scholarly journals The Impacts of Water Demand and Its Implications for Future Surface Water Resource Management: The Case of Tanzania’s Wami Ruvu Basin (WRB)

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mngereza Miraji ◽  
Jie Liu ◽  
Chunmiao Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Water Demand ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Current Trend ◽  
Planning System ◽  
Irrigation Water Demand ◽  
Unmet Demand ◽  
Terrestrial Water ◽  
Annual Water

River basins around the world face similar issues of water scarcity, deficient infrastructure, and great disparities in water availability between sub-regions, both within and between countries. In this study, different strategies under the Water Evaluation and Planning system (WEAP) were assessed to mitigate water overuse practices under the Current Trend (CT), Economic Growth (EG), and Demand Side Management (DSM) scenarios in relation to current and future statuses of Tanzania’s Wami Ruvu Basin (WRB). The results show that neither domestic nor irrigation water demand will be met based on the current trend. Under the CT scenario, the total water demand is projected to rise from 1050.0 million cubic meters in the year 2015, to 2122.9 million cubic meters by the year 2035, while under the DSM scenario the demand dropped to 990.0 million cubic meters in the year 2015 and to 1715.8 million cubic meters by the year 2035. This study reveals that there is a positive correlation between the highest surface runoff events and the highest unmet demand events in the basin. Terrestrial water demand alters the hydrological cycle of a catchment by modifying parameters such as surface runoff, particularly in small catchments. The results of this study prove that DSM strategies are more amenable to mitigate the impacts and implications of water demand, as they increase water sustainability and ensure ecosystem security by reducing the annual water demands and surface runoff by 15% and 2%, respectively.

Assessment of water demand dynamics in Arror watershed in Elgeyo Marakwet County, Kenya

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 642-657
Author(s):  
Catherine Chebet ◽  
Emmanuel C. Kipkorir ◽  
Victor A. O. Odenyo
Keyword(s):  
Water Demand ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Environmental Flows ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Reference Scenario ◽  
Economic Data ◽  
Remotely Sensed Data ◽  
Unmet Demand ◽  
Watershed Dynamics ◽  
Annual Water

Abstract Water scarcity is a serious problem worldwide, which heightens the need to understand watershed dynamics and their impact on water quantity. The study examined water demand using the WEAP (Water Evaluation and Planning) model in the Arror watershed in Kenya. The primary sources of data included remotely sensed data and socio-economic data. The secondary data included climate, river discharge and soil data. Field surveys and questionnaires were used to collect socio-economic data. From the findings, the total annual water allocated (supply) for agriculture, domestic and livestock in the watershed was 10,333,441 m3, with the highest annual consumer being agriculture in the lower part of the catchment at 7,154,457 m3 for the reference scenario (1986–2012). The total mean annual demand for the same period was 10,461,123 m3 and thus a mean annual unmet demand of 127,682 m3. The highest mean monthly unmet water demand was that of agriculture in the lower part of the catchment in January (90,200 m3). Management practices that would enhance the sustainable management of water resources include construction of a reservoir and enforcement of minimum environmental flows maintenance in the river and these are recommended for the Arror watershed.

scholarly journals A Water Evaluation and Planning-based framework for the long-term prediction of urban water demand and supply

SIMULATION ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 003754972098425
Author(s):  
Arfa Saleem ◽  
Imran Mahmood ◽  
Hessam Sarjoughian ◽  
Hasan Arshad Nasir ◽  
Asad Waqar Malik
Keyword(s):  
Resource Management ◽  
Water Resource ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Resource Scarcity ◽  
Urban Setting ◽  
Planning System ◽  
Urban Water ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Water Evaluation And Planning

Increased usage and non-efficient management of limited resources has created the risk of water resource scarcity. Due to climate change, urbanization, and lack of effective water resource management, countries like Pakistan are facing difficulties coping with the increasing water demand. Rapid urbanization and non-resilient infrastructures are the key barriers in sustainable urban water resource management. Therefore, there is an urgent need to address the challenges of urban water management through effective means. We propose a workflow for the modeling and simulation of sustainable urban water resource management and develop an integrated framework for the evaluation and planning of water resources in a typical urban setting. The proposed framework uses the Water Evaluation and Planning system to evaluate current and future water demand and the supply gap. Our simulation scenarios demonstrate that the demand–supply gap can effectively be dealt with by dynamic resource allocation, in the presence of assumptions, for example, those related to population and demand variation with the change of weather, and thus work as a tool for informed decisions for supply management. In the first scenario, 23% yearly water demand is reduced, while in the second scenario, no unmet demand is observed due to the 21% increase in supply delivered. Similarly, the overall demand is fulfilled through 23% decrease in water demand using water conservation. Demand-side management not only reduces the water usage in demand sites but also helps to save money, and preserve the environment. Our framework coupled with a visualization dashboard deployed in the water resource management department of a metropolitan area can assist in water planning and effective governance.

scholarly journals Establishment and Analysis of Spatiotemporal Variation Hydrological Model of Distributed Rainfall and Evaporation in Biliu River Basin

Complexity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Qi Liu ◽  
Xiaolong Zhao ◽  
Hongyan Wang ◽  
Yongfeng Sun
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
River Runoff ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Hydrological Model ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Precipitation Process ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Runoff Simulation ◽  
Irrigation Water Demand

The Biliu River originates from the southern foot of Qinling Mountain in Gaizhou city, with an elevation of 1047 m, and is the largest river in Dalian. The hydrological elements mainly include rainfall, runoff, temperature, evaporation, and other time series associated with the hydrological cycle. Among them, runoff is the most visible output performance, and the direct source of runoff is during rainfall. This paper establishes a reservoir scheduling model that considers the influence of multiple uncertainty factors and analyzes the influence of mixed uncertainty on reservoir scheduling and Xingli’s objectives based on probability box theory. In terms of uncertainties, the uncertainty of hydrological model parameters and the randomness of precipitation processes are mainly considered, with the former having an impact on river runoff simulation and the latter having an impact on both river runoff simulation and crop irrigation water demand. In the case of the Jing River basin, for example, the results show that, compared to the stochasticity of the precipitation process, the variation in precipitation has a significant effect on irrigation water demand in maize, followed by the frequency of precipitation, and the interaction between the two is not significant.

scholarly journals Drought and Flood Monitoring of the Liao River Basin in Northeast China Using Extended GRACE Data

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuhui Chen ◽  
Jinbao Jiang ◽  
Hui Li
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Deep Understanding ◽  
General Regression Neural Network ◽  
Extreme Climate Events ◽  
Extreme Climate ◽  
Drought And Flood ◽  
Terrestrial Water ◽  
Climate Events

In recent years, alternating periods of floods and droughts, possibly related to climate change and/or human activity, have occurred in the Liao River Basin of China. To monitor and gain a deep understanding of the frequency and severity of the hydro-meteorological extreme events in the Liao River Basin in the past 30 years, the total storage deficit index (TSDI) is established by the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE)-based terrestrial water storage anomalies (TWSAs) and the general regression neural network (GRNN)-predicted TWSA. Results indicate that the GRNN model trained with GRACE-based TWSA, model-simulated soil moisture, and precipitation observations was optimal, and the correlation coefficient and the root mean square error (RMSE) of the predicted TWSA and GRACE TWSA for the testing period equal 0.90 and 18 mm, respectively. The drought and flood conditions monitored by the TSDI were consistent with those of previous studies and records. The extreme climate events could indirectly reflect the status of the regional hydrological cycle. By monitoring the extreme climate events in the study area with TSDI, which was based on the TWSA of GRACE and GRNN, the decision of water resource management in the Liao River Basin could be made reasonably.

scholarly journals Spatiotemporal Analysis of Water Resources in the Haridwar Region of Uttarakhand, India

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (20) ◽  
pp. 8449
Author(s):  
Shray Pathak ◽  
Chandra Shekhar Prasad Ojha ◽  
Rahul Dev Garg ◽  
Min Liu ◽  
Daniel Jato-Espino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Resource ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Curve Number ◽  
Spatiotemporal Analysis ◽  
Water Yield ◽  
Yield Model ◽  
Natural Resource Conservation ◽  
Natural Resource Conservation Service ◽  
Annual Water

Watershed management plays a dynamic role in water resource engineering. Estimating surface runoff is an essential process of hydrology, since understanding the fundamental relationship between rainfall and runoff is useful for sustainable water resource management. To facilitate the assessment of this process, the Natural Resource Conservation Service-Curve Number (NRCS-CN) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) were integrated. Furthermore, land use and soil maps were incorporated to estimate the temporal variability in surface runoff potential. The present study was performed on the Haridwar city, Uttarakhand, India for the years 1995, 2010 and 2018. In a context of climate change, the spatiotemporal analysis of hydro meteorological parameters is essential for estimating water availability. The study suggested that runoff increased approximately 48% from 1995 to 2010 and decreased nearly 71% from 2010 to 2018. In turn, the weighted curve number was found to be 69.24, 70.96 and 71.24 for 1995, 2010 and 2018, respectively. Additionally, a validation process with an annual water yield model was carried out to understand spatiotemporal variations and similarities. The study recommends adopting water harvesting techniques and strategies to fulfill regional water demands, since effective and sustainable approaches like these may assist in the simultaneous mitigation of disasters such as floods and droughts.

scholarly journals Midwinter melts in the Canadian prairies: energy balance and hydrological effects

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 1867-1883 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor Pavlovskii ◽  
Masaki Hayashi ◽  
Daniel Itenfisu
Keyword(s):  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Remote Sensing Data ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Sensible Heat ◽  
Net Radiation ◽  
Present Climate ◽  
Canadian Prairies ◽  
Energy Inputs ◽  
Hydrological Effects

Abstract. Snowpack accumulation and depletion are important elements of the hydrological cycle in the Canadian prairies. The surface runoff generated during snowmelt is transformed into streamflow or fills numerous depressions driving the focussed recharge of groundwater in this dry setting. The snowpack in the prairies can undergo several cycles of accumulation and depletion in a winter. The timing of the melt affects the mechanisms of snowpack depletion and their hydrological implications. The effects of midwinter melts were investigated at four instrumented sites in the Canadian prairies. Unlike net radiation-driven snowmelt during spring melt, turbulent sensible heat fluxes were the dominant source of energy inputs for midwinter melt occurring in the period with low solar radiation inputs. Midwinter melt events affect several aspects of hydrological cycle with lower runoff ratios than subsequent spring melt events, due to their role in the timing of the focussed recharge. Remote sensing data have shown that midwinter melt events regularly occur under the present climate throughout the Canadian prairies, indicating applicability of the study findings throughout the region.

scholarly journals An Innovative Fog Catcher System Applied in the Andean Communities of Ecuador

2017 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 1917-1923
Author(s):  
David V. Carrera-Villacrés ◽  
Iveth Carolina Robalino ◽  
Fabian F. Rodríguez ◽  
Washington R. Sandoval ◽  
Deysi L. Hidalgo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Water Deficits ◽  
Irrigation Water Demand ◽  
The World ◽  
Precipitation Water ◽  
Local Water

Abstract. Fog catchers have been successfully applied in several countries around the world. In Ecuador, the Galte communities in the Andean region suffer from water deficits because they are located at an altitude higher than 3500 m above sea level. Rainfall in the area is relatively low, about 600 mm per year, with high evapotranspiration of approximately 615.74 mm per year. This study aimed to install fog catchers in Galte in 2014 and 2015 to help meet the communities’ water needs. The fog catcher system was designed to satisfy the irrigation water demand for local agricultural production, mainly maize, based on estimates using the Blaney-Criddle method. Every day throughout the year, each fog catcher collected 5 to 20 L of water per m2 of catcher area. The results indicate that the fog catcher system can meet about 5% of the local water demand for agricultural production. Keywords: Ecuador, Evaporation, Evapotranspiration, Precipitation, Water deficit.

scholarly journals Quantifying the Impacts of Compound Extremes on Agriculture and Irrigation Water Demand

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iman Haqiqi ◽  
Danielle S. Grogan ◽  
Thomas W. Hertel ◽  
Wolfram Schlenker
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
The United States ◽  
Food Prices ◽  
Irrigation Water Demand

Abstract. Agricultural production and food prices are affected by hydroclimatic extremes. There has been a large literature measuring the impacts of individual extreme events (heat stress or water stress) on agricultural and human systems. Yet, we lack a comprehensive understanding of the significance and the magnitude of the impacts of compound extremes. Here, we combine a high-resolution weather product with fine-scale outputs of a hydrological model to construct functional indicators of compound hydroclimatic extremes for agriculture. Then, we measure the impacts of individual and compound extremes on crop yields focusing on the United States during the 1981–2015 period. Supported by statistical evidence, we confirm that wet heat is more damaging than dry heat for crops. We show that the average damage from heat stress has been up to four times more severe when combined with water stress; and the value of water experiences a four-fold increase on hot days. In a robust framework with only a few parameters of compound extremes, this paper also improves our understanding of the conditional marginal value (or damage) of water in crop production. This value is critically important for irrigation water demand and farmer decision-making – particularly in the context of supplemental irrigation and sub-surface drainage.

scholarly journals Data assimilation of GRACE terrestrial water storage estimates into a regional hydrological model of the Rhine River basin

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 2079-2100 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Tangdamrongsub ◽  
S. C. Steele-Dunne ◽  
B. C. Gunter ◽  
P. G. Ditmar ◽  
A. H. Weerts
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Hydrological Models ◽  
Rhine River ◽  
Terrestrial Water Storage ◽  
Grace Data ◽  
Terrestrial Water

Abstract. The ability to estimate terrestrial water storage (TWS) realistically is essential for understanding past hydrological events and predicting future changes in the hydrological cycle. Inadequacies in model physics, uncertainty in model land parameters, and uncertainties in meteorological data commonly limit the accuracy of hydrological models in simulating TWS. In an effort to improve model performance, this study investigated the benefits of assimilating TWS estimates derived from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) data into the OpenStreams wflow_hbv model using an ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) approach. The study area chosen was the Rhine River basin, which has both well-calibrated model parameters and high-quality forcing data that were used for experimentation and comparison. Four different case studies were examined which were designed to evaluate different levels of forcing data quality and resolution including those typical of other less well-monitored river basins. The results were validated using in situ groundwater (GW) and stream gauge data. The analysis showed a noticeable improvement in GW estimates when GRACE data were assimilated, with a best-case improvement of correlation coefficient from 0.31 to 0.53 and root mean square error (RMSE) from 8.4 to 5.4 cm compared to the reference (ensemble open-loop) case. For the data-sparse case, the best-case GW estimates increased the correlation coefficient from 0.46 to 0.61 and decreased the RMSE by 35%. For the average improvement of GW estimates (for all four cases), the correlation coefficient increases from 0.6 to 0.7 and the RMSE was reduced by 15%. Only a slight overall improvement was observed in streamflow estimates when GRACE data were assimilated. Further analysis suggested that this is likely due to sporadic short-term, but sizeable, errors in the forcing data and the lack of sufficient constraints on the soil moisture component. Overall, the results highlight the benefit of assimilating GRACE data into hydrological models, particularly in data-sparse regions, while also providing insight on future refinements of the methodology.

An Assessment of Water Demand in Malaysia Using Water Evaluation and Planning System

InCIEC 2013 ◽  
2014 ◽  
pp. 743-755 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. F. Ali ◽  
A. Saadon ◽  
N. F. Abd Rahman ◽  
K. Khalid
Keyword(s):  
Water Demand ◽  
Planning System ◽  
Water Evaluation And Planning
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