scholarly journals Insights from a Calibrated Optimization Model for Irrigated Agriculture under Drought in an Irrigation District on the Central Mexican High Plains

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 858 ◽  
Author(s):  
José M. Rodríguez-Flores ◽  
Josué Medellín-Azuara ◽  
Ramón Valdivia-Alcalá ◽  
Oscar A. Arana-Coronado ◽  
Roberto C. García-Sánchez
Keyword(s):  
Water Conservation ◽  
Commodity Prices ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Irrigation District ◽  
Market Model ◽  
Water Market ◽  
Irrigated Agriculture ◽  
High Plains ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Net Income

An economic assessment of the value of agricultural water was conducted at the subdistrict (module) level within the Alto Rio Lerma Irrigation District 011 in Guanajuato, Mexico. The assessment employed positive mathematical programming (PMP), a deductive valuation methodology, which self-calibrates to baseline production input use. Production and water use values for the 2016–2017 agricultural year, and the averages of the 2014 to 2017 agricultural years for yields, agricultural commodity prices, and production costs were employed disaggregated per irrigation module. Results indicate that the economic value of water is 1.8 to 4.7 times higher than the rate currently paid by users, about US$7.89 dam−3 (cubic decameters). The differences among the rate and shadow prices could create a pricing water policy focused on water conservation and its efficient use. This work also conducts an assessment of a formal water market in the irrigation district as way to achieve economically efficient water allocations and reduce the potential economic impacts of water shortage during droughts. Modeling results show that an active water market would allow the irrigation district to adapt to scarcer water conditions by shifting cropping patterns and trading water among subdistricts, by reducing loss in net income at the irrigation district. A successful implementation of this system would be feasible, provided that the irrigation modules are able to import and export water, under water scarcity scenarios considered for the water market model. Potential distributional effects and policy insights from this assessment are discussed.

Irrigated Agriculture and Ground-water Mining on the High Plains of Texas, USA

1985 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Beaumont
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Local Level ◽  
The State ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Irrigated Agriculture ◽  
High Plains ◽  
Ogallala Aquifer ◽  
Conservation Measures

The presence of water beneath the High Plains of Texas was widely known of by the first decade of the twentieth century, but it could not be abstracted economically until efficient pumps and engines were developed in the 1930s. Irrigation on the High Plains expanded rapidly during the late 1940s and early 1950s. At this time most people believed that the underground water-resources in the Ogallala Aquifer were limitless, and this led to the belief that water conservation measures were unnecessary. Given the perceived abundance of water, it was felt that control over the resource should reside at the local level and not be subject to the constraints of state or federal authorities. By the late 1950s and early 1960s, as well-water levels declined, it became apparent to a growing number of farmers that the reserves of the Ogallala Aquifer were finite and that they were being depleted at a rapid rate. This led to the voluntary introduction of water conservation techniques of which perhaps the best example was the spread of sprinkler irrigation.Even more important, however, was the realization that if large-scale irrigation on the High Plains was to continue into the twenty-first century, it would only be able to do so on the basis of imported water, rather than by extraction of water from the Ogallala Formation. This seems to have dramatically changed the attitude of the local farmers— from a belief that the State had no part to play in water-resource management on the High Plains, to one in which the State is regarded as almost having a duty to supply the water needs of all its citizens. It is not suprising, therefore, that the farmers of the High Plains pressed strongly for the adoption of the Texas Water Plan in the mid-1960s. One of the main objectives of the Plan was to provide water from the Mississippi drainage basin via a major aqueduct through northern Texas to the Great Plains. Although the basic structure of the Texas Water Plan was accepted as a flexible framework for developing the water resources of the State in the late 1960s, it became obvious in the 1970s that the citizens in other parts of Texas were not willing to commit themselves to a massive water development scheme of enormous cost without its being widely felt to be absolutely essential.By the early 1980s, many of the farmers of the High Plains had accepted that the State of Texas might not be willing, or even able, to supply the full water-needs of all its citizens and in particular the high irrigation needs of northwest Texas. Over the last few years, rising energy-costs have meant that it has become increasingly expensive to pump water from the ground, and this has forced farmers to employ water-conservation measures which in future may lead to less and less water being used—which in turn will permit the resource to be utilized for a prolonged period. In the long term, though, it does seem that increased emphasis will have to be placed on a return to dry-farming on the High Plains—such as alone existed before the 1930s—and that the irrigation boom of the late twentieth century will have been a temporary land-use phenomenon lasting for only a few decades.

FORMATION OF HUMAN RESOURCES POLICY AND LABOR POTENTIAL OF THE MELIORATIVE INDUSTRY OF THE AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Ugryumova ◽  
Mikhail Zamakhovski ◽  
Lyudmila Pautova ◽  
Denis Olgarenko
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Land Reclamation ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Irrigated Agriculture ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
Personnel Policy ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Irrigated Lands ◽  
Sectoral Development ◽  
Labor Potential

Scientifically substantiated personnel industry policy contributes to the implementation of an innovative development scenario, provides better results with reduced production costs, which determines the relevance of the studying. The main goal of the work was identified factors and indicators which have regulatory influence on the state and development of the personnel potential of the industry. Diagnostics of the labor potential of land reclamation by federal districts revealed leaders and outsiders of sectoral development. The studying made it possible to justify the steady trend of the shortage of reclamation personnel in comparison with the calculated indicators. Objective and subjective reasons and factors that hinder the effective using of the industry’s personnel potential are distinguished. The concept of industry’s labor potential is clarified. The studying of changes in labor productivity in agriculture has confirmed a twofold increasing in this indicator for the period from 2014 to 2018. Methodological approaches to the indicators of assessing the labor potential of the reclamation industry are substantiated. The groups of socio-economic indicators of the reclamation industry’s effectiveness are identified. The methodology for determining the quantitative characteristics of labor potential on irrigated lands is specified, which is depended on the area of irrigated lands. The labor potential of the reclamation industry in terms of staffing the industry is studied. The main positive and negative trends of the personnel policy and the labor potential’s formation of the agro-industrial complex’s reclamation sector of the Russian Federation are specified, the industry personnel policy is assessed as passive, which does not allow predicting the needs for industry personnel, evaluate staff activities and analyze personnel problems. Highlighted characteristic trends in personnel potential in the federal district and regions of the Russian Federation allow: to develop unified approaches to manage this industry development factor; to develop recommendations to improve the efficiency of advanced training and retraining of personnel in irrigated agriculture. The implementation of the recommendations will contribute to increase the efficiency of the managing the human potential’s process of irrigated agriculture at the level of federal, regional and municipal authorities of the reclamation sector of the agro-industrial complex of Russia.

AN ECONOMICAL STUDY TO MEASUREMENT OF MARKETING EFFICIENCY IN CALF FATTENING FIELDS IN NINEVEH GOVERNORATE(2018)

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdullah & Al-Taye
Keyword(s):  
Commodity Prices ◽  
Red Meat ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Marketing Efficiency ◽  
Basic Source ◽  
Essential Nutrient ◽  
High Production ◽  
Marketing Costs ◽  
Marketing Margins

This study was aimed at assessing marketing efficiency in the main sites of meat production of calf fattening fields in the private sector due to the importance of meat, especially red meat, which has essential nutrient for human body growth and high commodity prices depending on the measurement indicators used to suit the nature of the research conducted in calves fattening production fields in Gogjali region- Nineveh  (2018). The basic source data of the study is obtained from sources on the ongoing ground- marketing questionnaire of three levels, the producer, the wholesaler, the retailer and two fields groups of caste random sample. The first group included (100) fields with imported calves class. The second included (51) fields with local calves class. Whereas, according to the production and marketing costs indicator, the average of marketing efficiency (ME1 ) of marketed meat in both groups of claves fattening fields amounted (92.47, 93.39%) respectively for a kilogram which is a sign of high production costs and, according to the marketing margins indicator, the average of marketing efficiency (ME2 ) of marketed meat in both groups of claves fattening fields amounted (86.89,79.13 %) for per kg which is a sign of high marketing margins. Thus the study concluded a high value of marketing efficiency using the first scale with the fattening period time for both groups while marketing efficiency by using the second scale was characterized by the gradual decline in the imported fattening fields and a gradual rise in the local fattening fields.  The study recommends supporting production inputs (fodder, treatment), unifying markets and limiting the    importation of red meat importation  in order to obtain a good production and currency policy by which the production costs could be reduced to the minimum .

The Economics of Commodities and Commodity Markets

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Ielpo
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Commodity Prices ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Commodity Markets ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Demand And Supply ◽  
Spot Prices ◽  
Supply Shocks ◽  
The Business Cycle

This chapter covers the economic fundamentals of commodity markets (i.e., what shapes the evolution of the price of raw materials) in three steps. First, it covers the theories explaining why the futures curve can be upward or downward sloping, an essential element for commodity producing companies. The evolution of inventories and hedging pressures are the two dominant sources of explanation. Second, the chapter reviews the fundamentals of commodity spot prices: technologies, supply, demand, and speculation. Production costs draw the long-term evolution of prices, but demand and supply shocks can trigger substantial variations in commodity prices. Third, the chapter presents how commodity prices interact with the business cycle. Commodities are influenced by the world activity but can also have a material impact on it.

scholarly journals Influence of Market Diversification on Farm Income Variability of Soybean Producers

1979 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-105
Author(s):  
B. R. Eddleman ◽  
J. E. Moya-Rodriguez
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yields ◽  
Fundamental Problem ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Production Variability ◽  
Income Variability ◽  
Marketing Actions

Many decisions made by farm producers are based on expectations. The process of formulating and incorporating these expectations into decision making is difficult when high variability occurs in product prices, crop yields, production costs, or other factors affecting net income. Farm producers may be influenced by a number of goals in selecting combinations of crops to produce and marketing outlets for the crops. Two goals generally held to be important to farm decision makers are maximization of net income and net income stability. Given the price, yield, and cost of production variability characteristics of a farm enterprise and these two goals of farm decision makers, a fundamental problem is to determine what combination of alternative marketing actions can best satisfy the two objectives. A systematic examination of the relationship between the level of net income and net income variability for combinations of marketing alternatives would aid farmers in deciding on marketing actions to attain these goals.

B. ANALISA KELAYAKAN BISNIS PADA UMKM (Study Kasus Pada Usaha Tempe Murni Ita)

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-19
Author(s):  
Agus Jonikar Ndraha ◽  
Avan Joko Prasetyawan ◽  
Ida Kurnia Wati ◽  
Ilmia Cahyasari ◽  
Nafa Alya Shintya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Production Costs ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Variable Cost ◽  
Fixed Costs ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Average Income ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Net Profit ◽  
Business Analysis ◽  
Gross Income

Abstrak Tahun demi tahun, persaingan bisnis tempe di wilayah Surabaya kian ketat. Oleh karena itu diperlukan sebuah studi untuk mengkaji kelayakan bisnis tersebut. Tujuan dari makalah ini adalah Sebagai acuan untuk mengetahui semua biaya produksi, pendapatan kotor dan pendapatan bersih usaha tempe serta kelayakan usaha tempe di Surabaya. Penelitian dilaksanakan di daerah Sukomanunggal dengan menggunakan metode surve. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: Rata-rata biaya total sebesar Rp 2.144.590 yang dihasilkan dari penjumlahan biaya tetap rata-rata sebesar Rp 160.590 dengan biaya variabel rata-rata sebesar Rp 1.984.000. Laba bersih rata-rata sekitar Rp 955.410 dari pendapatan rata-rata sebesar Rp 3.100.000 dikurangi dengan semua pengeluaran Rp 2.144.590. Analisis kewajaran usaha adalah dengan menyusun pendapatan dan pengeluaran secara keseluruhan. Rata-rata semua pendapatan Rp 3.100.000 dan semua pengeluaran rata-rata sebesar Rp 2.144.590. Dengan rasio 1,45 usaha tempe murni ITA layak untuk dijalankan.  Kata Kunci : Biaya produksi, Pendapatan kotor, Pendapatan bersih, Kelayakan usaha   Abstract From year to year, Tempe business competition in the Surabaya area is getting tougher. Therefore a study is needed to study the feasibility of the business. The purpose of this paper is as a reference to find out all the production costs, gross income, and net income of tempe businesses and the feasibility of tempe businesses in Surabaya. The study was carried out in the Sukomanunggal area using a survey method. The results showed that: The average total cost of Rp 2,144,590 resulted from the sum of the average fixed costs of Rp 160,590 with an average variable cost of Rp 1,984,000. Net profit averaged around Rp. 955,410 from an average income of Rp. 3,100,000 minus all expenses of Rp. 2,144,590. The reasonableness of business analysis is to compile overall income and expenditure. The average income of all Rp 3,100,000 and all expenses averaged Rp 2,144,590. With a ratio of 1.45, pure ITA tempe business is feasible to run.  Keywords : Production costs, Gross income, Net income, Business feasibility

scholarly journals Using Dry Ports to Facilitate International Trade in Iran; A Model of Success Factors for Implementation of Dry Ports

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 155
Author(s):  
Sayyed Hassan Hatami Nasab ◽  
Ali Sanayei ◽  
S. F. Amiri Aghdaei ◽  
Ali Kazemi
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Success Factors ◽  
Gap Analysis ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Container Transport ◽  
Complicated Process ◽  
Dry Ports ◽  
Do So

<p>As coastal production costs in many countries, producers are moving inland to remain competitive with other<br />countries. Also, container transport volumes continue to grow, the sea flow generates almost proportional inland<br />flow; the links with hinterland will become critical factors for the seaports functionality. Development of dry<br />ports is an important part of intermodal transport which play an important role in improving hinterlands.<br />Successful implementation dry port depends on identification and description of required capabilities to develop<br />advanced intermediate terminal, discover existing deficiency in these capabilities and their effects of each other.<br />This article fill the gaps of implementation of dry ports by offering a conceptual model. To do so, this current<br />study is done in a complicated process in five stages of: review of literature, Delphi, Gap analysis, fuzzy<br />Dematel and Structural equation modeling (SEM). 17 indexes of Delphi model were extracted and classified in 8<br />groups. The identified gap and causal relations enabled presentation of a model which was tested and verified by<br />Partial Least Squares (PLS).</p>

scholarly journals Effects of Crop Planting Structure Adjustment on Water Use Efficiency in the Irrigation Area of Hei River Basin

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Han ◽  
Zheng Wei ◽  
Baozhong Zhang ◽  
Congying Han ◽  
Jianzheng Song
Keyword(s):  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Swat Model ◽  
Irrigation Efficiency ◽  
Irrigation District ◽  
Observation Data ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Crop Planting

The adjustment of crop planting structure can change the process of water and material circulation, and thus affect the total amount of water and evapotranspiration in the irrigation district. To guide the allocation of water resources in the region, it is beneficial to ascertain the effects of changing the crop planting structure on water saving and farmland water productivity in the irrigation district. This paper takes Yingke Irrigation District as the background. According to the continuous observation data from 2012 to 2013, Based on the modified Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model and taking advantage of monthly scale remote sensing EvapoTranspiration (ET) and crop growth parameters (leaf area index and shoot dry matter), we tested the simulation accuracy of the model, proposed irrigation efficiency calculation methods considering water drainage, and established the scenario analysis method for the spatial distribution of crop planting structure. Finally, we evaluated the changes in water savings in irrigation district projects and resources, the irrigation water productivity and the net income water productivity under different planting structure scenarios. The results indicate that the efficiency of irrigation has increased by 15~20%, while considering drainage, as compared with conventional irrigation efficiency. Additionally, the adjustment of crop planting structure can reduce regional evapotranspiration by 14.9%, reduce the regional irrigation volume by 30%, and increase the net income of each regional water area by 16%.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Biaya Produksi Dan Biaya Operasional Terhadap Laba Bersih

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 731-740
Author(s):  
Ester Meafrida Wati Pasaribu ◽  
Nanu Hasanuh
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Sample Selection ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Operational Costs

The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of production costs and operating costs on net income in the consumer goods industry sector for the 2015-2019 period. The sample selection uses a sampling technique. In order to obtain a sample of 15 companies and a total of 75 data. The regression analysis analysis method used is multiple linear regression analysis through classical assumption tests and hypothesis testing. Based on the results of this study indicate that partially production costs have an effect on net income and other research results partially operational costs have a significant effect on net income. Simultaneously, production costs and operating costs have a significant influence on net income Keywords: Production Costs, Operational Costs, and Net Profits

scholarly journals High Plains Aquifer–State of Affairs of Irrigated Agriculture and Role of Irrigation in the Sustainability Paradigm

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 3714 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Ajaz ◽  
Sumon Datta ◽  
Scott Stoodley
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Irrigated Agriculture ◽  
Groundwater Depletion ◽  
High Plains ◽  
High Plains Aquifer ◽  
Soil Moisture Sensors ◽  
Pumping Rates ◽  
Subsurface Drip ◽  
State Of Affairs

Groundwater depletion is a serious issue in the southern and central parts of the High Plains Aquifer (HPA), USA. A considerable imbalance exists between the recharge process and groundwater extractions in these areas, which threatens the long-term sustainability of the aquifer. Irrigated agriculture has a major share in the economy, and it requires high pumping rates in regions vulnerable to large groundwater level declines. A literature review has been conducted to understand the state of affairs of irrigated agriculture in the HPA, along with the dynamics of groundwater decline and recharge using statistical and remote-sensing based datasets. Also, three irrigation management and technology-based approaches have been discussed from the perspective of sustainability. The southern and central parts of the HPA consist mostly of non-renewable groundwater formations, and the natural water storage is prone to exhaustion. Moreover, the aforementioned regions have comparatively higher crop water requirement due to the climate, and irrigating crops in these regions puts stringent pressure on the aquifer. The upper threshold of irrigation application efficiency (IAE) is high in the HPA, and could reach up to 95%; however, considerable room for improvement in irrigation water management exists. In general, the practices of irrigation scheduling used in the HPA are conventional and a small proportion of growers use modern methods to decide about irrigation timing. Among numerous ways to promote sustainable groundwater use in the HPA, deficit irrigation, use of soil moisture sensors, and subsurface drip irrigation can be considered as potential ways to attain higher lifespans in susceptible parts of the aquifer.

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