Assessment of water demand dynamics in Arror watershed in Elgeyo Marakwet County, Kenya

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 642-657
Author(s):  
Catherine Chebet ◽  
Emmanuel C. Kipkorir ◽  
Victor A. O. Odenyo
Keyword(s):  
Water Demand ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Environmental Flows ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Reference Scenario ◽  
Economic Data ◽  
Remotely Sensed Data ◽  
Unmet Demand ◽  
Watershed Dynamics ◽  
Annual Water

Abstract Water scarcity is a serious problem worldwide, which heightens the need to understand watershed dynamics and their impact on water quantity. The study examined water demand using the WEAP (Water Evaluation and Planning) model in the Arror watershed in Kenya. The primary sources of data included remotely sensed data and socio-economic data. The secondary data included climate, river discharge and soil data. Field surveys and questionnaires were used to collect socio-economic data. From the findings, the total annual water allocated (supply) for agriculture, domestic and livestock in the watershed was 10,333,441 m3, with the highest annual consumer being agriculture in the lower part of the catchment at 7,154,457 m3 for the reference scenario (1986–2012). The total mean annual demand for the same period was 10,461,123 m3 and thus a mean annual unmet demand of 127,682 m3. The highest mean monthly unmet water demand was that of agriculture in the lower part of the catchment in January (90,200 m3). Management practices that would enhance the sustainable management of water resources include construction of a reservoir and enforcement of minimum environmental flows maintenance in the river and these are recommended for the Arror watershed.

scholarly journals Assessing the Effects of Practiced Irrigation Methods on Irrigation Water Demand and Allocation among Farmers in Kontsa Irrigation Project, Ethiopia

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tesfaye Negasa ◽  
Genemo Barso ◽  
Alemu Weyessa
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Climatic Variability ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
Reference Scenario ◽  
Project Area ◽  
Irrigation Project ◽  
Irrigation Methods ◽  
Irrigation Water Demand

Abstract Increasing of demand for water, allocation of limited water resources, climatic variability, degradation of water in the environment and developing of policies for sustainable water use are issues of increasing concern in the Kontsa irrigation project. This study aimed at assessing the effects of selected irrigation methods on water demand and allocation among farmers in Kontsa irrigation project. The study employed both primary and secondary data. The primary data were collected by interviewing 80 farmers, key informant interviews and observation of the project area while secondary data were collected from different agencies of Ethiopia. For this study Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP) model was used to model the current situation of irrigation water demand and also to create scenario for future irrigation water demand. The model was set up for a current account year in 2015 and last year of scenarios in 2040 based on the available data. Then the irrigation water demand of the project area was modeled while giving consideration for existing and planned developments in the area. The result from the current situation of irrigation water demand indicated that the demand was satisfied fully and the unmet demand under the base year (2015) was zero. Additionally, irrigation expansion scenario was created and the result of this scenario indicates the increment of irrigation water demand as compared to the base year and the reference scenario. The study also revealed that furrow irrigation and plastic buckets were the main irrigation techniques employed by farmers in the study area.

scholarly journals The Impacts of Water Demand and Its Implications for Future Surface Water Resource Management: The Case of Tanzania’s Wami Ruvu Basin (WRB)

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mngereza Miraji ◽  
Jie Liu ◽  
Chunmiao Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Water Demand ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Current Trend ◽  
Planning System ◽  
Irrigation Water Demand ◽  
Unmet Demand ◽  
Terrestrial Water ◽  
Annual Water

River basins around the world face similar issues of water scarcity, deficient infrastructure, and great disparities in water availability between sub-regions, both within and between countries. In this study, different strategies under the Water Evaluation and Planning system (WEAP) were assessed to mitigate water overuse practices under the Current Trend (CT), Economic Growth (EG), and Demand Side Management (DSM) scenarios in relation to current and future statuses of Tanzania’s Wami Ruvu Basin (WRB). The results show that neither domestic nor irrigation water demand will be met based on the current trend. Under the CT scenario, the total water demand is projected to rise from 1050.0 million cubic meters in the year 2015, to 2122.9 million cubic meters by the year 2035, while under the DSM scenario the demand dropped to 990.0 million cubic meters in the year 2015 and to 1715.8 million cubic meters by the year 2035. This study reveals that there is a positive correlation between the highest surface runoff events and the highest unmet demand events in the basin. Terrestrial water demand alters the hydrological cycle of a catchment by modifying parameters such as surface runoff, particularly in small catchments. The results of this study prove that DSM strategies are more amenable to mitigate the impacts and implications of water demand, as they increase water sustainability and ensure ecosystem security by reducing the annual water demands and surface runoff by 15% and 2%, respectively.

The evolution of stakeholder management practices in Australian mega construction projects

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 690-706 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Jing Yang ◽  
Sajani Jayasuriya ◽  
Chathuri Gunarathna ◽  
Mehrdad Arashpour ◽  
Xiaolong Xue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stakeholder Engagement ◽  
Construction Projects ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Stakeholder Management ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Stakeholder Analysis ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Project Teams ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Project Objectives

Purpose The complicated nature of megaprojects requires appropriate analysis of multiple stakeholders to achieve project objectives and to accommodate stakeholder interests. During the last two decades, many stakeholder theories and empirical studies have sprouted. Although previous studies have contributed to the development of stakeholder theory, it seems that these theoretical advances have not been fully adopted and acknowledged in practices, especially in megaprojects. The purpose of this paper is to explore the evolution of stakeholder analysis and engagement practices adopted in the Australian megaprojects over the last two decades. Design/methodology/approach Four mega construction projects are described and analysed in this study. Secondary data were first assembled in order to get general knowledge of each case. Interviews were conducted with the project directors. Project documents were collected from the project teams and reviewed. Wherever the project information was unclear, e-mails were sent to the directors and the team members to confirm the details. Findings Project teams have started to apply snowball rolling and stakeholder attribute assessment methods to analyse stakeholders. However, there is still a way to adopt the “network” analysis perspective because the project teams are reluctant to use complicated tools which need specialists’ assistance. The stakeholder engagement practices have evolved to an extent where the project teams monitor the dynamics of stakeholders’ requirements. Projects teams have identified the importance of continuity to manage stakeholders in these massive projects. However, a structured method selection mechanism for stakeholder engagement has not been developed. Originality/value This study will help academics to understand the adoption progress and status of stakeholder management methods.

Water-demand management: assessing impacts of climate and other changes on water usage in Central Arizona

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 288-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Netra B. Chhetri
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Demand Management ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Active Management ◽  
Agricultural System ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Water Demand Management ◽  
Central Arizona

Planning for sustainable water management in the arid region of the southwestern USA is challenging mostly due to only partial understanding of factors converging around water supply and demand. Some of the factors that prompt concern about the adequacy of water resources are: (a) a growing urban population seeking a range of services, including the need to preserve and enhance aquatic ecosystems; (b) dwindling water storage due to multi-year drought conditions; and (c) the prospect of human-induced climate changes and its consequences in the hydrologic system of the region. This study analyzes the potential for water saving in the Phoenix Active Management Area (AMA) of Central Arizona, which includes the city of Phoenix, one of the fastest growing metropolitan areas in the country. Based on an extensive literature review and secondary data analysis, this paper investigates multiple factors that place increasing strain on current water resources, and attempts to extend this analysis to 2025. Outdoor water use within the residential landscape is the most important factor that strains water resources in Phoenix AMA. Any gain in efficiency through agricultural water demand management would not only improve the availability of water for other uses in the AMA, but would facilitate adaptation of the agricultural system to climate and other ongoing changes.

scholarly journals Examination of Sustainable Water Management at Norway’s Major Hub Airport: The Case of Oslo Airport Gardermoen

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
Glenn Baxter ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Longitudinal Research ◽  
Drainage Water ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Sustainable Water Management ◽  
Annual Water ◽  
Hub Airport

The present study used a detailed qualitative longitudinal research approach to examine the trends of water consumption, wastewater volumes, and drainage water volumes in Oslo Airport Gardermoen, which is Norway’s major hub airport, between the years 2005 and 2020. An overall upward trend was observed in the water consumption at Oslo Airport Gardermoen, which was consistent with the growth in air traffic and aircraft movements during the study period. The annual water consumption per enplaned passenger was observed to fluctuate during the study period. While the lowest water consumption per passenger (8 liters per passenger) was recorded in 2008, the highest levels (14.6 liters per passenger) were recorded in 2020. The annual water consumption (cubic meter per aircraft movement) increased during the study period, which was consistent with the growth in aircraft movements and the use of larger aircraft. The annual wastewater volume generally increased during the study period, while the annual drainage water volume fluctuated remarkably during the study period, with the latter reflecting varying drainage patterns at the airport. Oslo Airport Gardermoen has implemented a range of sustainable water management practices to supplement its existing water management practices and policies.

scholarly journals Working Capital Management Practices

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2S8) ◽  
pp. 156-161
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Project Work ◽  
Capital Management ◽  
Working Capital ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Good Opportunity ◽  
Working Capital Management ◽  
Money Flow ◽  
The Relationship

VJ Engineers is one of the popular organizations in Chennai. Seeing the good opportunity to study financial systems and practices of VJ Engineers, it is relatively important to take up assignment on ‘WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT IN VJ ENGINEERS’. During the project work, it is being analyzed the working capital position of this organization. [1],[ 3],[5] Decisions relating to working capital and short term financing are referred to as working capital management. These involve managing the relationship between a firm's short-term assets and its short-term liabilities. The goal of Working capital management is to ensure that the firm is able to continue its operations and that it has sufficient money flow to satisfy both maturing short-term debt and upcoming operational expenses.The study of working capital management is very helpful for the organisation to know its liquidity position. The study is relevant to the organization to know the day to day expenditure. This study is relevant to give an idea to utilise the current assets.This study is also relevant to the student as they can use it as a reference. This report will help in conducting further research. Other researcher can use this project as secondary data uncovering of PDA incorporation in effects on police reports.

scholarly journals Contribution of Factors Affecting Crop Production in Bangladesh: An Empirical Analysis with Production Function Approach

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Faruq-Uz-Zaman
Keyword(s):  
Production Function ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Climate Effect ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Or Economics

Bangladesh has achieved a tremendous success in food production in last few decades amidst challenges of land degradation, land use changes and climate effect. In spite of the increasing trend of yields of crops, there still remain some challenges to meet the growing needs due to increase in population and loss of land to development activities. This study aims to identify the rate of contributions or economics of factors of crop production in Bangladesh. Cobb-Douglas production function has been applied in this study of crop production using a number of production factors within the broad terms land, labour and capital. Secondary data, representing factors of production, have been selected based on literature reviews so that they can be appropriate for this study. Data of crop production have been considered as dependent variables, whereas, land area coverage for agricultural production, labour employed in agriculture, agricultural household expenditure, fertilizer applied and irrigation coverage have been considered as independent variables. Land and labour is negatively correlated with crop production, whereas, fertilizer is positively correlated. Crop production which shows decreasing return to scale deserves the adoption of new technology and good agricultural management practices.

scholarly journals Impact of environmental changes and land-management practices on wheat production in India

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shilpa Gahlot ◽  
Tzu-Shun Lin ◽  
Atul K. Jain ◽  
Somnath Baidya Roy ◽  
Vinay K. Sehgal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Management ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Assessment Model ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Gangetic Plain ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Wheat Production

Abstract. Spring wheat is a major food crop that is a staple for a large number of people in India and the world. To address the issue of food security, it is essential to understand how productivity of spring wheat changes with changes in environmental conditions and agricultural management practices. The goal of this study is to quantify the role of different environmental factors and management practices on wheat production in India in recent years (1980 to 2016). Elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration ([CO2]) and climate change are identified as two major factors that represent changes in the environment. The addition of nitrogen fertilizers and irrigation practices are the two land-management factors considered in this study. To study the effects of these factors on wheat growth and production, we developed crop growth processes for spring wheat in India and implemented them in the Integrated Science Assessment Model (ISAM), a state-of-the-art land model. The model is able to capture site-level observed crop leaf area index (LAI) and country scale production. Numerical experiments are conducted with the model to quantify the effect of each factor on wheat production on a country scale for India. Our results show that elevated [CO2] levels, water availability through irrigation and nitrogen fertilizers have led to an increase in annual wheat production at 0.68, 0.24 and 0.31 Mt/yr, respectively, averaged over the time period 1980-2016. However, elevated temperatures have reduced the total wheat production at a rate of 0.37 Mt/yr during the study period. Overall, the [CO2], irrigation, fertilizers, and temperature forcings have led to 39 %, 15 %, 20 % and −16 % changes in countrywide production, respectively. The magnitudes of these factors spatially vary across the country thereby affecting production at regional scales. Results show that favourable growing season temperatures, moderate to high fertilizer application, high availability of irrigation facilities, and moderate water demand make the Indo-Gangetic plain the most productive region while the arid northwest region is the least productive due to high temperatures and lack of irrigation facilities to meet the high water demand.

Environmental Flows Legislation and Regulations in Foreign Countries and the Enlightenment to China

2013 ◽  
Vol 295-298 ◽  
pp. 2181-2186
Author(s):  
Chang Chun Chen ◽  
La Chun Wang ◽  
Xue Zhang Cao ◽  
Jie Song
Keyword(s):  
Water Demand ◽  
Aquatic Ecosystems ◽  
Environmental Flows ◽  
Environmental Flow ◽  
International Agreement ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Legislative Proposals

Environmental flow is a key factor to protect river ecological system, however, there is no international agreement concerned with environmental flows exclusively so far. This paper demonstrated the importance and urgency of environment water demand in the world and presented summary and analysis of environmental flows legislation and regulations. Europe and other countries have been investigated and compared systematically. At last, specialized legislative proposals were provided for protection of aquatic ecosystems and their environment in China.

The Impact of Irrigation Withdrawals on Inland River Systems.

1998 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 226 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Thoms ◽  
P Cullen
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Environmental Flows ◽  
Water Resource Development ◽  
Intrinsic Variability ◽  
Inland River ◽  
Biological Character ◽  
Ecological Concepts ◽  
Management Paradigms ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Ecosystem Control

Responsible decision making about water extractions in arid and semi-arid areas requires a good understanding of both the physical and biological character of these systems. The intrinsic variability of these systems is an important ecosystem control. Ecological concepts and water management practices developed in temperate areas are inappropriate to these erratic and highly pulsed systems. Key words: Water resource development, environmental flows, environmental impact, management paradigms

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