research objects. Through artificial rainfall in the field, the response rules of slope rainfall-runoff process to different grass coverage were explored. The results show that: (1) The time for the slope flow to stabilize is prolonged with the increase of vegetation coverage, and shortened with the increase of rainfall intensity; (2) At 60 mm·h <sup>−1</sup> rainfall intensity, the threshold of grassland vegetation coverage is 75.38%; at 90 mm·h<sup> −1</sup> rainfall intensity, the threshold of grassland vegetation coverage is 90.54%; at 120 mm·h <sup>−1</sup> rainfall intensity, the impact of grassland vegetation coverage on runoff is not significant; (3) the Reynolds number and Froude number of slope flow are 40.07‒695.22 and 0.33‒1.56 respectively, the drag coefficient is 1.42‒43.53. Under conditions of heavy rainfall, the ability of grassland to regulate slope runoff is limited. If only turf protection is considered, about 90% of grassland coverage can effectively cope with soil erosion caused by climatic conditions in loess hilly and gully regions. Therefore, in loess hilly areas where heavy rains frequently occur, grassland's protective effect on soil erosion is obviously insufficient, and investment in vegetation measures for trees and shrubs should be strengthened.</p>

scholarly journals Impact of Wheat Residue on Soil Erosion Processes

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 553-562 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ataollah KAVIAN ◽  
Leila GHOLAMI ◽  
Maziar MOHAMMADI ◽  
Velibor SPALEVIC ◽  
Moghadeseh FALAH SORAKI
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Soil Conservation ◽  
Rainfall Intensity ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Sediment Concentration ◽  
Runoff Coefficient ◽  
Northern Iran ◽  
Erosion Processes ◽  
Loam Soil

Soil erosion is one of the key challenges in soil and water conservation. Vegetation that covers soil and organic and inorganic mulch is very useful for the control of erosion processes. This study examined treatment with wheat residual (as agriculture mulch) on infiltration, time to runoff, runoff coefficient, sediment concentration and soil erosion processes. The study has been conducted for sandy-loam soil taken from summer rangeland (Northern Iran) with simulated rainfall intensities of 50 and 100 mm h-1. The experiment was conducted in slopes of 30% in three replications with two amounts of wheat residual of 50 and 90 %. The results showed that conservation percent of soil erosion for wheat residual 50 and 90% was 61.68 and 73.25%, respectively (in rainfall intensity of 50 mm h-1). Also, the conservation percent of soil erosion for wheat residual of 50 and 90% cover was 70.68 and 90.55, respectively (in rainfall intensity of 100 mm h-1). It was concluded that the conservation treatments could reduce runoff coefficient, sediment concentration and soil erosion and increase the time to runoff and infiltration coefficient. This effect was significant on time for infiltration, sediment concentration and soil erosion variables (R2=0.99), time to runoff and runoff coefficient variables (R2=0.95). The interaction effects of rainfall intensity and soil conservation was significant for sediment concentration and soil erosion variables (R2=0.99).

scholarly journals Analysis of Runoff and Sediment Losses from a Sloped Roadbed under Variable Rainfall Intensities and Vegetation Conditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 2077 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunfeng Jia ◽  
Baoping Sun ◽  
Xinxiao Yu ◽  
Xiaohui Yang
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Generation Time ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Rainfall Intensity ◽  
Reduction Rate ◽  
Vegetation Types ◽  
Runoff Generation ◽  
Runoff Reduction ◽  
Different Types

Vegetation plays an important role in reducing soil erosion. By exploring the allocation and coverage of different types of vegetation, we can improve management practices that can significantly reduce soil erosion. In this experiment, we study runoff and sediment losses on a shrub-grass planted, grass planted, and bare slope under different rainfall intensities. Results showed that the runoff generation time for the three subgrade types decreased as rainfall intensity increased (p < 0.05). The slopes planted with either grass or shrub-grass were able to effectively delay runoff generation. As rainfall intensity increased, the runoff amount increased for all treatments, with runoff in the bare slope increasing the most. The runoff reduction rate from the shrub-grass slope ranged from 54.20% to 63.68%, while the reduction rate from the slope only planted with grass ranged from 38.59% to 55.37%. The sediment yield from the bare slope increased from 662.66 g/m2 (15 mm/h) to 2002.95 g/m2 (82 mm/h) with increasing rainfall intensity in the plot. When compared with the bare slope, both the shrub-grass and planted grass slopes were able to retain an additional 0.9 g/m2 to 4.9 g/m2 of sediment, respectively. An accurate relationship between rainfall intensity, sloped vegetation types, and runoff reduction rate was obtained by regression analysis and validated. These results can provide a reference for improving soil and water conservation via improved vegetation allocation on a sloped roadbed.

scholarly journals APPLICATION OF AHP (ANALYTIC HIERARCHY PROCESS) FOR DETERMINATION THE AFFECTING MAIN FACTORS IN SOIL EROSION AT SONG BE BASIN

2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 41-50
Author(s):  
Ngan Truong Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Analytic Hierarchy Process ◽  
Plant Cover ◽  
Analytic Hierarchy ◽  
Slope Length ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Erosion Processes ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Hierarchy Process

Soil erosion is a global environmental problem. The affecting main factors for soil erosion processes are different due to the specific areas. The calculated results of soil erosion, by Ha Quang Hai and Tran Tuan Tu, demonstrated that Song Be basin is eroded very huge, about 321 tons/ha/year. The article is based on factors proposed by R.P.C Morgan in 2005, using the analytic hierarchy process AHP (Thomas L. Saaty, 1970) to determine the weights for these factors. Since then, the article concluded main factors affecting soil erosion at Song Be basin. Research results showed that the Terrain factor has the largest weight (0.30), followed by two factors: Plant cover (0.29) and Rain (0.28). The article also identified four main factors impacting on the soil erosion at Song Be basin, including: slope, land cover ratio, intensity of rainfall and slope length. These results will be the basis for subsequent studies to adjust USLE model more applicably for erosion characteristics in the researched area.

scholarly journals Modeling Runoff-Formation and Soil Erosion after Pumice Excavation at Forested Andosol-Sites in SW-Germany Using WEPP

Soil Systems ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian J. Zemke ◽  
Joshua Pöhler ◽  
Stephan Stegmann
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Land Management ◽  
Soil Loss ◽  
Annual Runoff ◽  
Runoff Generation ◽  
Runoff Formation ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Clear Cutting ◽  
Erosion Processes ◽  
Erosion Prediction

This study investigates the effects of pumice excavation on runoff formation and soil erosion processes in a forested catchment in SW-Germany. The underlying questions are, if (a) backfilled soils have different properties concerning runoff generation and erodibility and if (b) clear-cutting prior to excavation triggers runoff and erosion. Four adjacent sub-areas were observed, which represented different pre- and post-excavation-stages. The basis of the investigation was a comprehensive field sampling that delivered the data for physical erosion modeling using the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP). Modeling took place for standardized conditions (uniform slope geometry and/or uniform land management) and for actual slope geometry and land management. The results show that backfilled soils exhibited 53% increase of annual runoff and 70% increase of annual soil loss under standardized conditions. Storm runoff was increased by 6%, while storm soil loss was reduced by 9%. Land management changes also triggered shifts in annual runoff and soil erosion: Clear-cut (+1.796% runoff, +4.205% soil loss) and bare (+5.958% runoff, +21.055% soil loss) surfaces showed the most distinct changes when compared to undisturbed forest. While reforestation largely diminished post-excavation runoff and soil erosion, the standardized results statistically prove that soil erodibility and runoff generation remain increased after backfilling.

Toward a framework for runoff and soil loss prediction using GUEST technology

Soil Research ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 1191 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Yu ◽  
C. W. Rose ◽  
C. A. A. Ciesiolka ◽  
K. J. Coughlan ◽  
B. Fentie
Keyword(s):  
Soil Loss ◽  
Field Data ◽  
Rainfall Intensity ◽  
Rainfall Amount ◽  
Balance Model ◽  
Erosion Processes ◽  
Total Runoff ◽  
Physically Based ◽  
Loss Prediction ◽  
Runoff Rate

In recent years, a number of physically based models have been developed for soil loss predictions. GUEST is one such model based on fundamental physical principles and the current understanding of water erosion processes. GUEST is mainly used to determine a soil erodibility parameter. To apply the model in a predictive mode, the model is simplified in a physically meaningful manner for flow-driven erosion processes, and 2 essential hydrologic variables are identified, namely total runoff amount and an effective runoff rate. These variables are required to determine soil loss for individual runoff events. A simple water balance model was developed and used to predict runoff amount from rainfall amount. The efficiency of this runoff amount model in prediction was over 90% using field data. A 1-parameter regression model (r2 ~ 0·9) for the effective runoff rate was also established which uses peak rainfall intensity in addition to rainfall and runoff amounts. The prediction of peak rainfall intensity for a given rainfall amount and storm type was also sought. The field data were from Goomboorian, near Gympie, in south-east Queensland and these data were used to test and validate both models. Results overall are satisfactory and the approach adopted is promising. A framework for soil loss prediction is established within which individual parts can be further refined and improved.

Evaluation of the CREAMS model. I. Sensitivity analysis of the soil erosion sedimentation component for aggregated clay soils

Soil Research ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 545 ◽  
Author(s):  
DM Silburn ◽  
RJ Loch
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Sediment Yield ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Clay Soils ◽  
Slope Length ◽  
Sediment Size ◽  
Total Runoff ◽  
Peak Runoff ◽  
Relative Change ◽  
Parameter Values

The sensitivity of the soil erosion component of the CREAMS model to changes in various input parameters was assessed in the range of parameter values suited to erosion from aggregated clay soils. Predictions of total sediment yield were sensitive to changes in a number of parameters, and interactions between parameter values were observed, e.g., for situations when either detachment of sediment or transport capacity of overland flow limited sediment yield. The CREAMS model was classified as: (i) sensitive to: specific gravity of sediment (Sgi), slope steepness; (ii) sensitive under some conditions, moderately sensitive under others to: total runoff (Vu); Universal Soil Loss Equation factors of erodibility (K), cover (C) and support practices (P); Manning-type available shear parameter (nbov); (iii) moderately sensitive to: peak runoff rate (�p), storm erosivity (EI30), slope length, sediment size distribution and kinematic viscosity. The model was judged to be 'sensitive' to a parameter when change in that parameter caused an equal or greater relative change in predicted sediment yield.

Quantitative comparison of initial soil erosion processes and runoff generation in Spanish and German vineyards

2016 ◽  
Vol 565 ◽  
pp. 1165-1174 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Rodrigo Comino ◽  
T. Iserloh ◽  
T. Lassu ◽  
A. Cerdà ◽  
S.D. Keestra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Quantitative Comparison ◽  
Runoff Generation ◽  
Erosion Processes ◽  
Initial Soil

Erosion Characteristics Based on GIS and Fractal Dimensions

2011 ◽  
Vol 271-273 ◽  
pp. 1142-1145
Author(s):  
Chun Xia Yang ◽  
Bin Zhen ◽  
Li Li ◽  
Jing Huang ◽  
Peng Jiao
Keyword(s):  
Fractal Dimension ◽  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Rainfall Intensity ◽  
Fractal Theory ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Laser Scanner ◽  
Fractal Dimensions ◽  
Rill Erosion ◽  
Pattern Complexity ◽  
Erosion Processes

Soil erosion processes and erosion distribution was research focus to establish distributed mathematical equation in the soil erosion areas, GIS techniques and fractal theory provide a means to advance these studies.Slope erosion patterns of bare slope was studied under rainfall intensities of 45、90 and 130mm/h with 20°slope gradient using simulated rainfall experiment. The results showed that the time of rill appeared of lower rainfall intensity was later than that of high rainfall intensity；Within the rainfall time，the rill scale expanded increased with the increasing of rainfall intensity; The erosion distribution was studied by the three-dimensional laser scanner，The trend of rill erosion deep kept roughly consistent with that of sediment; The characteristics was analyzed of slope erosion by GIS, the fractal dimension and sediment were both increased with rainfall intensity, The fractal dimension was increasing with erosion pattern complexity. So the fractal dimension is the representative of erosion complexity.

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