scholarly journals Insecure Security: Emergency Water Supply and Minimum Standards in Countries with a High Supply Reliability

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 732 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Bross ◽  
Steffen Krause ◽  
Mia Wannewitz ◽  
Eva Stock ◽  
Simone Sandholz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Humanitarian Assistance ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
International Agencies ◽  
Minimum Standards ◽  
Guideline Values ◽  
Supply Planning ◽  
Emergency Water Supply

Drinking water supply is at the core of both, humanitarian action in times of crisis, as well as national policies for regular and emergency supply. In countries with a continuous water supply, the population mostly relies ingenuously on the permanent availability of tap water due to high supply standards. In case of a disruption in the drinking water infrastructure, minimum supply standards become important for emergency management during disasters. However, wider recognition of this issue is still lacking, particularly in countries facing comparably fewer disruptions. Several international agencies provide guideline values for minimum water provision standards in case of a disaster. Acknowledging that these minimum standards were developed for humanitarian assistance, it remains to be analyzed whether these standards apply to disaster management in countries with high supply standards. Based on a comprehensive literature review of scientific publications and humanitarian guidelines, as well as policies from selected countries, current processes, contents, and shortcomings of emergency water supply planning are assessed. To close the identified gaps, this paper flags potential improvements for emergency water supply planning and identifies future fields of research.

scholarly journals Public health without water? Emergency water supply and minimum supply standards of hospitals in high-income countries using the example of Germany and Austria

Water Policy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Bross ◽  
J. Bäumer ◽  
I. Voggenreiter ◽  
I. Wienand ◽  
A. Fekete
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
High Water ◽  
Humanitarian Assistance ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Core Element ◽  
International Agencies ◽  
Guideline Values ◽  
Supply Planning ◽  
Emergency Water Supply

Abstract The drinking water supply is a core element of national regulations for normal and emergency supply as well as coping with crisis events. Particularly with regard to the interdependence of critical infrastructures means that water supply failures can have far-reaching consequences and endanger the safety of a society, e.g., by impairing hospital operations. In case of an emergency in the drinking water infrastructure, minimum supply standards, e.g., for patients in hospitals, become important for emergency management during crisis situations. However, wider recognition of this issue is still lacking, particularly in countries facing comparably minor water supply disruptions. Several international agencies provide guideline values for minimum water supply standards for hospitals in case of a disaster. Acknowledging these minimum standards were developed for humanitarian assistance or civil protection, it remains to be analyzed whether these standards apply to disaster management in countries with high water and healthcare supply standards. Based on a literature review of scientific publications and humanitarian guidelines, as well as policies from selected countries, current processes, contents, and shortcomings of emergency water supply planning are assessed. To close the identified gaps, this paper indicates potential improvements for emergency water supply planning in general as well as for supply of hospitals and identifies future fields of research.

Interactions of 2-PPM Lead in the Water Supply with Food Deprivation upon Maze-Swimming Behavior of Mice

1982 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 515-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Kowalski ◽  
G. H. Parker ◽  
M. A. Persinger
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Food Deprivation ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Swimming Behavior ◽  
Statistical Techniques ◽  
Multivariate Statistical Techniques ◽  
Multivariate Statistical ◽  
Food Condition ◽  
Ad Libitum

Mice that had been given either tap water or 2 ppm lead in their drinking water and either severely food deprived (3 days before testing) or allowed food ad libitum demonstrated significant interactions of lead treatment by day by food condition and lead by block. Although not statistically significant, the food deprived-lead treated mice displayed more errors and longer latencies than the ad libitum-water controls. The food deprived-water controls and ad libitum-lead-treated mice displayed intermediate values. The importance of using multivariate statistical techniques that can evaluate dynamic repeated behavioral measurements is emphasized.

scholarly journals Application of model fitting technique to enhance bacterial regrowth potential (BRP) measurement for drinking water supply monitoring

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenjin Xue ◽  
Christopher W. K. Chow ◽  
John van Leeuwen
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Drinking Water Supply ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Bacterial Regrowth

Abstract The bacterial regrowth potential (BRP) method was utilised to indirectly measure the assimilable organic carbon (AOC) as an indicator for the assessment of the microbial regrowth potential in drinking water distribution systems. A model using various microbial growth parameters was developed in order to standardise the experimental interpretation for BRP measurement. This study used 82 experimental BRP data sets of water samples collected from the water treatment plant to locations (customer taps) in the distribution system. The data were used to model the BRP process (growth curve) by a data fitting procedure and to obtain a best-fitted equation. Statistical assessments and model validation for evaluating the equation obtained by fitting these 82 sets of data were conducted, and the results show average R2 values were 0.987 for treated water samples (collected at the plant prior to chlorination) and 0.983 for tap water (collected at the customer taps). The F values obtained from the F-test are all exceeded their corresponding F critical values, and the results from the t-test also showed a good outcome. These results indicate this model would be successfully applied in modelling BRP in drinking water supply systems.

Estimation of Fluoride Content of Drinking Water in Dharan

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-95
Author(s):  
Bandana Koirala ◽  
Surya Raj Niraula ◽  
Anup Ghimire
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Dental Caries ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Optimal Level ◽  
Fluoride Content ◽  
Water Supplies ◽  
Effective Measure ◽  
Guideline Value ◽  
Guideline Values ◽  
Significant Difference

Introduction: Fluoride when present in drinking water at optimal level has been shown to promote oral health by preventing tooth decay. Dental caries represents a health problem that impacts on the medical, functional, nutritional and psychological status of patients in all the age groups. Fluoridation of public water supply is a safe, economical and effective measure to prevent dental caries. Objective: To estimate the level of fluoride present in drinking water supplies in all the wards of Dharan and to compare the fluoride concentration of its different water supply sources. Methods: One hundred water samples were collected from the various sources (ground water and surface water) and its different reservoirs along with random samples of 2-7 from all the wards of Dharan. The samples were then taken to the SEAM-N-MMA laboratory, Biratnagar to be tested for fluoride using the photometric method. Microsoft excel for data entry and SPSS 11.5 version for analysis were used. Significance of the variables was examined by Chi-square test. Results: The results of this study showed that in 96% of the samples taken, fluoride level was below the optimal. Only few samples met the lower range guideline value of Nepal (0.5 mg/l). Also, there was significant difference (p< 0.002) between the surface and consumer level fluoride. Conclusion: The fluoride content in drinking water supplies of Dharan was found to be below optimal level as per the national and WHO guideline values.

Polyvalent fingerprint based molecular surveillance methods for drinking water supply systems

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 527-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Henne ◽  
L. Kahlisch ◽  
J. Draheim ◽  
I. Brettar ◽  
M. G. Höfle
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
16S Rrna ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Molecular Analysis ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Drinking Water Supply ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Monitoring Tool ◽  
Supply Systems

Despite the relevance for public health, surveillance of drinking water supply systems (DWSS) in Europe is mainly achieved by cultivation based detection of indicator bacteria. The study presented here demonstrates the use of molecular analysis based on fingerprints of DNA extracted from drinking water bacteria as a valuable monitoring tool of DWSS and was exemplified for a DWWS in Northern Germany. The analysis of the bacterial community of drinking water was performed by a set of 16S rRNA gene based fingerprints, sequence analysis of relevant bands and phylogenetic assignment of the 16S rRNA sequences. We assessed the microflora of drinking water originating from two reservoirs in the Harz Mountains. The taxonomic composition of the bacterial communities from both reservoirs was very different at the species level reflecting the different limnological conditions. Detailed analysis of the seasonal community dynamics of the tap water revealed a significant influence of both source waters on the composition of the microflora and demonstrated the relevance of the raw water microflora for the drinking water reaching the consumer. According to our experience, molecular analysis based on fingerprints of different degrees of resolution can be considered as a valuable monitoring tool of DWSS.

scholarly journals Emergency Water Supply of Rzeszow / Kryzysowe Zaopatrzenie Rzeszowa W Wodę

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-116
Author(s):  
Janusz R. Rak ◽  
Izabela Piegdoń ◽  
Karolina Homa
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Crisis Management ◽  
Energy Systems ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Water Supply System ◽  
Gas Network ◽  
Systemic Crisis ◽  
Emergency Water Supply ◽  
The City

Abstract In this study the methodology of balancing water needs in a crisis situation was presented. The example was done for city of Rzeszow. The municipal infrastructure: water supply system, sewage system, gas network, heating and energy systems was shortly characterized. The research undertaken in this study was related to Systemic Crisis Management and protection of the inhabitants of the city. The balance of emergency water supply Rzeszow in drinking water for the 29 neighborhoods of the city was shown.

scholarly journals Assessment of carcinogenic risk from exposure to chlororganic compounds of water of systems of centralized water supply

2021 ◽  
Vol 100 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-110
Author(s):  
Boris I. Marchenko ◽  
Petr V. Zhuravlev ◽  
Nina K. Plugotarenko ◽  
Aleksandra I. Yuhno
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Natural Water ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk ◽  
Organochlorine Compounds ◽  
Malignant Neoplasms ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
High Level

Introduction. The problem of providing the population with drinking water with guaranteed quality, safety, and physiological usefulness is highly relevant for many regions of Russia. The use of chlorination for disinfection of the water is a potential cause of the formation of excess concentrations of organochlorine compounds in it, including trihalogenomethanes, which leads to elevated levels of carcinogenic risk. The study’s object was: data on the content in water of centralized water supply systems of carcinogenic organochlorine compounds - chloroform, dichlorobromomethane and chlorodibromomethane. Material and methods. information on the incidence of the population of malignant neoplasms; the results of an experiment to evaluate the effectiveness of the preliminary ammonization method. The paper used methods of health risk assessment, variation statistics, and mathematical modeling. Results. The use of preliminary ammonization in Taganrog prevents the formation of trihalogenomethanes and ensures the maintenance of an individual multi-route carcinogenic risk at an acceptable level (9.933 · 10-6). Systematic unreasonable hyper chlorination of river water without prior ammoniation is the main reason for the excess content of chlororganic compounds and the high level of individual carcinogenic risk in the Primorsky rural settlement of the Neklinovsky District - up to 3.234 · 10-3 in 2015. Modeling on the basis of experimental chlorination of natural water indicates the high efficiency of preliminary ammonization in the disinfection mode, which ensures the content of free total active chlorine in tap water in the range from 0.8 to 1.2 mg/l. Conclusion. The high efficiency of the application of preliminary ammonization of natural water to prevent the formation of trihalogenomethanes and reduce carcinogenic risk has been confirmed. The priority factor for the formation of excess amounts of organochlorine compounds in drinking water is its hyper chlorination. Promising measures to reduce the carcinogenic risk of trihalogenomethanes in tap water include the systematic monitoring of their content, the use of preliminary ammonization, the exact dosage of chlorine, the deep purification of the source water before chlorination, the replacement of primary chlorination with ultraviolet disinfection, and others.

A Pilot Study into the Use of Springs for Drinking Water in Western and Central Newfoundland, Canada

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith Nicol
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Provincial Government ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Water Testing ◽  
Community Water ◽  
Frequency Of Use ◽  
Over Time

Dissatisfaction with tap water has gradually grown over time and in many places in Canada bottled water and various tap water filtering systems have become increasingly popular. In Newfoundland, road side springs are another popular alternative drinking water supply, yet the Provincial Government does not test or treat this water. This study examines 18 communities in Western Newfoundland to determine why people don't drink tap water, the frequency of use of road side springs, and the bacteriological safety of a sampling of road side springs. The results indicate that the main reason for not drinking tap water was that it was perceived to be unsafe. But springs were used by 23 % of those surveyed and these springs were found to contain E. coli and/or coliforms 43 % of the time. By comparison, tap water testing by Newfoundland Environmental Health Officers found that between 5-6% of the community water supplies in Western and Central Newfoundland recorded the presence of coliform and/or E. Coli in 2007.

scholarly journals ОЦІНКА ЯКОСТІ ПИТНИХ ВОД З РІЗНИХ ДЖЕРЕЛ ВОДОПОСТАЧАННЯ

2022 ◽  
pp. 37-47
Author(s):  
OLENA OLEKSIENKO ◽  
VITA POPOVA
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Petroleum Products ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Chemical Indicators ◽  
Slight Excess ◽  
Maximum Permissible Concentrations ◽  
Almost All

Purpose. Monitor different sources of water supply in a particular region of Ukraine. Methodogy. To monitor the drinking water of the selected settlement of Cherkasy region, water from the water supply network (10 samples), water from the pump room (1 sample) and water from wells (26 samples) were selected and analyzed for 20 main chemical indicators in accordance with the requirements of DSanPiN 2.2.4-171-10 and DSTU 7525: 2014. Findings. It was found that tap water has a slight excess of iron and turbidity in 5 samples. The water does not contain aluminum, ammonium ions, nitrates, nitrites, residual amounts of free and bound chlorine and chlorination by-products. The sample of water from the pump room has a slight excess of silicon and salts of general hardness – calcium and magnesium ions. Water from the pump room in chemical composition (pH, dry matter, alkalinity, chlorides, sulfates, sodium) and the content of microcomponents is very similar to tap water, it has a slightly higher "color" and "turbidity", but the content of petroleum products and iron does not exceed drinking standards. water – 0.1 mg / dm3 and 0.2 mg / dm3, respectively. In this case, well water is the most unsuitable for drinking purposes. It was found that the largest excess of normalized values in these waters was observed when determining the dry residue (up to 4 standards), hardness (up to 5 standards), nitrate concentration (up to 9 standards).Originality. Monitoring of drinking water in the selected settlement of Cherkasy region and the analysis of the suitability of tap water, pump room water and well water for drinking needs.Practical value. The peculiarities of the chemical composition of drinking water supply facilities of this settlement have been established, in particular, much attention is paid to the determination of microelements and persistent organic toxicants at the level of their maximum permissible concentrations. The analysis of the obtained results testifies that the quality of tap water and pump room meets the current hygienic standards in terms of organoleptic parameters, general mineralization, hardness, alkalinity, content of organic components, and water in almost all wells does not meet.

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